A chronic subdural hematoma is more common in the elderly, particularly after a minor trauma sustained several weeks before the diagnosis. The use of a whole-body vibration machine had not been reported as an etiology. We report an 80-year-old male patient without a history of head or body trauma who developed a bilateral chronic subdural hematoma and required surgery to drain the hematoma. Four weeks before the diagnosis, he purchased and used a whole-body vibration machine. The first time he used the whole-body vibration machine, he felt his brain vibrating and rotating and could not tolerate more than two minutes. The event was so annoying that he did not use it again. In this patient, using a whole-body vibration machine may have led to the formation of the chronic subdural hematoma.

Keywords: arachnoid cyst; chronic; etiology; geriatric; subdural hematoma; trauma; vibration machine.

Rectal duplication cysts are extremely rare and account for only 4% of all gastrointestinal duplication cysts. They may become challenging for removal in the case of a large tumor in a narrow pelvis. Herein, we report a case of rectal duplication cysts excision via robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery and its utility.

Keywords: RALS; rectal duplication cysts; robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery; the da Vinci system.

We report a 36-year-old male with an atypical variant of lipoma occurring on an atypical site.

Keywords: dermatology; foot sole; lipoma; orthopaedics; spindle cell.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omaa112.].

Background: Efforts to prevent recurrence in gastric cancer (GC) patients are limited by current incomplete understanding of the pathological mechanisms. The present study aimed to identify novel tumour metastasis-associated genes and investigate potential value of these genes in clinical diagnosis and therapy. Methods: RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes related to GC metastasis. The expression and prognostic significance of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) were evaluated in two independent cohorts of GC patients. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, diverse mouse models and assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing were used to investigate the roles and mechanisms of action of FABP4. Results: The results of the present multicentre study confirmed an association between a decrease in the expression of FABP4 and poor outcomes in GC patients. FABP4 inhibited GC metastasis but did not influence tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FABP4 binding with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) facilitated the translocation of PPAR-γ to the nucleus. FABP4 depletion suppressed PPAR-γ-mediated transcription of cell adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3), which preferentially governed GC metastasis. Notably, the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone reversed the metastatic properties of FABP4-deficient GC cells in vitro and demonstrated viable therapeutic potential in multiple mouse models. For GC patients with diabetes, low FABP4 portends better prognosis than high FABP4 after receipt of rosiglitazone treatment. Additionally, chromatin inaccessibility induced by HDAC1 reduced FABP4 expression at the epigenetic level. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that chromatin inaccessibility orchestrates a reduction in FABP4 expression, which inhibits CADM3 transcription via PPAR-γ, thereby resulting in GC metastasis. The antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone restores PPAR-γ/CADM3 activation in FABP4-deficient GC and thus has promising therapeutic potential.

Keywords: CADM3; FABP4; Gastric cancer; PPAR-γ; Rosiglitazone.

Background: Though lipiodol formulations are major options in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the clinic, their application is severely limited by insufficient physical stability between the hydrophobic lipiodol and hydrophilic drugs; thus, most chemotherapeutic drugs are quickly released into systemic circulation resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes and serious side effects. Methods: The typical hydrophilic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was prepared as a pure nanomedicine and then stably and homogeneously dispersed in lipiodol (SHIFT&DOX) via slightly ultrasonic dispersion. The drug release profiles of SHIFT&DOX were defined in a decellularized liver model. In vivo therapeutic studies were performed in rat-bearing N1S1 orthotopic HCC models and rabbit-bearing VX2 orthotopic HCC models. Results: SHIFT&DOX features an ultrahigh homogeneous dispersibility over 21 days, which far surpassed typical Lipiodol-DOX formulations in clinical practice (less than 0.5 h). SHIFT&DOX also has excellent sustained drug release behavior to improve the local drug concentration dependence and increase the time dependence, leading to remarkable embolic and chemotherapeutic efficacy, and eminent safety in all of the orthotopic HCC models. Conclusions: The carrier-free hydrophilic drug nanoparticle technology-based lipiodol formulation provides a promising approach to solve the problem of drug dispersion in TACE with the potential for a translational pipeline.

Keywords: Embolic agent; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Homogeneous formulation; Theranostics; Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Objectives To evaluate the correlation between radiologic changes (Pfirrmann and Modic) and radicular pain intensity in patients who underwent transforaminal endoscopic surgery for lumbar disc herniation. Methods Series of cases with 39 patients, 50 intervertebral discs in preoperative evaluation from January 29, 2018 to August 28, 2019 in an endoscopic spine surgery service. Demographic data, surgical indication, operative details and complications were obtained from medical records. The patients were divided into three groups based on the Modic classification (Modic absence, Modic 1 and Modic 2) and into two groups considering the Pfirrmann classification (Pfirrmann IV and Pfirrmann V). Data were processed in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), with a significance level of p < 0,05. Results There was no difference between genders; age: 50,36 ± 15,05 years old; disease level: L2-L3 1 (2%), L3-L4 2 (4%), L4-L5 9 (18%), L5-S1 8 (16%), L3-L4 + L4-L5 4 (8%), and L4-L5 + L5-S1 26 (52%); location: right foraminal 7 (14%), left foraminal 15 (30%), central 9 (18%) and diffuse 19 (38%); radicular pain: left 25 (50%), right 11 (22%), and bilateral 14 (28%); preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS): 9,5 ± 0,91, postoperative: 2,5 ± 1,79; surgery duration: 100 ± 31,36 minutes; and follow-up: 8,4 ± 6,7 months. Less postoperative sciatica was registered in the Modic 2 versus Modic 1 group ( p < 0,05). There was no difference in the postoperative radicular pain between the Pfirrmann groups (IV versus V). Conclusion Although there is no clinical difference between the groups, in advanced stages of disc degeneration, endoscopic transforaminal discectomy proved to be effective in diminishing radicular pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Keywords: intervertebral disc displacement; lumbosacral region; sciatica.

Lumbar radiculopathy is a clinical condition defined by symptoms of pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling due to lumbar nerve root compression in levels L1-L4. Typically, it is characterized by a narrowing near the nerve root possibly caused by stenosis, bone osteophytes, disc herniation, and similar conditions. Reports of lumbar radiculopathy brought about by the presence of a radicular schwannoma are exceedingly rare. In this paper, we discuss the case of a 67-year-old female patient, presenting with complaints of low back pain, numbness, and antalgic gait for the past eight months. Her physical examination revealed motor and sensor neurological deficits affecting the left lower limb. The electromyoneurography evaluation showed neurogenic atrophy of the left radicular area, while the MRI revealed the presence of a giant, radicular schwannoma at L4-L5 level. This case report aims to underscore the clinical course and management of lumbar radiculopathy caused by a rare L4-L5 radicular schwannoma. Our patient had no significant risk factors or previous spinal pathology.

Keywords: Electromyoneurography; Nerve root; Radiculopathy; Schwannomas; Solitary mass.

Objective To describe the profile of the patients and the results obtained with the use of an external fixator for metatarsal lengthening in brachymetatarsia. Methods A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients with brachymetatarsia treated between January 2018 and April 2020 was performed. During this period, eight feet of six patients were operated on. Frequencies were estimated according to demographic and surgical aspects. Results All patients (100%; n = 6) were female, with a mean age of 28 years old, ranging from 15 to 48 years old, and were motivated to seek the orthopedic service due to aesthetic deformity. The deformity was bilateral in two patients and unilateral in four patients. The average lengthening time was 22 days ( ± 7.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.04-26.81). The lengthening speed was 0.5 mm/day, and the average total length of the lengthening was 11.46 mm ( ± 3.57; 95%CI: 9.52-13.40). Half of the patients (50%; n = 3) had local infection of the pins and were treated with antibiotics, and the others did not report any postsurgical complications. All patients denied pain or calluses after the surgical procedure and reported satisfaction with the results. Conclusion All patients were female and sought surgery for brachymetatarsia for aesthetic reasons. Osteogenic distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm/day resulted in successful lengthening of the metatarsal, with a low frequency of complications, good clinical outcomes, and high patient satisfaction.

Keywords: foot deformities; metatarsal bones; orthopedic procedures; osteogenesis, distraction.

Objective To compare the techniques for the osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screws (DHSs) through the Hardinge and minimally-invasive access routes of the hip, evaluating the operative time, the degree of pain in the immediate postoperative period, the hematimetric loss, and the functional aspects of active mobility. Methods A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which 66 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were submitted to osteosynthesis by DHS. The patients were divided into a test group, submitted to the minimally-invasive access, and a control group, in whom the surgery was performed through the Hardinge route. Results Patients submitted to the minimally-invasive treatment presented a lower degree of postoperative pain compared to the group treated by the Hardinge lateral route ( p < 0.001), as well as lower hematimetric loss ( p < 0.001), shorter operative time ( p < 0.001), and improvement in immediate postoperative active mobility tests ( p <0.05). Conclusion The study demonstrated the clinical superiority of the minimally-invasive access route parameters analyzed in relation to the Hardinge access for the fixation of intertrochanteric fractures when DHS is the choice osteosynthesis method. Level of evidence I.

Keywords: clinical trial; intertrochanteric fracture; minimally-invasive surgical procedures; osteosynthesis; pain, postoperative.

Objective To study the parameters related to the insertion path of cortical screws and to describe this technique. Methods Computed tomography (CT) scans of 30 patients, as well as the measurements from the L1 to the L5 vertebrae, were studied. A second observer evaluated ten randomly-selected exams. The parameters studied included the lateral angle (LA) and the screw diameter (SD) as axial variables, and the cranial angle (CA) and screw length (SL) as sagittal variables. Results We studied 15 male patients (mean age: 31.33 years) and 15 female patients (mean age: 32.01 years). The LA varied between 13.8° and 20.89°, with a tendency to increase in the proximal to distal direction. The CA varied from 17.5° to 24.9°, with a tendency to decrease in the caudal direction. The SD ranged from 2.3 mm to 7.2 mm, with a tendency to increase as we progressed from proximal to distal. The SL varied from 19 mm to 45 mm, with a tendency to decrease as we proceeded from proximal (L1) to distal (L5). No statistical difference was observed between the genders or in the interobserver agreement regarding the values studied when comparing the sides. Conclusion The path of insertion of the cortical screw shows a variation in different populations. Therefore, we recommend a preoperative imaging study to reduce the surgical risks related to the technique.

Keywords: bone screws; minimally invasive surgical procedures; spine.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have become an important tool in biomedicine. Their biocompatibility, controllable small size, and magnetic properties allow manipulation with an external magnetic field for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Recently, the magnetically-induced motion of superparamagnetic nanoparticles has been investigated as a new source of imaging contrast. In magneto-motive imaging, an external, time-varying magnetic field is applied to move a magnetically labeled subject, such as labeled cells or tissue. Several major imaging modalities such as ultrasound, photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and laser speckle tracking can utilize magneto-motive contrast to monitor biological events at smaller scales with enhanced contrast and sensitivity. In this review article, an overview of magneto-motive imaging techniques is presented, including synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, fundamental principles of magneto-motive force and its utility to excite labeled tissue within a viscoelastic medium, current capabilities of magneto-motive imaging modalities, and a discussion of the challenges and future outlook in the magneto-motive imaging domain.

Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles; biomedical imaging; diagnostics; elastography; magneto-motive contrast.

Scrotal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are extremely rare, making them difficult and complex to diagnose, and a therapeutic challenge; few cases of this type have been reported in the literature. This article reports the case of a male patient, 12 years old, with congenital AVM and background of treatment with sclerotherapy and embolization: it was decided to perform a surgical resection, which was successful. Angiography is obligatory in arteriolar cases, and it was backed up with surgical AVM treatment, taking into account the great importance of pre-surgical embolization.

Keywords: Embolization; Malformation; Scrotal; Vascular malformation; surgery.

Background: Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of rubella or German measles. Although most infections cause only mild self-limited measles-like illness, the infection in pregnant women can cause severe foetal malformation or even miscarriage, especially in the first 3 months of pregnancy. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to establish a simple and sensitive RV detection method.

Methods: The partial epitopes of the E1 and E2 proteins from Rubella Virus were selected as the target sites, the sequence of the selected antigenic sites of the E1 and E2 were linked by a linker. The expression plasmid P6T was constructed by inserting the gene into PET-32A + with a histidine Tag. The P6 protein was induced and expressed in Escherichia coli L21 (DE3) and purified by nickel column affinity. The protein P6 antigen was identified by Western blotting analysis, and an anti-P6 antibody ELISA was established to test known serum samples to evaluate the capability of this method.

Results: After purification, the concentration and purity of the protein P6 were 0.283 mg/mL and more than 80%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the protein P6 could react with rubella virus positive serum. By ELISA, 36 negative sera and 58 positive sera were detected. The coincidence rate, specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 86.2%, 88.89% and 84.48%, respectively. The P6 ELISA with a kappa coefficient of 0.715, P < 0.05, indicated excellent consistency.

Conclusions: The protein P6 with excellent antigenicity obtained from prokaryotic expression followed by chromatography purification could prove useful for early diagnosis of RV infection.

Keywords: Chromatography purification; Prokaryotic expression; Rubella virus; Serological diagnosis.

Undocumented immigrants in the United States are at risk for upper extremity trauma due to occupational exposure, and decreased access to healthcare can worsen outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare documented versus undocumented patients in a large cohort of patients in New York City's most diverse neighborhood in order to characterize upper extremity trauma in this population.

Methods: The Elmhurst Hospital trauma database was examined for patients admitted with upper extremity trauma from April 2016 to December 2019. Charts were examined for demographic information, documentation status, injury mechanism, and outcomes.

Results: Of the 1041 patients included, 865 (83.1%) were documented and 176 (16.9%) were undocumented. Undocumented immigrants were younger (40.5 versus 62.4 years, P < 0.0001) and predominantly men (83.5% versus 57.1%, P < 0.0001) with fewer comorbidities (42.6% versus 64.6%, P < 0.0001). Occupational injury was three times as likely in undocumented immigrants (13.6% versus 4.6%, P < 0.0001) and these patients were nearly twice as likely to be harmed from violence (19.9% versus 10.2%, P = 0.0003). Increased rates of injury during bicycle/motorcycle accidents (8.0% versus 3.0%, P = 0.0017) or being struck as a pedestrian (21.6% versus 14.3%, P = 0.0149) were found in the undocumented cohort, with falls (39.8% versus 59.3%, P < 0.0001) or vehicle collisions (0.6% versus 3.5%, P = 0.0402).

Conclusions: Undocumented patients with upper extremity trauma represent a younger/healthier cohort, but are more likely to be injured at work or by violence. Documentation status plays a role in injury characteristics.

Patients with unilateral cleft lip often require secondary procedures due to asymmetric fullness or deficiencies along the mucosal free margin of the upper lip. Here, we describe our technique for mucosal advancement and repair to attain symmetry.

Methods: Maneuvers to obtain vermilion and mucosal height include (1) use of a tailored vermilion flap; (2) supraperiosteal release of the lesser segment; (3) backcut "poker incision" to mobilize the mucosal flap on the lesser segment; (4) transverse release of mucosa across the greater segment; (5) accurate reduction along vermilion-mucosal junction; and (6) bilateral medial mucosal advancement. To examine postoperative outcomes, photographic data were available for 14 patients with unilateral complete cleft lip. The Cleft Lip Component Symmetry Index was then calculated as a ratio of upper lip height on cleft to noncleft sides, where an index of 1 indicates symmetry.

Results: Sixteen consecutive patients underwent unilateral cleft lip repair with this technique over a 3-year period, none of whom have required secondary operations. The symmetry index for 14 of 16 patients was 1.02 ± 0.11 (95% confidence interval [0.96, 1.08], P = 0.56), demonstrating satisfactory upper lip symmetry.

Conclusions: Postoperative asymmetry after unilateral cleft lip repair, particularly along the free margin, continues to be a common problem, necessitating secondary procedures. The technique of mucosal repair merits more careful attention than it has previously received, and here we describe in detail a method that has allowed for improved symmetry.

Tracheobronchial schwannomas are rare diseases. Common signs and symptoms of this tumor include cough, wheezing, and dyspnea. In contrast, pneumothorax is an exceptional presentation. This study reports the first case of bronchial schwannoma presenting with pneumothorax. A 79-year-old woman was diagnosed with pneumothorax by chest radiography. Chest computed tomography unexpectedly revealed a tumor occluding the right main bronchus. Following the pathological diagnosis of bronchial schwannoma, the patient underwent thoracoscopic tumor enucleation. The airway lumens are consequently secured postoperatively. We reviewed the literature and discussed the mechanisms and treatment options for bronchial benign tumor-associated pneumothorax. Pneumothorax should be aware of a rare presentation of non-malignant tracheobronchial tumors.

Keywords: Bronchial tumor; Computed tomography; Pneumothorax; Schwannoma.

The palmaris longus muscle is one of the most variant muscles in the human body. Its variations such as the palmaris profundus can cause nerve compression symptoms. Here, we present a case of severe nerve affection due to a palmaris profundus muscle. The palmaris profundus tendon was partially resected at intervention. Pain symptoms started immediately after wearing off of the local anesthetic, and revision surgery had to be performed. Severe traction on the median nerve by the palmaris profundus tendon could be observed at revision. The resection of the palmaris profundus tendon instantly eased the patient's severe pain. At preoperative examination and planning of surgery, the palmaris profundus was not detected. As there is no test for the detection of anatomic variations of the palmaris longus muscle at physical examination, discovering such anomalies is not possible without imaging tools. Ultrasonographic examinations aid in preoperative planning of carpal tunnel release, especially at revision surgeries.

Increasing difficulties in the use of healthcare services after the COVID-19 outbreak is a major concern as ensuring access to healthcare services is a primary health policy goal. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of public perceptions regarding COVID-19 related public health measures on older adults' experience of unmet healthcare needs in Korea. A total of 1961 participants from the Korea Health Care System Performance, over the age of 65, were included in the analyses. Three different logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of public perceptions - understanding, trust and satisfaction- regarding COVID-19 public health measures on unmet healthcare needs. Our results show that a poor understanding of public health measures was associated with higher odds of unmet healthcare needs among Korean older adults (OR:2.65, 95%CI: 1.79-3.94). However, trust and satisfaction of public health measures were not related to unmet healthcare needs. Our findings suggest that the importance of effective risk communication to facilitate better understand quarantine polices rather than emphasizing trust or satisfaction over public health measure.

Keywords: COVID-19; Older adults; Pandemic; Public health measures; Unmet healthcare needs.

Recombinant Adenovirus vectors enable highly efficient gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. As a result, they are widely used in gene therapy, vaccination, and anti-cancer applications. We have previously developed the AdZ vector system, which uses recombineering to permit high throughput cloning of transgenes into Adenovirus vectors, simplifies alteration of the vector backbone, and enables rapid recovery of infectious virus, even if a transgene is incompatible with vector replication. Here we adapt this vector system to enable high throughput cloning of sequences for CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Vectors were optimised to ensure efficient cloning, and high editing efficiency using spCas9 and sgRNA sequences in a single vector. Using a multiplicity of infection of 50, knockout efficiencies of up to 80% could be achieved with a single sgRNA. Vectors were further enhanced by altering the spCas9 sequence to match that of SniperCas9, which has reduced off-target activity but maintains on-target efficiency, and by applying modifications to the sgRNA sequence that significantly enhance editing efficiency. Thus, the AdZ-CRISPR vectors offer highly efficient knockout, even in hard to transfect cells, and enables large scale CRISPR/Cas9 projects to be undertaken easily and quickly.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that primarily affects the lungs. The development of Stage IV or fibrotic lung disease accounts for a significant proportion of the morbidity and mortality attributable to sarcoidosis. While further investigation into the active mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and fibrogenesis might illuminate fundamental mediators of injury and repair while providing new opportunities for clinical intervention, progress in sarcoidosis research has been hampered by the heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes and the lack of a consensus modeling system. Recently, reverse translational research, where observations made at the patient-level catalyzes hypothesis-driven research at the laboratory bench, has generated new discoveries regarding the immunopathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary granuloma formation, fibrogenesis, and disease model development. The purpose of this review is to highlight the promise and possibility of these novel investigative efforts.

Keywords: Stage IV sarcoidosis; humanized mice; reverse translational research; sarcoidosis.

Following the temporary closure of fertility clinics in 2020 in many countries across the world, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has meant that the sector has had to rapidly adapt to novel ways of operating. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of universal real-time polymerase chain reaction testing at an IVF clinic within a UK tertiary referral centre. Between March and December 2020, we performed 2,401 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests on 1,215 individual patients, of which eight were positive (0.3%). Appropriate positive case identification allowed for delay in treatment initiation or cancellation as applicable. This has allowed our unit to continue to operate safely and efficiently.

Keywords: COVID-19; In vitro fertilization; RT-PCR; SARS-CoV-2; fertility clinic.

The growth of nanotechnology has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, with high precision and effectiveness. Nanoparticles (NPs) represent a major point of attention in the scientific field, with an increasing number of studies revealing promising results. The unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and highly developed chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have promoted breakthroughs in the cancer community, focusing on the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of cancer diagnosis and treatment. This perspective aims to summarize the latest research on multifunctional AuNPs as therapeutic diagnostic agents in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Several nanostructured hybrid AuNPs have been reviewed and their applications in imaging, targeting, therapy, and delivery have been discussed.

Keywords: anti-cancer agents; cancer therapy; hybrid nanoparticles; multifunctional gold nanoparticles; nanotechnology; theranostic.

Sepsis is the leading cause of death among patients, especially elderly patients, in intensive care units worldwide. In this study, we established a sepsis model using naturally aged rats and injected 5×10⁶ umbilical cord-derived MSCs via the tail vein. Each group of rats was analyzed for survival, examined for biochemical parameters, stained for organ histology, and analyzed for the Th cell subpopulation ratio and inflammatory cytokine levels by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to detect the activity of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We designed the vitro experiments to confirm the regulatory role of MSCs, and verified the possible mechanism using JAK/STAT inhibitors. It was revealed from the experiments that the 72 h survival rate of sepsis rats treated with MSCs was significantly increased, organ damage and inflammatory infiltration were reduced, the levels of organ damage indicators were decreased, the ratios of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg in peripheral blood and spleen were significantly decreased, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 were decreased, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 were increased, and the levels of STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation were reduced. These results were validated in in vitro experiments. Therefore, this study confirms that MSCs can control the inflammatory response induced by sepsis by regulating Th cells and inflammatory factors, and that this leads to the reduction of tissue damage, protection of organ functions and ultimately the improvement of survival in aged sepsis model rats. Inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway was surmised that it may be an important mechanism for their action.

Keywords: helper T cells; immune function; inflammatory response; mesenchymal stem cells; sepsis.