Persoonia 43: 223-425

PMC: PMC7085856

Fungal Planet description sheets: 951–1041

J Luangsaard+119 authors

Footnotes

* this species is yet to be recombined in Lactifluus.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.}

^{Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.}

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.}

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.}

^{ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, 39012 Santander, Spain.}

^{Forest Health & Biosecurity, Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia.}

^{Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Área de Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.}

^{National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.}

^{Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand.}

^{Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Faculty of Biology, 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia.}

^{Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam.}

^{Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklouho-Maclay Str., 117198, Moscow, Russia.}

^{Departamento Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072–970 Natal, RN, Brazil.}

^{CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, INSERM, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.}

^{170 Live Oak Circle, Saint Marys, GA 31558, USA.}

^{Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.}

^{Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.}

^{Saint Petersburg State Forestry University, 194021, 5U Institutsky Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia.}

^{Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, RUS-197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia.}

^{Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.}

^{Department of Biology, 205 East Campus Science Center, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745 USA.}

^{Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.}

^{Department of Plant Pathology & Florida Museum of Natural History, 2527 Fifield Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA.}

^{Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research Council – Plant Health and Protection, P. Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa.}

^{Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovakia.}

^{Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.}

^{Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil and Faculdades Integradas de Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.}

^{Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Laboratorio Regional Valparaíso, Unidad de Fitopatología, Antonio Varas 120, Valparaíso, Código Postal 2360451, Chile.}

^{Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.}

^{Laboratorio de Investigacion, San Vicente Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain.}

^{Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.}

^{Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Calle del Duero, 12; 37185 Villamayor (Salamanca), Spain.}

^{Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil.}

^{7340 Viale Sonata, Lake Worth, FL 33467, USA.}

^{Asociación Micológica Zamorana, 49080 Zamora, Spain.}

^{CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK.}

^{Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, CP 4600, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina.}

^{State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.}

^{Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 917002, Santiago, Chile.}

^{Department of Biology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium.}

^{Spreeuwenhoek 12, 1820 Steenokkerzeel, Belgium.}

^{Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina.}

^{Laboratorio de Micología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.}

^{CAB International, UK Centre, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK.}

^{Attaché honoraire au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 180 allée du Château, F-24660 Sanilhac, France.}

^{Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil.}

^{Las Muros, 09420 Rimont, France.}

^{Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.}

^{Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.}

^{Forest Entomology and Microbiology Research Group, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.}

^{BioAsia Life Sciences Institute, 1938 Xinqun Rd, Pinghu, Zhejiang 314200, PR China.}

^{All-Russian collection of microorganisms (VKM), IBPM RAS, prospect Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.}

^{Department of Botany, University of Punjab, Quaid e Azam campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.}

^{Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan.}

^{Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia.}

^{Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.}

^{Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic.}

^{Department of Plant Pathology, 2105 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.}

^{P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus.}

^{C/Severo Daza 31, 41820 Carrión de los Céspedes (Sevilla), Spain.}

^{University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA.}

^{Université de Lille, Faculté de pharmacie de Lille, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France.}

^{Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.}

^{Department of Biology, Fresno State University, 2555 East San Ramon Ave, Fresno CA 93740, USA.}

^{Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1022, Herman Otto út 15, Hungary.}

^{Biology and Geology Physics and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Rey Juan Carlos university, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.}

^{Universidad de Valparaíso, Facultad de Medicina, Profesor Emérito Cátedra de Micología, Angámos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Código Postal 2540064, Chile.}

^{Grupo Micológico Gallego, San Xurxo, A Laxe 12b, 36470, Salceda de Caseleas, Spain.}

^{Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.}

^{Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.}

^{Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.}

^{School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680, USA.}

^{Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.}

^{2 rue des Espics, F-17250 Soulignonne, France.}

^{Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada.}

^{Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.}

^{Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.}

^{Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.}

^{Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Laboratorio Regional Chillán, Unidad de Fitopatología, Claudio Arrau 738, Chillán, Código Postal 3800773, Chile.}

^{EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA.}

Received 2019 Sep 1; Accepted 2019 Oct 9.

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Abstract

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata.Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max.British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens.Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea.China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis.Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii.New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis.Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens.Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Keywords: ITS nrDNA barcodes, LSU, new taxa, systematics

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Gabriel Moreno and colleagues express their gratitude to Dr L. Monje and A. Pueblas of the Department of Drawing and Scientific Photography at the University of Alcalá for their help in the digital preparation of the photographs. Dr J. Rejos, curator of the AH herbarium, assisted with the specimens examined in the present study, and members of the Sociedad Micológica de Madrid provided many specimens included in this study, as well as Patrick Chapon, André Dudoret, Véronique Dumas, Geneviève Essertier, Jean-Luc Fasciotto, Jean-Marc Moingeon and Franck Richard. Some of the DNA sequencing was performed by the Mycoseq partnership between the Société Mycologique de France and the Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive of Montpellier. The study of E. Malysheva, V. Malysheva, O.V. Morozova and E.S. Popov was conducted as part of a research project (no. AAAA-A19-119020890079-6) of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences using equipment of its Core Facility Centre ‘Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science’. The study of Alina V. Alexandrova was carried out with the support of the RUDN University Program 5-100. Financial support was provided to Ana C.M. Rodrigues by the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES); thanks to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for CNPq-Universal 2016 grant (409960/2016-0) and for CNPq-Special Visiting Researcher grant (407474/2013-7). The study of Desirrê A.L. Petters-Vandresen and colleagues was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. CAPES also provided a master scholarship for D.A.L. Petters-Vandresen at the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética (Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR). Thanks are also given to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for providing a research fellowship to Chirlei Glienke and Lygia V.G. Terasawa. They also thank Vértika Agropecuária for providing the maize samples, as well as technical and scientific support during the research. Daniel P. Bruschi, Daiani C. Savi, Lucimeris Ruaro and Rodrigo Aluizio are also thanked for suggestions and assistance. Ruane V.B. Araújo and colleagues thank the Laboratory of Electron Microscopy of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (LAMUME/UFBA) for their collaboration with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Financial support was provided by the Universidade Federal da Bahia. Saúl De la Peña-Lastra and Pablo Alvarado thank the Atlantic Islands National Maritime-Terrestrial Park authorities and guards, especially Víctor R. Iglesias. They also thank Enrique Rubio and Hans-Otto Baral for their help with the identification, Enrique Rubio for the microscopy, and Óscar Requejo for the assembly of photos. Carlos Gil-Durán received a doctoral fellowship, CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2014-63140056. Inmaculada Vaca acknowledges the support of project INACH RG_15-14. Renato Chávez acknowledges the support of DICYT-USACH and project INACH RG_03-14. Michael Loizides and colleagues thank Franck Richard for the habitat photo at Pézilla-de-Conflent, Chenil Sauvage, and Dr Konstanze Bensch and Dr Shaun Pennycook for advice on nomenclatural issues. Jennifer Luangsa-ard and colleagues thank Prof. Morakot Tanticharoen, Dr Somvong Tragoonrung, and the Platform Technology Management Section, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Grant No. P-19-50231 and CPMO Grant No. P15-51452 for their support of the program Biodiversity studies of entomopathogenic fungi in Thailand. They also thank Artit Khonsanit for photos of the natural samples and Sarunyou Wongkanoun for photos of the type locality. The study of Daniel Torres-Garcia and colleagues was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (grant CGL2017-88094-P). Lynn Delgat was funded by a doctoral scholarship of the Special Research Fund (grant BOFDOC2015007001). Jean Lodge’s research was supported by a National Science Foundation Biotic Surveys and Inventories Grant (DEB-9525902) to the Research Foundation of SUNY Cortland in a joint venture agreement with the USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, and the Conservation Agency and Falconwood Foundation for food, housing and local transportation on Guana Island. Mélanie Roy is thanked for sequencing, which was funded by the Laboratoire d’Excellence CEBA (ANR-10-LABX-25-01). The research of Cobus M. Visagie was supported by a grant from the NRF-FBIP Program (grant nr FBIS170605237212). Abigail E. Rea and colleagues acknowledge the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation, the Pennsylvania Game Commission, Lock Haven University, Temple University, as well as Dr. Joseph Calabrese, Natasha Ortiz, Jacob Adam, Kayla Riehle and Eric Shuffelbottom. Antonio Rodríguez and colleagues are grateful to AEI/FEDER, UE (CGL2016-78946-R) and Fundación Séneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia (20866/PI/18) for financial support. Juan Julián Bordallo thanks Asunción Morte (Universidad de Murcia, Spain) for assistance (projects CGL2016-78946-R and 20866/PI/18). The study of Isabel Iturrieta-González and colleagues was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (grant CGL2017-88094-P). Nataliya E. Ivanushkina and colleagues acknowledge Elizaveta Rivkina for the background photograph. Anastasiya Danilogorskaya and Irina Pinchuk are thanked for assisting with the molecular analyses, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-04-01347-a) is acknowledged for funding. Fang Liu acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC31770009) for financial support. The research of Slavomír Adamčík, Miroslav Caboň and Munazza Kiran was funded by the National project APVV 15-0210; the study was prepared during the fellowship of Munazza Kiran at the Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre of the Slovak Academy of Sciences awarded by the National Scholarship Program of the Slovak Republic.

Acknowledgements

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@nerepi.a & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Laurus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Setae erect, dark brown, thick-walled, 1–4-septate, straight to flexuous, tapering to and acute apex, 90–300 × 2–3 μm; basal cell not lobed. Conidiophores erect, branched or not, medium brown, smooth, 1–2-septate, 25–40 × 4–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, medium brown, smooth, 7–17 × 4–6 μm, polyblastic, with several flat-tipped denticles, 1.5–2 μm; supporting cells not seen. Conidia solitary, turbinate, pale brown, aseptate, with indistinct median band of paler pigment, (20–)21–23(–27) × (6–)7 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface honey, reverse isabelline. On OA surface buff.

Typus. Spain, La Gomera, on leaf litter of Laurus azorica (Lauraceae), 1300 m alt., 30 Mar. 2017, A.L. van Iperen, HPC 2058 (holotype CBS H-24151, culture ex-type CPC 33589 = CBS 146025, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562097.1","term_id":"1764668893","term_text":"MN562097.1"}}MN562097.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567605.1","term_id":"1765902659","term_text":"MN567605.1"}}MN567605.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556828.1","term_id":"1789811869","term_text":"MN556828.1"}}MN556828.1, MycoBank MB832856).

Notes — Pseudobeltrania was recently treated by Rajeshkumar et al. (2016). Pseudobeltrania lauri is closely related to P. ocoteae (conidia (21–)23–27(–29) × (9–)10(–11) μm), but is distinct in having larger conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Subsessila turbinata (strain MFLUCC 15-0831, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_148122.1","term_id":"1209594833","term_text":"NR_148122.1"}}NR_148122.1; Identities = 495/521 (95 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Porobeltraniella porosa (strain NFCCI 3995, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX519519.1","term_id":"1043348815","term_text":"KX519519.1"}}KX519519.1; Identities = 531/559 (95 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae (strain CPC 26219, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_138416.1","term_id":"1051266623","term_text":"NR_138416.1"}}NR_138416.1; Identities = 552/584 (95 %), 6 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Porobeltraniella porosa (strain NFCCI 3996, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX519526.1","term_id":"1043348822","term_text":"KX519526.1"}}KX519526.1; Identities = 857/864 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Pseudobeltrania ocoteae (strain CPC 26219, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT950870.1","term_id":"961502108","term_text":"KT950870.1"}}KT950870.1; Identities = 863/871 (99 %), no gaps), and Subsessila turbinata (strain MFLUCC 15-0831, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_059724.1","term_id":"1395446837","term_text":"NG_059724.1"}}NG_059724.1; Identities = 815/828 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Subsessila turbinata (strain MFLUCC 15-0831, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX762291.1","term_id":"1169188927","term_text":"KX762291.1"}}KX762291.1; Identities = 422/435 (97 %), no gaps), Neopestalotiopsis samarangensis (as Pestalotiopsis sp. SSNM-2012c, strain SS010, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ968611.1","term_id":"391358405","term_text":"JQ968611.1"}}JQ968611.1; Identities = 413/428 (96 %), no gaps), and Pestalotiopsis portugalica (strain LC4370, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX895226.1","term_id":"1131113972","term_text":"KX895226.1"}}KX895226.1; Identities = 408/423 (96 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Laurus azorica trees in La Gomera. Setae, conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand; e-mail:}zn.tvog.ipm@ajar.levagnaht

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Pittosporum from which it was isolated.

Classification — Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated in clusters via a pale brown stroma, globose, pale brown, 60–120 μm diam, with papillate neck and central ostiole, up to 20 μm diam; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores subcylindrical, 1–3-septate, branched or not, hyaline, smooth, up to 20 μm tall. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 4–6 × 2 μm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, apex obtuse, base truncate, (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface smoke grey, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface iron-grey.

Typus. New Zealand, Auckland, Rotorua, leaf spots on Pittosporum tenuifolium (Pittosporaceae), 25 Aug. 2017, R. Thangavel (holotype CBS H-24152, culture ex-type T17_03008A = CPC 34462 = CBS 146026, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562098.1","term_id":"1764668894","term_text":"MN562098.1"}}MN562098.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567606.1","term_id":"1765902660","term_text":"MN567606.1"}}MN567606.1, MycoBank MB832857).

Notes — Parafenestella was recently treated (Jaklitsch et al. 2018, Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018, Crous et al. 2019b), and shown to have phoma-like asexual morphs. Within the genus Parafenestella, P. pittospori is phylogenetically distinct from other species known from DNA sequence data.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Ochrocladosporium elatum (strain 17C006, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH734786.1","term_id":"1446067588","term_text":"MH734786.1"}}MH734786.1; Identities = 421/437 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Neocucurbitaria vachelliae (strain CBS 142397, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_156363.1","term_id":"1385000088","term_text":"NR_156363.1"}}NR_156363.1; Identities = 412/428 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Ochrocladosporium frigidarii (strain CZ549, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ755255.1","term_id":"241914433","term_text":"FJ755255.1"}}FJ755255.1; Identities = 406/423 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Parafenestella tetratrupha (strain C304, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK356319.1","term_id":"1546949182","term_text":"MK356319.1"}}MK356319.1; Identities = 900/906 (99 %), no gaps), Parafenestella salicum (strain C311, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK356318.1","term_id":"1546949181","term_text":"MK356318.1"}}MK356318.1; Identities = 900/906 (99 %), no gaps), and Parafenestella rosacearum (strain C320, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK356315.1","term_id":"1546949178","term_text":"MK356315.1"}}MK356315.1; Identities = 900/906 (99 %), no gaps), as well as species of Neocucurbitaria, such as Neocucurbitaria unguis-hominis (strain CNM-CM 8717, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT966028.1","term_id":"1313717501","term_text":"LT966028.1"}}LT966028.1; Identities = 881/887 (99 %), no gaps) and Neocucurbitaria keratinophila (strain CBS 121759, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT623215.1","term_id":"1328370656","term_text":"LT623215.1"}}LT623215.1; Identities = 884/891 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Pittosporum hedge Parafenestella pittospori was isolated from. Conidiomata on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiomatal ostiole and wall; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 120 μm (conidiomata), 20 μm (ostiole), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Forest Health & Biosecurity, Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia; e-mail:}ua.vog.wsn.ipd@eigenrac.sugna

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of brown, smooth to warty, 2.5–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores dimorphic. Microconidiophores reduced to conidiogenous loci on hyphae, subcylindrical to doliiform with truncate apex, 5–10 × 5–6 μm. Macroconidiophores erect, subcylindrical, flexuous, dark brown, thick-walled, multiseptate, up to 200 μm tall, 4–7 μm wide, arising from superficial to immersed hyphae. Conidiogenous cells terminal, subcylindrical, dark brown, 15–25 × 5–7 μm; proliferating sympodially with subdenticulate scars, 2 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia occurring in unbranched chains, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex subobtuse, base truncate, 1.5–2 μm diam, brown, smooth, guttulate, 3-septate, (17–)20–23(–25) × (3–)4–5(–6) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface sepia, reverse brown vinaceous.

Typus. Australia, New South Wales, Yabbra State Forest, Boomi Creek plantation, on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae), 19 Apr. 2018, A.J. Carnegie, HPC 2432 (holotype CBS H-24156, culture ex-type CPC 35763 = CBS 146028, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562099.1","term_id":"1764668895","term_text":"MN562099.1"}}MN562099.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567607.1","term_id":"1765902661","term_text":"MN567607.1"}}MN567607.1, MycoBank MB832858).

Notes — Neoanungitea eucalyptorum is closely related to N.eucalypti (conidia (0–)3-septate, (13–)15–17(–22) × (3.5–)4–5 μm) described from leaves of Eucalyptus obliqua collected in Australia (Crous et al. 2017a). The two species can be distinguished in that N. eucalyptorum has longer conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Neoanungitea eucalypti (strain CBS 143173, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_156383.1","term_id":"1385000108","term_text":"NR_156383.1"}}NR_156383.1; Identities = 477/526 (91 %), 18 gaps (3 %)), Anungitopsis speciosa (strain CBS 181.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035401.1","term_id":"157325597","term_text":"EU035401.1"}}EU035401.1; Identities = 387/467 (83 %), 26 gaps (5 %)), and Anungitopsis lauri (strain CBS 145067, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_161129.1","term_id":"1594705979","term_text":"NR_161129.1"}}NR_161129.1; Identities = 414/507 (82 %), 30 gaps (5 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Anungitopsis speciosa (strain CBS 181.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035401.1","term_id":"157325597","term_text":"EU035401.1"}}EU035401.1; Identities = 763/790 (97 %), no gaps), Spirosphaera beverwijkiana (strain CBS 470.66, Gen-Bank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH870500.1","term_id":"1473257556","term_text":"MH870500.1"}}MH870500.1; Identities = 727/796 (91 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), and Microthyrium quercus (strain HKAS 92487, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY911453.1","term_id":"1351317512","term_text":"KY911453.1"}}KY911453.1; Identities = 726/795 (91 %), 6 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus grandis trees where N. eucalyptorum was collected. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand; e-mail:}zn.tvog.ipm@ajar.levagnaht

Etymology. Name refers to the country New Zealand, where it was collected.

Classification — Chaetomellaceae, Chaetomellales, Leotiomycetes.

Conidiomata sporodochial, superficial, separate, 180–300 μm diam, red-brown, becoming cupulate; wall of red-brown textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, filiform, giving rise to terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells and paraphyses, up to 100 μm long, 2–2.5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical, straight to curved, smooth, hyaline, with periclinal thickening and minute collarette, 4–15 × 1–1.5 μm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, cymbiform, guttulate, ends acute, (9–)10–12(–14) × (1.5–)2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 60 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface cinnamon, reverse sepia. On PDA surface buff, reverse isabelline. On OA surface buff.

Typus. New Zealand, Auckland, 21 Mullagh place, Phoenix sp., 4 Feb. 2018, R. Thangavel (holotype CBS H-24157, culture ex-type T18_00344D = CPC 35872 = CBS 146029, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562100.1","term_id":"1764668896","term_text":"MN562100.1"}}MN562100.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567608.1","term_id":"1765902662","term_text":"MN567608.1"}}MN567608.1, MycoBank MB832859).

Notes — Pilidium was treated by Rossman et al. (2004) and Marin-Felix et al. (2017). Pilidium novae-zelandiae (conidia (9–) 10–12(–14) × (1.5–)2 μm) is phylogenetically closely related to P. anglicum (Eucalyptus sp., UK; conidia (12–)13–14(–15) × 1.5(–2) μm; Crous et al. 2017a), but on average has smaller conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Pilidium anglicum (strain CBS 143402, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_156670.1","term_id":"1390131199","term_text":"NR_156670.1"}}NR_156670.1; Identities = 459/471 (97 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), Pilidium acerinum (strain CBS 736.68, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_119500.1","term_id":"626423025","term_text":"NR_119500.1"}}NR_119500.1; Identities = 455/472 (96 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), and Pilidium eucalyptorum (strain CPC 26594, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_145311.1","term_id":"1125943947","term_text":"NR_145311.1"}}NR_145311.1; Identities = 449/466 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Pilidium eucalyptorum (strain CPC 26594, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_059618.1","term_id":"1395446731","term_text":"NG_059618.1"}}NG_059618.1; Identities = 794/798 (99 %), no gaps), Pilidium acerinum (strain CBS 403.71C, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH871958.1","term_id":"1473259014","term_text":"MH871958.1"}}MH871958.1; Identities = 881/886 (99 %), no gaps), and Pilidium anglicum (strain CBS 143402, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058522.1","term_id":"1393511640","term_text":"NG_058522.1"}}NG_058522.1; Identities = 842/847 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Phoenix sp. in New Zealand. Colony on oatmeal agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 300 μm (conidiomata), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Encephalartos from which it was isolated.

Classification — Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, black, erumpent, globose, exuding colourless to opaque conidial masses; pycnidia up to 200 μm diam; pycnidial wall of several layers of textura angularis, up to 20 μm thick. Ostiole central, 20 μm diam. Conidiophores subcylindrical to ampulliform, reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, coated in mucoid layer, 5–20 × 3–6 μm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia 12–13(–17) × (7–)8(–9) μm, solitary, hyaline, aseptate, thin- and smooth-walled, coarsely guttulate, ellipsoid to obovoid, tapering towards base, 3–4 μm diam, enclosed in mucoid sheath, 1.5–2.5 μm diam, bearing a hyaline apical mucoid appendage that can be up to 100 μm long.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 60 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaves of Encephalartos sp. (Zamiaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2487 (holotype CBS H-24160, culture ex-type CPC 35970 = CBS 146014, ITS, LSU, actA and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562101.1","term_id":"1764668897","term_text":"MN562101.1"}}MN562101.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567609.1","term_id":"1765902663","term_text":"MN567609.1"}}MN567609.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556783.1","term_id":"1789811779","term_text":"MN556783.1"}}MN556783.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556818.1","term_id":"1789811849","term_text":"MN556818.1"}}MN556818.1, MycoBank MB832860).

Notes — Although phylogenetically distinct from species of Phyllosticta known from DNA sequence data (Marin-Felix et al. 2017, Crous et al. 2018b), P. encephalarticola should be compared to P. encephalarti (on leaves of Encephalartos laurentiana, Indonesia, conidia 10–15 × 3.5–6 μm, apical appendage 6–10 μm long; Van der Aa 1973), from which it is morphologically distinct.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Phyllosticta owaniana (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF312011.1","term_id":"12082795","term_text":"AF312011.1"}}AF312011.1; Identities = 534/569 (94 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), Phyllosticta pseudotsugae (strain CBS 111649, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF154277.1","term_id":"560188118","term_text":"KF154277.1"}}KF154277.1; Identities = 543/580 (94 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), and Phyllosticta podocarpi (strain CBS 111647, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF766217.1","term_id":"588314629","term_text":"KF766217.1"}}KF766217.1; Identities = 567/609 (93 %), 14 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Phyllosticta hagahagaensis (strain CBS 144592, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442550.1","term_id":"1573762821","term_text":"MK442550.1"}}MK442550.1; Identities = 876/884 (99 %), no gaps), Phyllosticta austroafricana (strain CBS 144593, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442549.1","term_id":"1573762819","term_text":"MK442549.1"}}MK442549.1; Identities = 872/882 (99 %), no gaps), and Phyllosticta carissicola (strain CPC 25665, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT950863.1","term_id":"961502101","term_text":"KT950863.1"}}KT950863.1; Identities = 848/858 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Phyllosticta hagahagaensis (strain CBS 144592, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442641.1","term_id":"1573763556","term_text":"MK442641.1"}}MK442641.1; Identities = 606/619 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Phyllosticta austroafricana (strain CBS 144593, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442640.1","term_id":"1573763554","term_text":"MK442640.1"}}MK442640.1; Identities = 605/621 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Phyllosticta lauridiae (strain CBS 145559, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876460.1","term_id":"1682069199","term_text":"MK876460.1"}}MK876460.1; Identities = 583/623 (94 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Phyllosticta hagahagaensis (strain CBS 144592, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442705.1","term_id":"1573765301","term_text":"MK442705.1"}}MK442705.1; Identities = 381/387 (98 %), no gaps), Phyllosticta podocarpi (strain CBS 111647, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF766434.1","term_id":"588314846","term_text":"KF766434.1"}}KF766434.1; Identities = 255/260 (98 %), no gaps), and Phyllosticta carissicola (strain CPC 25665, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT950879.1","term_id":"961502124","term_text":"KT950879.1"}}KT950879.1; Identities = 389/399 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Encephalartos sp. Colony on oatmeal agar; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Encephalartos from which it was isolated.

Classification — Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata separate, pycnidial, globose, 180–200 μm diam, medium brown, opening via central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of pale brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to subcylindrical, 4–6 × 2–3.5 μm, phialidic with periclinal thickening. Conidia solitary, aseptate, subcylindrical, straight, hyaline, smooth with obtuse ends, (3.5–)4(–6) × 1.5(–2) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA and PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface iron-grey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaves of Encephalartos sp. (Zamiaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2491 (holotype CBS H-24161, culture ex-type CPC 35980 = CBS 146012, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562102.1","term_id":"1764668898","term_text":"MN562102.1"}}MN562102.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567610.1","term_id":"1765902664","term_text":"MN567610.1"}}MN567610.1, MycoBank MB832861).

Notes — Alloconiothyrium encephalarti represents a new species related to species in the coniothyrium-complex, including Alloconiothyrium and Verrucoconiothyrium (Crous et al. 2015a), and is tentatively named in Alloconiothyrium.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Microsphaeropsis arundinis (strain SCAU194, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK281564.1","term_id":"1693856266","term_text":"MK281564.1"}}MK281564.1; Identities = 452/474 (95 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), Huperzia serrata (strain HS8-2-3, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK424445.1","term_id":"1561263327","term_text":"MK424445.1"}}MK424445.1; Identities = 452/474 (95 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), and Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides (strain UTHSC DI16-346, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT796893.1","term_id":"1386592014","term_text":"LT796893.1"}}LT796893.1; Identities = 452/474 (95 %), 11 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Alloconiothyrium aptrootii (strain CBS 981.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX496235.1","term_id":"595827471","term_text":"JX496235.1"}}JX496235.1; Identities = 869/875 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Verrucoconiothyrium nitidae (as Coniothyrium nitidae, strain CBS 119209, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU552112.1","term_id":"189909440","term_text":"EU552112.1"}}EU552112.1; Identities = 881/888 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Paraconiothyrium archidendri (strain CBS 168.77, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_057964.1","term_id":"1393511082","term_text":"NG_057964.1"}}NG_057964.1; Identities = 880/888 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Encephalartos sp. Symptomatic leaf; conidiomata on pine needle agar; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 200 μm (conidiomata), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Aloe from which it was isolated.

Classification — Trichomeriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of smooth, pale brown, branched, septate, 2–2.5 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous loci on hyphae. Conidiogenous cells pale brown, smooth, 6–10 μm long, with truncate locus, 1 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia ramoconidia 10–13 × 2.5–3 μm; terminal conidia occurring in branched chains, (6–)7–9(–10) × 2.5–3 μm; hila not thickened nor darkened.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface mouse grey, reverse dark mouse grey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaves of Aloe sp. (Asphodelaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2481 (holotype CBS H-24159, culture ex-type CPC 35996 = CBS 146070, ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562103.1","term_id":"1764668899","term_text":"MN562103.1"}}MN562103.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567611.1","term_id":"1765902665","term_text":"MN567611.1"}}MN567611.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556797.1","term_id":"1789811807","term_text":"MN556797.1"}}MN556797.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556829.1","term_id":"1789811871","term_text":"MN556829.1"}}MN556829.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556837.1","term_id":"1789811887","term_text":"MN556837.1"}}MN556837.1, MycoBank MB832862).

Notes — Lithohypha (as Lithophila) was introduced by Isola et al. (2016) for a fungus growing on marble stone in Italy. Other than the dark brown hyphae with enteroblastic conidiation, it lacked any visible morphology. Lithohypha aloicola is closely related to L. guttulata, but quite distinct morphologically, producing conidia arranged in chains, and occurring on leaves of Aloe in South Africa. Of interest is the fact that both substrates could be regarded as extreme environments.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Lithophila guttulata (as Trichomeriaceae sp. LS-2015c, strain CCFEE 5908, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP791770.1","term_id":"910269860","term_text":"KP791770.1"}}KP791770.1; Identities = 566/572 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Bradymyces sp. LS-2015b (strain CGMCC 3.16362, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP174849.1","term_id":"794346375","term_text":"KP174849.1"}}KP174849.1; Identities = 545/552 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Knufia aspidiotus (as Knufia sp. FH-2012, strain BJ01A17, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX843780.1","term_id":"425906014","term_text":"JX843780.1"}}JX843780.1; Identities = 406/461 (88 %), 18 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Lithophila guttulata (as Trichomeriaceae sp. LS-2015c, strain CCFEE 5884, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KR781056.1","term_id":"939731309","term_text":"KR781056.1"}}KR781056.1; Identities = 855/855 (100 %), no gaps), Bradymyces sp. LS-2015b (strain CGMCC 3.17221, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP174952.1","term_id":"794346478","term_text":"KP174952.1"}}KP174952.1; Identities = 823/823 (100 %), no gaps), and Neophaeococcomyces catenatus (strain CBS 650.76, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH872793.1","term_id":"1473259849","term_text":"MH872793.1"}}MH872793.1; Identities = 822/865 (95 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb1 sequence had highest similarity to Bradymyces sp. LS-2015a (strain CGMCC 3.14008, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP226519.1","term_id":"794346620","term_text":"KP226519.1"}}KP226519.1; Identities = 447/632 (71 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), Bradymyces graniticola (strain CCF 5193, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT558716.1","term_id":"1063400592","term_text":"LT558716.1"}}LT558716.1; Identities = 507/745 (68 %), 22 gaps (2 %)), and Knufia peltigerae (strain CGMCC 3.17283, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP226513.1","term_id":"794346608","term_text":"KP226513.1"}}KP226513.1; Identities = 312/436 (72 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Furfurella luteostiolata (strain CE3, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK523302.1","term_id":"1682365500","term_text":"MK523302.1"}}MK523302.1; Identities = 417/462 (90 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Gyrothrix inops (strain BE108, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ476974.1","term_id":"673538341","term_text":"KJ476974.1"}}KJ476974.1; Identities = 415/461 (90 %), no gaps), and Gyrothrix ramosa (strain MUCL 54061, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ476975.1","term_id":"673538343","term_text":"KJ476975.1"}}KJ476975.1; Identities = 414/461 (90 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Bradymyces sp. LS-2015b (strain CGMCC 3.17221, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP226553.1","term_id":"794346688","term_text":"KP226553.1"}}KP226553.1; Identities = 216/222 (97 %), no gaps), Arthrocladium caudatum (strain CBS 457.67, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT558710.1","term_id":"1063400586","term_text":"LT558710.1"}}LT558710.1; Identities = 347/451 (77 %), 32 gaps (7 %)), and Aphanophora eugeniae (strain CBS 124105, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC455221.1","term_id":"449074891","term_text":"KC455221.1"}}KC455221.1; Identities = 329/430 (77 %), 25 gaps (5 %)).

Colour illustrations. Aloe sp. Lithophila aloicola was isolated from. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to its morphological similarity with Thyrostroma.

Classification — Amorosiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata sporodochial, black, superficial on leaves, solitary. Conidiophores arising from brown stroma, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, branched, septate. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, terminal and intercalary, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia solitary, brown, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate, distoseptate, with 3–5 horizontal septa, and 3–5 oblique or vertical septa.

Type species. Neothyrostroma encephalarti Crous.

MycoBank MB832863.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Encephalartos from which it was isolated.

Conidiomata sporodochial, black, erumpent in agar and superficial on leaves in nature, solitary, 200–500 μm diam (in culture). Conidiophores arising from brown stroma, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, up to 50 μm tall, 4–5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, terminal and intercalary, 10–30 × 4–5 μm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia solitary, brown, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex acutely rounded, base truncate, 2–3 μm diam, distoseptate, with 3–5 horizontal septa, and 3–5 oblique or vertical septa, (20–)21–24(–27) × (8–)9–10(–11) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale olivaceous grey, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface dirty white to smoke grey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaves of Encephalartos sp. (Zamiaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2486 (holotype CBS H-24162, cultures ex-type CPC 35999, CPC 35998 = CBS 146037, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN562104.1-MN562105.1","start_term":"MN562104.1","end_term":"MN562105.1","start_term_id":"1764668900","end_term_id":"1764668901"}}MN562104.1-MN562105.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN567612.1-MN567613.1","start_term":"MN567612.1","end_term":"MN567613.1","start_term_id":"1765902666","end_term_id":"1765902667"}}MN567612.1-MN567613.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN556830.1-MN556831.1","start_term":"MN556830.1","end_term":"MN556831.1","start_term_id":"1789811873","end_term_id":"1789811875"}}MN556830.1-MN556831.1, MycoBank MB832864).

Notes — Neothyrostroma is reminiscent of the genus Thyrostroma, which was recently treated by Marin-Felix et al. (2017). The two genera are distinct phylogenetically, and Neothyrostroma can also be distinguished morphologically in having distoseptate conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 35998 had highest similarity to Angustimassarina sp. DP-2019a (voucher MFLU 18-0057, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN244197.1","term_id":"1714016955","term_text":"MN244197.1"}}MN244197.1; Identities = 427/461 (93 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), Exosporium stylobatum (strain AN122R, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH397653.1","term_id":"1393321768","term_text":"MH397653.1"}}MH397653.1; Identities = 416/450 (92 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), and Lophiostoma corticola (strain Z26, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK907710.1","term_id":"1635704643","term_text":"MK907710.1"}}MK907710.1; Identities = 438/474 (92 %), 11 gaps (2 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 35998 and 35999 are identical (545/545 bases). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 35998 are Alfoldia vorosii (as Dothideomycetes sp. DGK-2019a, strain REF117, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK589355.1","term_id":"1585510128","term_text":"MK589355.1"}}MK589355.1; Identities = 863/883 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Amorocoelophoma cassiae (voucher C259, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK347956.1","term_id":"1546192355","term_text":"MK347956.1"}}MK347956.1; Identities = 857/883 (97 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), and Angustimassarina coryli (strain MFLUCC 14-0981, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF167432.1","term_id":"1321103872","term_text":"MF167432.1"}}MF167432.1; Identities = 854/881 (97 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). The LSU sequences of CPC 35998 and 35999 are identical (883/883 bases). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Alfoldia vorosii (as Dothideomycetes sp. DGK-2019a, strain REF117, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK599321.1","term_id":"1729913610","term_text":"MK599321.1"}}MK599321.1; Identities = 438/466 (94 %), no gaps), Parathyridaria percutanea (strain UTHSC DI16-292, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT797111.1","term_id":"1386592438","term_text":"LT797111.1"}}LT797111.1; Identities = 433/462 (94 %), no gaps), and Splanchnonema platani (strain CBS 221.37, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ677908.2","term_id":"732554031","term_text":"DQ677908.2"}}DQ677908.2; Identities = 435/466 (93 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Encephalartos sp. Neothyrostroma encephalarti was isolated from. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Forest Health & Biosecurity, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forestry, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia; e-mail:}ua.vog.wsn.ipd@eigenrac.sugna

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Falcocladiaceae, Falcocladiales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiophores penicillate on host, but rarely penicillate in culture, mostly aggregated in sporodochia, arising from superficial mycelium or from chlamydospores that are intercalary, in chains, brown, globose, 10–12 μm diam. Conidiophores with hyaline stipe extensions, aseptate, thick-walled, 40–70 × 1.5–2 μm, terminating in ellipsoid to globose vesicles, 4–6(–7) μm diam. Conidiophores with compact conidiogenous apparatus, consisting of primary and secondary branches, smooth, hyaline, giving rise to phialidic conidiogenous cells, ampulliform, 5–10(–20) × 2.5(–3) μm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, falcate with a short acute apical beak (1.5–2 μm long), and a basal appendage, 2–3 μm long, (22–)32–37(–41) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 5 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse cinnamon to buff.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, near turnoff coach road, on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2472 (holotype CBS H-24248, culture ex-type CPC 36050 = CBS 146052, ITS, LSU, actA and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562106.1","term_id":"1764668902","term_text":"MN562106.1"}}MN562106.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567614.1","term_id":"1765902668","term_text":"MN567614.1"}}MN567614.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556784.1","term_id":"1789811781","term_text":"MN556784.1"}}MN556784.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556798.1","term_id":"1789811809","term_text":"MN556798.1"}}MN556798.1, MycoBank MB832865).

Additional material examined. Australia, New South Wales, Dundurrabin, Neaves Plantation, on leaf of Eucalyptus dunnii, 21 Feb. 2017, A.J. Carnegie, HPC 2836, culture CPC 38019 = CBS 146061, ITS, LSU and actA, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562107.1","term_id":"1764668903","term_text":"MN562107.1"}}MN562107.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567615.1","term_id":"1765902669","term_text":"MN567615.1"}}MN567615.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556785.1","term_id":"1789811783","term_text":"MN556785.1"}}MN556785.1. – South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaf litter of Eucalyptus sp., 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2465, culture CPC 36046 = CBS 146051, ITS, LSU, actA and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562108.1","term_id":"1764668904","term_text":"MN562108.1"}}MN562108.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567616.1","term_id":"1765902670","term_text":"MN567616.1"}}MN567616.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556786.1","term_id":"1789811785","term_text":"MN556786.1"}}MN556786.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556799.1","term_id":"1789811811","term_text":"MN556799.1"}}MN556799.1.

Notes — Species of Falcocladium are commonly isolated from leaf litter, and considered to be weak foliar pathogens of Eucalyptus (Crous et al. 1994,Crous et al. 1997,Crous et al. 2018a). Five species are presently known, having been collected on eucalypt leaves in Africa, Asia, Australia and South America. Falcocladium eucalypti represents the second species known from Africa, being closely related to F. sphaeropedunculatum, which is distinct in having sphaeropedunculate vesicles (Crous et al. 1997). Of interest is the fact that one collection originates from Australia, suggesting this fungus could have been introduced to South Africa along with its host.

Based on a blastn search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 36050 had highest similarity to Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum (strain CBS 111294, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU040220.1","term_id":"157062765","term_text":"EU040220.1"}}EU040220.1; Identities = 625/659 (95 %), 15 gaps (2 %)), Falcocladium turbinatum (strain BCC 22055, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_138378.1","term_id":"1051266582","term_text":"NR_138378.1"}}NR_138378.1; Identities = 620/688 (90 %), 41 gaps (5 %)), and Falcocladium multivesiculatum (strain CBS 120386, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU040217.2","term_id":"158906048","term_text":"EU040217.2"}}EU040217.2; Identities = 597/667 (90 %), 46 gaps (6 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 36046, 36050 and 38019 are identical (650/650 bases). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 36050 are Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum (strain CBS 111292, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU040218.1","term_id":"157062763","term_text":"EU040218.1"}}EU040218.1; Identities = 842/853 (99 %), no gaps), Falcocladium africanum (strain CPC 34007, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047471.1","term_id":"1540838735","term_text":"MK047471.1"}}MK047471.1; Identities = 851/863 (99 %), no gaps), and Falcocladium thailandicum (strain CPC 13489, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU040216.2","term_id":"393903568","term_text":"EU040216.2"}}EU040216.2; Identities = 848/861 (98 %), no gaps). The LSU sequences of CPC 36046, 36050 and 38019 are identical (824/824 bases). Closest hits using the actA sequence of CPC 36050 had highest similarity to Falcocladium africanum (strain CBS 145046, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047519.1","term_id":"1540838784","term_text":"MK047519.1"}}MK047519.1; Identities = 392/407 (96 %), no gaps), Falcocladium thailandicum (strain CBS 121717, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM231261.1","term_id":"808191604","term_text":"KM231261.1"}}KM231261.1; Identities = 391/407 (96 %), no gaps), and Falcocladium sphaeropedunculatum (strain CBS 111292, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM231260.1","term_id":"808191602","term_text":"KM231260.1"}}KM231260.1; Identities = 403/428 (94 %), no gaps). The actA sequences of CPC 36050 and 36046 are identical (651/651 bases), and CPC 36050 and 38019 are almost identical (649/652 bases, of which two bases are represented by an extra repetitive nucleotide). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Falcocladium africanum (strain CBS 145046, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047533.1","term_id":"1540838812","term_text":"MK047533.1"}}MK047533.1; Identities = 720/836 (86 %), no gaps), Trichoderma austriacum (strain CBS 122494, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ860525.1","term_id":"268633628","term_text":"FJ860525.1"}}FJ860525.1; Identities = 688/904 (76 %), 24 gaps (2 %)), and Trichoderma sulawesense (strain G.J.S. 85-228, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY391954.1","term_id":"46362118","term_text":"AY391954.1"}}AY391954.1; Identities = 681/893 (76 %), 31 gaps (3 %)). The rpb2 sequences of CPC 36050 and 36046 are identical (912/912 bases).

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus trees Falcocladium eucalypti was isolated from. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; stipe extensions with vesicles; chlamydospores; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Incertae sedis, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium internal and external, consisting of branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Setae erect, straight to geniculate-sinuous, dark brown, thick-walled, verruculose to warty, 100–180 μm tall, 4–5 μm wide at base, 4–10-septate, branched, forming 2–6 lateral branches. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells (rarely with a supporting cell), arranged on hyphae around bases of setae, smooth, olivaceous, ampulliform, 5–10 × 3–4 μm, giving rise to conidia via conspicuous annellations. Conidia forming in a slimy mass, hyaline, smooth, falcate, aseptate, with excentric hilum, 0.5–1 μm diam, (8–)10–13(–15) × (2–)2.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium folded surface, and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface buff, reverse cinnamon to honey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, near turnoff coach road, on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2472 (holotype CBS H-24163, culture ex-type CPC 36066 = CBS 146023, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562109.1","term_id":"1764668905","term_text":"MN562109.1"}}MN562109.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567617.1","term_id":"1765902671","term_text":"MN567617.1"}}MN567617.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556832.1","term_id":"1789811877","term_text":"MN556832.1"}}MN556832.1, MycoBank MB832866).

Additional material examined. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on Eucalyptus dunnii, 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2469, culture CPC 35992 = CBS 146022, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562110.1","term_id":"1764668906","term_text":"MN562110.1"}}MN562110.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567618.1","term_id":"1765902672","term_text":"MN567618.1"}}MN567618.1.

Notes — Gyrothrix is characterised by producing brown, branched, sterile setae that arise from superficial hyphae, and lageniform conidiogenous cells that form hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to falcate, straight to slightly curved conidia. Gyrothrix is close to Circinotrichum, but distinguished based on its branched setae (Ellis 1971). Gyrothrix eucalypti is distinguished from G.circinata (setae 80–180 μm, conidia 12–15 × 1.5–1.8 μm) and G. podosperma (setae 120–260 μm, conidia 8–16 × 1.5–2 μm) by the dimensions of its setae and conidia (Ellis 1971).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 36066 had highest similarity to Lopadostoma lechatii (strain CBS 133694, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_132032.1","term_id":"825706254","term_text":"NR_132032.1"}}NR_132032.1; Identities = 373/412 (91 %), 16 gaps (3 %)), Calceomyces lacunosus (strain CBS 633.88, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY610397.1","term_id":"1147168932","term_text":"KY610397.1"}}KY610397.1; Identities = 516/583 (89 %), 18 gaps (3 %)), Anthostomella sp. DAD-2016a(strain MFLUCC 16-0243, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX505957.1","term_id":"1104598583","term_text":"KX505957.1"}}KX505957.1; Identities = 487/540 (90 %), 19 gaps (3 %)), and Ceratocladium microspermum (strain CBS 126092, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH864077.1","term_id":"1473251133","term_text":"MH864077.1"}}MH864077.1; Identities = 529/600 (88 %), 35 gaps (5 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 35992 and 36066 differ at a single position (576/577 bases similar). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 36066 are Torula ficus (strain MFLUCC 18-0112, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH260322.1","term_id":"1518370975","term_text":"MH260322.1"}}MH260322.1; Identities = 791/803 (99 %), no gaps), Circinotrichum papakurae (strain CBS 101373, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KR611897.1","term_id":"831359551","term_text":"KR611897.1"}}KR611897.1; Identities = 874/891 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Gyrothrix ramosa (strain MUCL 54061, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC775722.1","term_id":"574483596","term_text":"KC775722.1"}}KC775722.1; Identities = 797/816 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). The LSU sequences of CPC 35992 and 36066 are identical (894/894 bases). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence of CPC 36066 had highest similarity to Furfurella luteostiolata (strain CE3, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK523302.1","term_id":"1682365500","term_text":"MK523302.1"}}MK523302.1; Identities = 431/476 (91 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Gyrothrix inops (strain BE108, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ476974.1","term_id":"673538341","term_text":"KJ476974.1"}}KJ476974.1; Identities = 429/475 (90 %), no gaps), and Gyrothrix ramosa (strain MUCL 54061, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ476975.1","term_id":"673538343","term_text":"KJ476975.1"}}KJ476975.1; Identities = 428/475 (90 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus leaves Gyrothrix eucalypti was isolated from. Conidiogenous cells; conidia; setae. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Aloe from which it was isolated.

Classification — Libertasomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata unilocular, separate, globose, immersed to erumpent, brown, 200–250 μm diam, opening via central ostiole, exuding a brown conidial mass; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform, 5–9 × 4–5 μm, with percurrent proliferation at apex. Conidia solitary, golden brown, subcylindrical to ellipsoid, straight to curved, 0–1-septate, apex obtuse, base truncate with longitudinal striations along the length of the conidium, (7–)8–9(–10) × (4–)4.5(–5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface buff, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface and reverse cinnamon. On OA surface honey.

Typus. South Africa, Limpopo Province, Tzaneen, on leaves of Aloe sp. (Asphodelaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2476 (holotype CBS H-24249, culture ex-type CPC 36068 = CBS 146054, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562111.1","term_id":"1764668907","term_text":"MN562111.1"}}MN562111.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567619.1","term_id":"1765902673","term_text":"MN567619.1"}}MN567619.1, MycoBank MB832867).

Additional material examined. South Africa, Gauteng Province, Pretoria, University of Pretoria campus, on leaf of Aloe sp., 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2457, cultures CPC 35988 = CBS 146090, CPC 36060 = CBS 146053, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN562112.1-MN562113.1","start_term":"MN562112.1","end_term":"MN562113.1","start_term_id":"1764668908","end_term_id":"1764668909"}}MN562112.1-MN562113.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN567620.1-MN567621.1","start_term":"MN567620.1","end_term":"MN567621.1","start_term_id":"1765902674","end_term_id":"1765902675"}}MN567620.1-MN567621.1.

Notes — Neoplatysporoides aloes is similar to N. aloeicola (on leaves of Aloe sp., Tanzania; conidia (8–)9–10(–12) × (4–)5(–6) μm; Crous et al. 2015b), but distinguished based on its slightly smaller conidia. Neoplatysporoides is presentlyonly known from leaves of Aloe spp. occurring in Africa.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 36068 had highest similarity to Neoplatysporoides aloeicola (strain CBS 139901, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154230.1","term_id":"1351337277","term_text":"NR_154230.1"}}NR_154230.1; Identities = 544/564 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Libertasomyces myopori (strain CBS 141302, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_145200.1","term_id":"1125788693","term_text":"NR_145200.1"}}NR_145200.1; Identities = 522/568 (92 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), and Libertasomyces quercus (strain CBS 134.97, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_155337.1","term_id":"1374025071","term_text":"NR_155337.1"}}NR_155337.1; Identities = 513/559 (92 %), 11 gaps (1 %)). The ITS sequence of CPC 36068 is 99 % (558/564 bases, including 1 gap) similar to those of CPC 36060 and CPC 35988. Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 36068 are Neoplatysporoides aloeicola (strain CBS 139901, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH878657.1","term_id":"1473265713","term_text":"MH878657.1"}}MH878657.1; Identities = 853/858 (99 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Foliophoma fallens (strain CBS 284.70, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU238078.1","term_id":"294986999","term_text":"GU238078.1"}}GU238078.1; Identities = 860/871 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Camarosporium quaternatum (strain CBS 483.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ377884.1","term_id":"88763222","term_text":"DQ377884.1"}}DQ377884.1; Identities = 851/863 (99 %), no gaps). The LSU sequence of CPC 36068 differs with a single nucleotide from CPC 35988 and CPC 36060 (884/885 bases similar).

Colour illustrations. Aloe sp. Neoplatysporoides aloes was isolated from. Conidioma on pine needle agar; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 250 μm (conidioma), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous, straight, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, 1–10-septate, 50–130 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, brown, smooth, 40–55 × 5–6 μm, consisting of a basal cylindrical venter, 22–30 μm long, that tapers abruptly to a cylindrical collarette, 15–30 × 3 μm. Conidia in long unbranched chains, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical, ends bluntly rounded, 0–1-septate, (9–)11–15(–21) × (2.5–)3 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface isabelline, reverse hazel. On PDA surface and reverse isabelline. On OA surface dirty white.

Typus. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Terra Nera, on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla (Myrtaceae), 1 June 2018, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2508 (holotype CBS H-24239, culture ex-type CPC 36078 = CBS 146042, ITS, LSU, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562114.1","term_id":"1764668910","term_text":"MN562114.1"}}MN562114.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567622.1","term_id":"1765902676","term_text":"MN567622.1"}}MN567622.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556819.1","term_id":"1789811851","term_text":"MN556819.1"}}MN556819.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556838.1","term_id":"1789811889","term_text":"MN556838.1"}}MN556838.1, MycoBank MB832868).

Notes — Chalara is paraphyletic within Helotiales (Cai et al. 2009). Chalara eucalypticola is distinct from C. cylindrica (on Eucalyptus, conidia 3–9.5 × 1–1.5 μm; Nag Raj & Kendrick 1976) and represents a new species on Eucalyptus, that is phylogenetically distinct from all chalara-like taxa presently known from their DNA sequence data.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Calycina alstrupii (voucher BILAS Motiejunaite 10761, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154846.1","term_id":"1359071860","term_text":"NR_154846.1"}}NR_154846.1; Identities = 522/562 (93 %), 18 gaps (3 %)), Calycina herbarum (strain 1370, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AM262399.1","term_id":"95136080","term_text":"AM262399.1"}}AM262399.1; Identities = 421/454 (93 %), 16 gaps (3 %)), and Graphilbum pleomorphum (strain CBS 110.86, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH861928.1","term_id":"1473248984","term_text":"MH861928.1"}}MH861928.1; Identities = 521/562 (93 %), 16 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Chalara parvispora (strain CBS 385.94, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ176253.1","term_id":"224466348","term_text":"FJ176253.1"}}FJ176253.1; Identities = 818/829 (99 %), no gaps), Chalara crassipes (strain CBS 829.71, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ176254.1","term_id":"224466349","term_text":"FJ176254.1"}}FJ176254.1; Identities = 818/830 (99 %), no gaps), and Chalara fungorum (strain CBS 942.72, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ176252.1","term_id":"224466347","term_text":"FJ176252.1"}}FJ176252.1; Identities = 813/825 (99 %), no gaps). No ITS sequences are available in GenBank for comparison of these three Chalara species with our novel species. No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 and tub2 sequences were used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla trees. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

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Etymology. Name reflects its morphological similarity to Kirramyces.

Classification — Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata amphigenous, pycnidial, immersed, globose, brown; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, brown, smooth to finely verruculose, ampulliform to subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently near apex. Conidia solitary, subcylindrical, prominently curved, guttulate, medium brown, smooth, euseptate, apex subobtuse, tapering in basal cell to a truncate hilum.

Type species. Neokirramyces syzygii Crous.

MycoBank MB832869.

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Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Syzygium from which it was isolated.

Leaf spots amphigenous, angular to subcircular, 2–4 mm diam, pale brown with raised dark brown border surrounded by red-purple zone. Conidiomata amphigenous, pycnidial, immersed, globose, brown, 80–120 μm diam; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, brown, smooth to finely verruculose, ampulliform to subcylindrical, 6–8 × 3.5–4 μm, proliferating percurrently near apex. Conidia solitary, subcylindrical, prominently curved, guttulate, medium brown, smooth, 3(–4)-euseptate, apex subobtuse, tapering in basal cell to a truncate hilum, 1.5–2 μm diam, (30–)35–45(–50) × (2.5–)3 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 4 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Richmond, Hela Hela, on leaf spots of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), 2 June 2010, J. Roux, HPC 2521 (holotype CBS H-24247, culture ex-type CPC 36122 = CBS 146050, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562115.1","term_id":"1764668911","term_text":"MN562115.1"}}MN562115.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567623.1","term_id":"1765902677","term_text":"MN567623.1"}}MN567623.1, MycoBank MB832870).

Notes — Neokirramyces resembles the Kirramyces asexual morph of Teratosphaeria (Teratosphaeriaceae) (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014, Andjic et al. 2019), but is phylogenetically related to Sonderhenia (Mycosphaerellaceae) (Videira et al. 2017, Crous et al. 2019c). Morphologically Neokirramyces is distinct from Sonderhenia in that it has euseptate conidia that are kirramyces-like in morphology.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Pallidocercospora ventilago (strain CPC 21817, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF777177.1","term_id":"570342047","term_text":"KF777177.1"}}KF777177.1; Identities = 488/528 (92 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Pallidocercospora crystallina (strain 148B3, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ732910.1","term_id":"430804248","term_text":"JQ732910.1"}}JQ732910.1; Identities = 446/483 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Trochophora fasciculata (strain CPC 10282, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ839632.1","term_id":"241897369","term_text":"FJ839632.1"}}FJ839632.1; Identities = 490/531 (92 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Stigmina palmivora (strain VIC 39741, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF656785.1","term_id":"576235822","term_text":"KF656785.1"}}KF656785.1; Identities = 769/782 (98 %), no gaps), Sonderhenia eucalypticola (as Mycosphaerella walkeri, strain CMW 20333, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ267574.1","term_id":"82547883","term_text":"DQ267574.1"}}DQ267574.1; Identities = 764/782 (98 %), no gaps), and Pallidocercospora irregulariramosa (strain CPC 1362, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU214441.1","term_id":"284158854","term_text":"GU214441.1"}}GU214441.1; Identities = 762/782 (97 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Leaf spots on Syzygium sp. Section through conidioma; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Neolauriomycetaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes.

Conidiophores solitary, erect, dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, straight to slightly flexuous, subcylindrical, arising from superficial hyphae, base swollen with brown rhizoids, 150–250 × 5–9 μm, sparsely 2–3-septate. Conidiogenous region consisting of a penicillate series of branches. Primary branches brown, smooth, aseptate, subcylindrical to clavate, 9–15 × 5–7 μm. Secondary branches pale brown, subcylindrical, smooth, 7–10 × 4–6 μm. Tertiary branches 7–9 × 3–4 μm, and quaternary branches 6–9 × 3–4 μm, giving rise to 1–4 conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 12–15 × 1.5–2 μm, apex proliferating inconspicuously percurrently. Conidia forming in cylindrical, unbranched chains, eventually forming a mucoid mass, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, 4–4.5(–6) × 2–2.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, with folded surface, sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 8 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface umber in middle, buff at margin, reverse umber. On PDA surface and reverse sepia. On OA surface umber.

Typus. Colombia, San Bernardo, on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae), 3 June 2010, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2497 (holotype CBS H-24240, culture ex-type CPC 36155 = CBS 146043, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562116.1","term_id":"1764668912","term_text":"MN562116.1"}}MN562116.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567624.1","term_id":"1765902678","term_text":"MN567624.1"}}MN567624.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556800.1","term_id":"1789811813","term_text":"MN556800.1"}}MN556800.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556820.1","term_id":"1789811853","term_text":"MN556820.1"}}MN556820.1, MycoBank MB832871).

Notes — Lareunionomyces was established for a genus of hyphomycetes that resembles Sporendocladia, except that it has a more intricate conidiogenous apparatus (Crous et al. 2016b). Lareunionomyces eucalypticola is phylogenetically related to L. loeiensis (on leaf litter, Thailand). The two species are easily distinguished based on their conidiophores, those of the latter being smaller, 90–150(–165) × 5–6.5 μm, and lacking rhizoids (Crous et al. 2018a).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Lareunionomyces loeiensis (strain BCC 84472, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_161149.1","term_id":"1594705999","term_text":"NR_161149.1"}}NR_161149.1; Identities = 511/522 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Lareunionomyces eucalypti (strain CPC 32621, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_160352.1","term_id":"1540859910","term_text":"NR_160352.1"}}NR_160352.1; Identities = 526/543 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Lareunionomyces syzygii (strain CBS 141326, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_145315.1","term_id":"1125943951","term_text":"NR_145315.1"}}NR_145315.1; Identities = 532/553 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Lareunionomyces loeiensis (strain BCC 84472, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047510.1","term_id":"1540838774","term_text":"MK047510.1"}}MK047510.1; Identities = 863/871 (99 %), no gaps), Lareunionomyces syzygii (strain CBS 141326, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058244.1","term_id":"1393511362","term_text":"NG_058244.1"}}NG_058244.1; Identities = 878/891 (99 %), no gaps), and Lareunionomyces eucalypti (strain CPC 32621, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_064545.1","term_id":"1583138921","term_text":"NG_064545.1"}}NG_064545.1; Identities = 854/867 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Lareunionomyces eucalypti (strain CPC 32621, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH327867.1","term_id":"1482012607","term_text":"MH327867.1"}}MH327867.1; Identities = 713/790 (90 %), no gaps), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (strain CPC 32623, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH327868.1","term_id":"1482012609","term_text":"MH327868.1"}}MH327868.1; Identities = 753/901 (84 %), no gaps), and Diplococcium spicatum (strain CBS 852.73, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EF204483.1","term_id":"152002147","term_text":"EF204483.1"}}EF204483.1; Identities = 695/895 (78 %), 26 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Lareunionomyces eucalypti (strain CPC 32621, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH327878.1","term_id":"1482012629","term_text":"MH327878.1"}}MH327878.1; Identities = 431/519 (83 %), 28 gaps (5 %)), Porodiplodia vitis (strain CBS 144634, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442707.1","term_id":"1573765305","term_text":"MK442707.1"}}MK442707.1; Identities = 218/248 (88 %), 12 gaps (4 %)), and Cadophora luteo-olivacea (strain Clo-15, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ661073.1","term_id":"336456876","term_text":"HQ661073.1"}}HQ661073.1; Identities = 218/251 (87 %), 10 gaps (3 %)).

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus grandis trees. Sporulation on oatmeal agar; conidiophores with swollen bases; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Philenoptera from which it was isolated.

Classification — Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiomata sporodochial, cushion-shaped, 100–200 μm diam, pale olivaceous with intermixed setae, brown, verruculose to warty, thick-walled, flexuous, 3–6-septate, tapering to acutely rounded apices, 60–150 × 5–8 μm. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, proliferating percurrently at apex, 7–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Conidia (on SNA) straight, hyaline (olivaceous in mass), smooth, aseptate, cylindrical with obtuse ends, base with truncate scar, 0.5–1 μm diam, (10–)11(–12) × 2(–2.5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface olivaceous black, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse grey olivaceous in centre, cream in outer region. On OA surface cream.

Typus. South Africa, Mpumalanga Province, Kruger National Park, Letaba lodge, on Philenoptera violacea (Fabaceae), 6 Aug. 2014, P.W. Crous, HPC 2578 (holotype CBS H-24242, culture ex-type CPC 36266 = CBS 146045, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562117.1","term_id":"1764668913","term_text":"MN562117.1"}}MN562117.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567625.1","term_id":"1765902679","term_text":"MN567625.1"}}MN567625.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556801.1","term_id":"1789811815","term_text":"MN556801.1"}}MN556801.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556821.1","term_id":"1789811855","term_text":"MN556821.1"}}MN556821.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556839.1","term_id":"1789811891","term_text":"MN556839.1"}}MN556839.1, MycoBank MB832872).

Notes — Lectera was recently revised (Giraldo & Crous 2019, Giraldo et al. 2019). Lectera philenopterae is phylogenetically related to L. nordwiniana (from soil, the Netherlands, conidia 6–8 × 2–3 μm; Crous et al. 2018a), but distinct based on its conidial dimensions.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Lectera nordwiniana (strain CBS 144922, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047463.1","term_id":"1540838727","term_text":"MK047463.1"}}MK047463.1; Identities = 538/561 (96 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), Lectera colletotrichoides (strain CBS 109728, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM231851.1","term_id":"808213313","term_text":"KM231851.1"}}KM231851.1; Identities = 539/563 (96 %), 6 gaps (1 %)), and Lectera capsici (strain CBS:142534, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_155338.1","term_id":"1374025072","term_text":"NR_155338.1"}}NR_155338.1; Identities = 533/559 (95 %), 6 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Lectera capsici (strain CBS 142534, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058474.1","term_id":"1393511592","term_text":"NG_058474.1"}}NG_058474.1; Identities = 816/829 (98 %), no gaps), Lectera longa (strain IMI 366179, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR025898.1","term_id":"1561109607","term_text":"LR025898.1"}}LR025898.1; Identities = 778/791 (98 %), no gaps), and Lectera colletotrichoides (strain IMI 265740, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR025896.1","term_id":"1561109605","term_text":"LR025896.1"}}LR025896.1; Identities = 778/791 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Lectera colletotrichoides (strain CBS 109728, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM232427.1","term_id":"808214232","term_text":"KM232427.1"}}KM232427.1; Identities = 312/353 (88 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Lectera longa (strain IMI 181698, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR026170.1","term_id":"1561109879","term_text":"LR026170.1"}}LR026170.1; Identities = 638/743 (86 %), no gaps), and Lectera colletotrichoides (strain IMI 332702, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR026168.1","term_id":"1561109877","term_text":"LR026168.1"}}LR026168.1; Identities = 638/743 (86 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 and tub2 sequences were used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Philenoptera violacea tree at Letaba lodge. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; setae; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. In honour of Johan Visser, former Springbok and Captain of the Stellenbosch University Waveski Surfing Team, who regularly practiced with his team members at Skaapeiland, IJzerfontein, during the 1980s.

Classification — Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, brown, smooth, 3–4 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, dimorphic, macro- and micronematous, reduced to conidiogenous cells. Microconidiophores 0–1-septate, brown, verruculose, straight to geniculate-sinuous, 20–40 × 4–5 μm. Macroconidiophores erect, flexuous to geniculate-flexuous, subcylindrical, up to 150 μm tall, 4–5 μm diam, brown, verruculose, 2–7-septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical, brown, verruculose, 10–30 × 4–5 μm; scars thickened, darkened and refractive, 1.5–2 μm diam. Conidia occurring in branched chains, brown, verruculose to warty. Primary ramoconidia subcylindrical, 15–35 × 3.5–4(–5) μm, 0–2-septate. Secondary ramoconidia subcylindrical, 0–1-septate, 13–20 × 3.5–4(–5) μm. Intercalary conidia subcylindrical to ellipsoid, aseptate, verruculose to warty, (8–)9–10(–11) × (3.5–)4(–4.5) μm. Small terminal conidia aseptate, verruculose to warty, 6–7 × 3–4 μm; hila thickened, darkened, refractive, 1–1.5 μm diam.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, IJzerfontein, on Carpobrotus edulis (Aizoaceae), 2016, P.W. Crous, HPC 2556 (holotype CBS H-24243, culture ex-type CPC 36317 = CBS 146046, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562118.1","term_id":"1764668914","term_text":"MN562118.1"}}MN562118.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567626.1","term_id":"1765902680","term_text":"MN567626.1"}}MN567626.1, MycoBank MB832873).

Notes — Verrucocladosporium visseri is phylogenetically closely related to V. dirinae (isolated from the lichen Dirina massiliensis, UK, conidiophores macronematous, ramoconidia 16–21 × (2–)2.5–3 μm, conidia 4–18(–23) × (2–)2.5–3.5 μm, 0–1-septate; Crous et al. 2007b), but distinct in having dimorphic conidiophores, larger ramoconidia and smaller conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Verrucocladosporium dirinae (strain HF16, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KR081411.1","term_id":"929558660","term_text":"KR081411.1"}}KR081411.1; Identities = 612/637 (96 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), Graphiopsis chlorocephala (strain SDAU Forestry402-4, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ682320.1","term_id":"657085108","term_text":"KJ682320.1"}}KJ682320.1; Identities = 439/465 (94 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), and Trimmatostroma salinum (strain MZKI B-962, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AJ238676.1","term_id":"4753917","term_text":"AJ238676.1"}}AJ238676.1; Identities = 421/450 (94 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Verrucocladosporium dirinae (strain MUT 4857, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP671739.1","term_id":"836593522","term_text":"KP671739.1"}}KP671739.1; Identities = 864/870 (99 %), no gaps), Graphiopsis chlorocephala (strain CBS 121523, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874669.1","term_id":"1473261725","term_text":"MH874669.1"}}MH874669.1; Identities = 862/870 (99 %), no gaps), and Trimmatostroma salinum (strain CBS 100461, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874308.1","term_id":"1473261364","term_text":"MH874308.1"}}MH874308.1; Identities = 860/870 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Surf spot at ‘Skaapeiland’, IJzerfontein. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Syzygium from which it was isolated.

Classification — Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata globose, brown, 80–120 μm diam, pycnidial, opening via irregular rupture. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, hyaline to pale brown, subcylindrical, septate, branched or not, 5–20 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, phialidic, subcylindrical, hyaline to pale brown, 6–8 × 3–5 μm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical with obtuse ends, aseptate, mostly straight, (5–)8–10(–12) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface olivaceous grey, and reverse iron-grey.

Typus. South Africa, Mpumalanga Province, Nelspruit, on leaves of Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), 9 Aug. 2014, P.W. Crous, HPC 2564 (holotype CBS H-24254, culture ex-type CPC 36323 = CBS 146129, ITS, LSU, actA, cmdA and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562119.1","term_id":"1764668915","term_text":"MN562119.1"}}MN562119.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567627.1","term_id":"1765902681","term_text":"MN567627.1"}}MN567627.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556787.1","term_id":"1789811787","term_text":"MN556787.1"}}MN556787.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556793.1","term_id":"1789811799","term_text":"MN556793.1"}}MN556793.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556822.1","term_id":"1789811857","term_text":"MN556822.1"}}MN556822.1, MycoBank MB832874).

Notes — Colonies were established from single ascospores shot out onto agar. Germinating ascospores were 1-septate, with germ tubes parallel to the long axis of the spore, germinating from both ends, becoming brown, verruculose, 5 μm diam, not to very slightly constricted at the septum. The sexual morph could not be located on the leaf material, but poor sporulation was induced in culture, and two asci were observed. The asexual morph that formed in culture is relatively nondescript, and the taxon is tentatively named in Stomiopeltis based on DNA sequence similarity to other deposited sequences. However, Stomiopeltis has thyrothecia, and thus cannot belong to the Mycosphaerellaceae, further suggesting that the sexual morph of this fungus will have pseudothecial ascomata. Future collections of the sexual morph will hopefully clarify its taxonomy, and its relationship with Stomiopeltis s.str.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Stomiopeltis phyllanthi (voucher MFLU 18-2115, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_163328.1","term_id":"1632314102","term_text":"NR_163328.1"}}NR_163328.1; Identities = 389/426 (91 %), 10 gaps (2 %)), Exopassalora zambiae (strain CBS 112971, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_156200.1","term_id":"1384999925","term_text":"NR_156200.1"}}NR_156200.1; Identities = 361/400 (90 %), 8 gaps (2 %)), and Clypeosphaerella quasiparkii (strain IHBF 2280, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF326624.1","term_id":"1206336380","term_text":"MF326624.1"}}MF326624.1; Identities = 419/481 (87 %), 16 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Stomiopeltis sinensis (voucher C450, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK348018.1","term_id":"1546192531","term_text":"MK348018.1"}}MK348018.1; Identities = 751/756 (99 %), no gaps), Chaetothyrina artocarpi (strain MFLUCC 15-1082, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF614834.1","term_id":"1409189953","term_text":"MF614834.1"}}MF614834.1; Identities = 802/816 (98 %), no gaps), and Chaetothyrina musarum (strain MFLUCC 15-0383, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KU710171.1","term_id":"1099344165","term_text":"KU710171.1"}}KU710171.1; Identities = 791/806 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Davidiellomyces australiensis (strain CBS 142165, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY979853.1","term_id":"1214570414","term_text":"KY979853.1"}}KY979853.1; Identities = 385/408 (94 %), no gaps), Exopassalora zambiae (strain CBS 112970, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903458.1","term_id":"567849119","term_text":"KF903458.1"}}KF903458.1; Identities = 424/461 (92 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), and Ramularia inaequalis (strain CPC 25742, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP894336.1","term_id":"799381221","term_text":"KP894336.1"}}KP894336.1; Identities = 469/519 (90 %), 11 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the cmdA sequence had highest similarity to Septoria carvi (strain KML93, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX822095.1","term_id":"1140176398","term_text":"KX822095.1"}}KX822095.1; Identities = 289/304 (95 %), no gaps), Septoria astericola (strain CBS 128587, Gen-Bank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF253998.1","term_id":"530751153","term_text":"KF253998.1"}}KF253998.1; Identities = 284/298 (95 %), no gaps), and Septoria chrysanthemella (strain CBS 128622, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF254028.1","term_id":"530751213","term_text":"KF254028.1"}}KF254028.1; Identities = 284/298 (95 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Syzygium cordatum tree Stomiopeltis syzygii was isolated from. Conidiogenous cells; conidia; germinating ascospores; asci and ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Forest Health & Biosecurity, Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia; e-mail:}ua.vog.wsn.ipd@eigenrac.sugna

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Corymbia from which it was isolated.

Classification — Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Leaf spots amphigenous, 3–6 mm diam, subcircular, brown with a broad red-purple margin. Conidiomata amphigenous, exuding a mucoid conidial mass; pycnidia brown, globose, 180–250 μm diam with central ostiole, or opening via irregular split. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, brown, verruculose, doliiform to ampulliform, proliferating percurrently at apex, 5–10 × 5–6 μm. Conidia solitary, brown, verruculose, guttulate, 0–1-septate, subcylindrical, straight to irregularly curved, apex subobtuse, base truncate, 2.5–3 μm diam, with marginal frill, (17–)25–27(–33) × (4–)5(–6) μm, in culture 1(–3)-septate, and up to 40 μm long.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 5 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface isabelline to dirty white, reverse brown vinaceous. On PDA surface isabelline to dirty white, reverse sepia with diffuse brick pigment. On OA surface isabelline with diffuse brick pigment.

Typus. Australia, New South Wales, Sydney, Longueville, on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia (Myrtaceae), 4 Sept. 2016, A.J. Carnegie, HPC 2539 (holotype CBS H-24244, culture ex-type CPC 36371 = CBS 146047, ITS, LSU, actA, cmdA, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562120.1","term_id":"1764668916","term_text":"MN562120.1"}}MN562120.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567628.1","term_id":"1765902682","term_text":"MN567628.1"}}MN567628.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556788.1","term_id":"1789811789","term_text":"MN556788.1"}}MN556788.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556794.1","term_id":"1789811801","term_text":"MN556794.1"}}MN556794.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556802.1","term_id":"1789811817","term_text":"MN556802.1"}}MN556802.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556823.1","term_id":"1789811859","term_text":"MN556823.1"}}MN556823.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556840.1","term_id":"1789811893","term_text":"MN556840.1"}}MN556840.1, MycoBank MB832875).

Notes — Teratosphaeria corymbiicola is a typical species of Teratosphaeria that belongs to the species complex that causes leaf spots and shoot blight of eucalypts (Andjic et al. 2019, Crous et al. 2019c). Phylogenetically it is close to T. pseudocryptica (conidia aseptate, (10–)12–14(–17) × (3.5–)4(–6) μm), although it is morphologically quite distinct.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Kirramyces sp. (strain A16, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU300986.1","term_id":"162568720","term_text":"EU300986.1"}}EU300986.1; Identities = 505/506 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (strain CBS 118504, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF901687.1","term_id":"567846067","term_text":"KF901687.1"}}KF901687.1; Identities = 466/475 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Teratosphaeria rubida (strain CBS 124579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH863388.1","term_id":"1473250444","term_text":"MH863388.1"}}MH863388.1; Identities = 531/542 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Teratosphaeria complicata (strain CBS 125216, Gen-Bank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874961.1","term_id":"1473262017","term_text":"MH874961.1"}}MH874961.1; Identities = 788/790 (99 %), no gaps), Teratosphaeria hortaea (strain CBS 124156, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874881.1","term_id":"1473261937","term_text":"MH874881.1"}}MH874881.1; Identities = 788/790 (99 %), no gaps), and Teratosphaeria mareebensis (strain CBS 129529, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH876828.1","term_id":"1473263884","term_text":"MH876828.1"}}MH876828.1; Identities = 787/790 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (strain CBS 118504, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903598.1","term_id":"567849399","term_text":"KF903598.1"}}KF903598.1; Identities = 521/528 (99 %), no gaps), Teratosphaeria rubida (strain CBS 124579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903552.1","term_id":"567849307","term_text":"KF903552.1"}}KF903552.1; Identities = 521/528 (99 %), no gaps), and Teratosphaeria hortaea (strain CBS 124156, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903550.1","term_id":"567849303","term_text":"KF903550.1"}}KF903550.1; Identities = 490/533 (92 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the cmdA sequence had highest similarity to Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (strain CBS 118504, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902760.1","term_id":"567847723","term_text":"KF902760.1"}}KF902760.1; Identities = 443/455 (97 %), no gaps), Teratosphaeria rubida (strain CBS 124579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902764.1","term_id":"567847731","term_text":"KF902764.1"}}KF902764.1; Identities = 442/455 (97 %), no gaps), and Austroafricana associata (strain CBS 120732, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902532.1","term_id":"567847267","term_text":"KF902532.1"}}KF902532.1; Identities = 275/292 (94 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Teratosphaeria molleriana (strain CBS 118359, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX348104.1","term_id":"1097203565","term_text":"KX348104.1"}}KX348104.1; Identities = 754/879 (86 %), no gaps), Teratosphaeria fimbriata (strain CPC 13324, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT799766.1","term_id":"1189397065","term_text":"LT799766.1"}}LT799766.1; Identities = 574/671 (86 %), no gaps), and Teratosphaeria dunnii (strain CBS 145548, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876491.1","term_id":"1682069421","term_text":"MK876491.1"}}MK876491.1; Identities = 777/916 (85 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (strain CBS 118504, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903348.1","term_id":"567848899","term_text":"KF903348.1"}}KF903348.1; Identities = 347/365 (95 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), Teratosphaeria rubida (strain CBS 124579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903352.1","term_id":"567848907","term_text":"KF903352.1"}}KF903352.1; Identities = 346/365 (95 %), 6 gaps (1 %)), and Teratosphaeria dunnii (strain CBS 145548, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876500.1","term_id":"1682069471","term_text":"MK876500.1"}}MK876500.1; Identities = 269/322 (84 %), 11 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Teratosphaeria pseudocryptica (strain CPC 11264, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ952512.1","term_id":"284931964","term_text":"FJ952512.1"}}FJ952512.1; Identities = 318/334 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Teratosphaeria rubida (strain MUCC 659, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ532013.1","term_id":"255689328","term_text":"FJ532013.1"}}FJ532013.1; Identities = 319/337 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Teratosphaeria australiensis (strain MUCC 695, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ532010.1","term_id":"255689325","term_text":"FJ532010.1"}}FJ532010.1; Identities = 295/342 (86 %), 13 gaps (3 %)).

Colour illustrations. Corymbia ficifolia tree Teratosphaeria corymbiicola was isolated from. Leaf spot; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Based on the genus Anungitiomyces.

Classification — Anungitiomycetaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous to geniculous-flexuous, subcylindrical, brown, smooth to finely verruculose, septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, upper part forming a rachis with tightly aggregated sympodial loci, truncate, flattened to subdenticulate, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, obclavate to clavate, hyaline to pale brown, guttulate, thick-walled, smooth to verruculose, apex obtuse, base truncate, not thickened nor darkened, septate.

Type genus. Anungitiomyces Crous.

MycoBank MB832876.

Genera included — Anungitiomyces, Nothoramichloridium, Strelitziomyces.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name reflects its morphological similarity to Ramichloridium.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous, subcylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, straight to geniculous-sinuous; upper part forming a rachis with tightly aggregated sympodial loci, truncate, subdenticulate, 1 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, clavate, pale brown, guttulate, thick-walled, verruculose, straight, apex obtuse, base truncate, not thickened nor darkened, septate.

Type species. Nothoramichloridium perseae Crous.

MycoBank MB832877.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Persea from which it was isolated.

Classification — Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, 1.5–2.5 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, flexuous, subcylindrical, brown, finely verruculose, 2–3-septate, 80–150 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, straight to geniculous-sinuous, 40–70 × 4–5 μm; upper part forming a rachis with tightly aggregated sympodial loci, truncate, subdenticulate, 1 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, clavate, pale brown, guttulate, thick-walled, verruculose, straight, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened, 1(–2)-septate, with septa forming a protruding rift visible in conidial outline, (19–)21–23(–26) × 5(–6) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface rosy buff, reverse rosy buff to isabelline. On PDA surface buff to isabelline, reverse isabelline. On OA surface buff.

Typus. South Africa, Mpumalanga Province, Nelspruit, on leaves of Persea americana (Lauraceae), 9 Aug. 2014, P.W. Crous, HPC 2565 (holotype CBS H-24245, culture ex-type CPC 36383 = CBS 146048, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562121.1","term_id":"1764668917","term_text":"MN562121.1"}}MN562121.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567629.1","term_id":"1765902683","term_text":"MN567629.1"}}MN567629.1, MycoBank MB832878).

Notes — Nothoramichloridium is phylogenetically allied to Anungitiomyces and Strelitziomyces, and these genera represent an undescribed family in the Xylariales (Crous et al. 2019a).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Hypoxylon lenormandii (voucher EBS228, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM610287.1","term_id":"806027225","term_text":"KM610287.1"}}KM610287.1; Identities = 330/377 (88 %), 18 gaps (4 %)), Rhinocladiella pyriformis (strain CBS 469.94, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH862476.1","term_id":"1473249532","term_text":"MH862476.1"}}MH862476.1; Identities = 393/449 (88 %), 14 gaps (3 %)), and Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (strain CPC 34726, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876376.1","term_id":"1682068956","term_text":"MK876376.1"}}MK876376.1; Identities = 374/428 (87 %), 15 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (strain CPC 34726, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876415.1","term_id":"1682069070","term_text":"MK876415.1"}}MK876415.1; Identities = 828/841 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Oxydothis garethjonesii (strain MFLUCC 15-0287, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY206762.1","term_id":"1127253915","term_text":"KY206762.1"}}KY206762.1; Identities = 827/863 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Arthrinium malaysianum (strain CBS 102053, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_042780.1","term_id":"913749072","term_text":"NG_042780.1"}}NG_042780.1; Identities = 826/864 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Nelspruit Botanical Garden. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Hippopota- (from Hippopotamus) grazing at the collection site.

Classification — Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, brown, opening via irregular rupture; wall of 6–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, but green olivaceous in mass, ampulliform to doliiform, phialidic. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, thick-walled, acicular to subcylindrical with taper in upper region to subobtuse apex, base truncate, irregularly curved, septate.

Type species. Hippopotamyces phragmitis Crous.

MycoBank MB832879.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Phragmites from which it was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, 180–200 μm diam, brown, opening via irregular rupture; wall of 6–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, but green olivaceous in mass, ampulliform to doliiform, phialidic, 3–4 × 3–4 μm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, thick-walled, acicular to subcylindrical with taper in upper region to subobtuse apex, base truncate, irregularly curved, 3(–5)-septate, (25–)32–37(–45) × 2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, St Lucia, on leaves of Phragmites australis (Poaceae), 2010, P.W. Crous, HPC 2570 (holotype CBS H-24165, culture ex-type CPC 36385 = CBS 146086, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562122.1","term_id":"1764668918","term_text":"MN562122.1"}}MN562122.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567630.1","term_id":"1765902684","term_text":"MN567630.1"}}MN567630.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556803.1","term_id":"1789811819","term_text":"MN556803.1"}}MN556803.1, MycoBank MB832880).

Notes — Hippopotamyces is septoria-like in morphology (Quaedvlieg et al. 2013, Verkley et al. 2013), but is phylogenetically distinct, and represents a new genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae (Videira et al. 2017).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Xenosonderhenia eucalypti (strain CBS 138858, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_137937.1","term_id":"1043372625","term_text":"NR_137937.1"}}NR_137937.1; Identities = 494/550 (90 %), 19 gaps (3 %)), Uwemyces elaeidis (strain CPUwZC-01, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX228299.1","term_id":"1042866866","term_text":"KX228299.1"}}KX228299.1; Identities = 494/551 (90 %), 19 gaps (3 %)), and Paramycosphaerella wachendorfiae (strain CBS 129579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH865448.1","term_id":"1473252504","term_text":"MH865448.1"}}MH865448.1; Identities = 493/551 (89 %), 17 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Paramycosphaerella marksii (strain CBS 110693, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ204758.1","term_id":"77993683","term_text":"DQ204758.1"}}DQ204758.1; Identities = 792/807 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Paramycosphaerella brachystegiae (strain CBS 136436, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058048.1","term_id":"1393511166","term_text":"NG_058048.1"}}NG_058048.1; Identities = 791/807 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Pseudozasmidium vietnamense (as Mycosphaerella vietnamensis, strain AGI099A, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU882134.1","term_id":"206967513","term_text":"EU882134.1"}}EU882134.1; Identities = 783/799 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Zasmidium syzygii (strain CBS 133580, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF951730.1","term_id":"1314927189","term_text":"MF951730.1"}}MF951730.1; Identities = 690/888 (78 %), 22 gaps (2 %)), Zasmidium cellare (strain CBS 892.85, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT356875.1","term_id":"954622566","term_text":"KT356875.1"}}KT356875.1; Identities = 719/930 (77 %), 28 gaps (3 %)), and Zasmidium musigenum (strain CBS 190.63, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF951718.1","term_id":"1314927165","term_text":"MF951718.1"}}MF951718.1; Identities = 699/911 (77 %), 14 gaps (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Phragmites australis plants in St Lucia. Section through conidioma on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand; e-mail:}zn.tvog.ipm@ajar.levagnaht

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Vitis from which it was isolated.

Classification — Coniothyriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata immersed to erumpent, solitary, brown, globose, 100–200 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis; wall covered in brown setae, flexuous, thick-walled, unbranched, smooth, apex obtuse, septate, up to 100 μm long, 4–5 μm wide. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform, 4–6 × 5–6 μm; phialidic with periclinal thickening or percurrent proliferation at apex. Conidia solitary, aseptate, globose or broadly ellipsoid, becoming golden brown, smooth to finely roughened, (4–)5–6(–6.5) × (3–)4 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 45 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface pale olivaceous grey, reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface fawn to diffuse vinaceous pigment, reverse sepia. On OA surface iron-grey.

Typus. New Zealand, North Island, Hastings, 2091 Maraekakaho Road, on stems of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), 4 Nov. 2010, M. Romney (holotype CBS H-24246, culture ex-type T10_04730 = CPC 36397 = CBS 146049, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562123.1","term_id":"1764668919","term_text":"MN562123.1"}}MN562123.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567631.1","term_id":"1765902685","term_text":"MN567631.1"}}MN567631.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556804.1","term_id":"1789811821","term_text":"MN556804.1"}}MN556804.1, MycoBank MB832881).

Notes — Neoconiothyrium is characterised by species that can have conidiomata covered in setae, phialidic conidiogenous cells, and hyaline to medium brown, smooth to finely verruculose, ellipsoid to subclavate or subcylindrical, 0–1-septate conidia (Crous et al. 2017a). Although the taxonomy of the coniothyrium-like genera is still far from settled, the present collection is tentatively named in Neoconiothyrium, being closely related to N. hakeae.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Querciphoma carteri (strain CBS 101633, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF740180.1","term_id":"345103650","term_text":"JF740180.1"}}JF740180.1; Identities = 452/472 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Coniothyrium hakeae (strain CPC 27620, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154839.1","term_id":"1359071853","term_text":"NR_154839.1"}}NR_154839.1; Identities = 553/581 (95 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), and Coniothyrium multiporum (strain SRMC-MYCO6, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY806410.1","term_id":"1229045880","term_text":"KY806410.1"}}KY806410.1; Identities = 460/484 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Ochrocladosporium frigidarii (strain CBS 103.81, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_064123.1","term_id":"1562189469","term_text":"NG_064123.1"}}NG_064123.1; Identities = 879/891 (99 %), no gaps), Coniothyrium telephii (strain UTHSC DI16-189, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LN907332.1","term_id":"1119196096","term_text":"LN907332.1"}}LN907332.1; Identities = 880/893 (99 %), no gaps), and Wojnowicia rosicola (strain MFLUCC 15-0128, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG829091.1","term_id":"1370741027","term_text":"MG829091.1"}}MG829091.1; Identities = 865/878 (99 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Coniothyrium hakeae (strain CPC 29612, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY173584.1","term_id":"1150200043","term_text":"KY173584.1"}}KY173584.1; Identities = 877/909 (96 %), no gaps), Pyrenophora dictyoides (strain DAOM 75616, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN993617.1","term_id":"365192703","term_text":"JN993617.1"}}JN993617.1; Identities = 624/756 (83 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), and Drechslera phlei (strain DAOM 226243, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN993628.1","term_id":"365192725","term_text":"JN993628.1"}}JN993628.1; Identities = 616/756 (81 %), 8 gaps (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Vitis vinifera in New Zealand. Colony on potato dextrose agar; conidioma; conidiomatal setae; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 150 μm (conidioma), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Carex from which it was isolated.

Classification — Distoseptisporaceae, Distoseptisporales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores erect, subcylindrical, dark brown, smooth, 2–4-septate, 35–90 × 6–7 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, cylindrical, brown, smooth, monoblastic, 13–16 × 5–6 μm. Conidia solitary, obclavate, brown, smooth, 5–10-distoseptate, septa with central pore, wall thick, tapering abruptly at base; basal cell pale brown, with truncate hilum, 3.5–4 μm diam; apex obtuse, but in culture developing further, becoming elongated, flexuous, 3–4-euseptate, frequently with visible mucoid appendage surrounding conidial apex, conidia (55–)65–85(–100) × 15–16(–17) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. Thailand, Chiang Mai, on leaves of Carex sp. (Cyperaceae), 2008, P.W. Crous, HPC 2251 (holotype CBS H-24238, cultures ex-type CPC 36498 = CBS 146041, CPC 36442 = CBS 146040, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN562124.1-MN562125.1","start_term":"MN562124.1","end_term":"MN562125.1","start_term_id":"1764668920","end_term_id":"1764668921"}}MN562124.1-MN562125.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567632.1","term_id":"1765902686","term_text":"MN567632.1"}}MN567632.1 (CPC 36498) and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN556805.1-MN556806.1","start_term":"MN556805.1","end_term":"MN556806.1","start_term_id":"1789811823","end_term_id":"1789811825"}}MN556805.1-MN556806.1, MycoBank MB832882).

Notes — Distoseptispora has macronematous, septate, unbranched, brown conidiophores, terminal, blastic conidiogenous cells and olivaceous to brown, septate conidia (Su et al. 2016). The genus presently includes 18 species, of which D. caricis is phylogenetically most closely related to D. tectonigena (148–225(–360) × 11–12 μm, cylindrical-obclavate, 20–46-distoseptate) and D. multiseptata (95–290 × 11–20 μm, obclavate, rostrate, dark-olivaceous green, multi-distoseptate). Morphologically it is quite distinct, having smaller conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 36442 had highest similarity to Distoseptispora tectonigena (strain MFLUCC 12-0292, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154018.1","term_id":"1351336886","term_text":"NR_154018.1"}}NR_154018.1; Identities = 355/411 (86 %), 16 gaps (3 %)), Distoseptispora multiseptata (voucher MFLU 15-1144, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154017.1","term_id":"1351336885","term_text":"NR_154017.1"}}NR_154017.1; Identities = 345/402 (86 %), 16 gaps (3 %)), and Arthropsis truncata (strain CBS 584.82, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_159641.1","term_id":"1498509269","term_text":"NR_159641.1"}}NR_159641.1; Identities = 323/378 (85 %), 18 gaps (4 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 36442 and 36498 are identical (607/607 bases). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 36498 are Ellisembia leonensis (voucher HKUCC 10822, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ408566.1","term_id":"89355905","term_text":"DQ408566.1"}}DQ408566.1; Identities = 828/847 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Distoseptispora sp. DB-2019c (strain MFLUCC 18-0376, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN163017.1","term_id":"1700465920","term_text":"MN163017.1"}}MN163017.1; Identities = 824/850 (97 %), no gaps), and Distoseptispora dehongensis (as Distoseptispora sp. SNZ-2018a, strain KUMCC 18-0090, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK079662.1","term_id":"1495197275","term_text":"MK079662.1"}}MK079662.1; Identities = 774/809 (96 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Ellisembia leonensis (voucher HKUCC 10822, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ435089.1","term_id":"90289815","term_text":"DQ435089.1"}}DQ435089.1; Identities = 732/830 (88 %), no gaps), Penicillium vanluykii (strain DTO 148I2, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX996615.1","term_id":"460841018","term_text":"JX996615.1"}}JX996615.1; Identities = 256/318 (81 %), 6 gaps (1 %)), and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (strain GJS 01-121, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN175507.1","term_id":"359720102","term_text":"JN175507.1"}}JN175507.1; Identities = 251/312 (80 %), no gaps). The rpb2 sequences of CPC 36442 and 36498 differ with a single nucleotide (843/844 bases similar).

Colour illustrations. Garden in Thailand where D. caricis was collected. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ 08077, USA; e-mail:}moc.lsme@civejrujz

Etymology. Name refers to the state in the USA where it was collected, Massachusetts.

Classification — Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiomata acervular, superficial on agar, unilocular, 200–300 μm diam; wall of several layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores arising from upper layer of basal stroma, septate, branched, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to lageniform, dissolving at maturity, 6–20 × 2.5–3.5 μm; proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia fusoid, brown, smooth, mostly straight, 3(–5)-euseptate with appendages; basal cell obconic, hyaline with truncate hilum; median cells brown; apical cell conical, hyaline, (23–)25–28(–30) × (7–)8–9(–10) μm. Appendages cellular, unbranched, attenuated; apical appendage single central, 7–12 μm long; basal appendage single, unbranched, centric, 2–7 μm long (when present).

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 60 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface cinnamon, reverse brick. On PDA surface cinnamon, reverse isabelline. On OA surface isabelline. On Czapek Yeast Extract Agar 23 mm / 25 °C / 7 d, no growth / 37 °C / 7 d.

Typus. USA, Massachusetts, Cohasset, air in basement, 30 Oct. 2018, Ž. Jurjević (holotype CBS H-24170, culture ex-type EMSL 5009 = CPC 36626 = CBS 146013, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562126.1","term_id":"1764668922","term_text":"MN562126.1"}}MN562126.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567633.1","term_id":"1765902687","term_text":"MN567633.1"}}MN567633.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556807.1","term_id":"1789811827","term_text":"MN556807.1"}}MN556807.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556824.1","term_id":"1789811861","term_text":"MN556824.1"}}MN556824.1, MycoBank MB832883).

Notes — Monochaetia is characterised by acervular conidiomata, fusoid and transversely septate conidia, with brown median cells and a single cellular apical and basal (when present) appendage (Liu et al. 2019a). Monochaetia massachusettsianum is phylogenetically related to M. monochaeta (conidia 4(–5)-septate, 17–23 × 4.5–7 μm), and M. kansensis (conidia 4-septate, 17.5–19 × 5.5–7(–8) μm; Nag Raj 1993), but distinct in having larger conidia.

Colour illustrations. Basement where Monochaetia massachusettsianum was isolated from. Colony on oatmeal agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Forest Health & Biosecurity, Forest Science, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Level 12, 10 Valentine Ave, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia; e-mail:}ua.vog.wsn.ipd@eigenrac.sugna

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Colonies established from ascospores shot out onto agar that were aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, resembling those of Neophysalospora and Clypeophysalospora. Conidiomata sporodochial, 180–200 μm diam, buff to pale brown, consisting of densely aggregated conidiophores in mucoid droplet. Conidiophores subcylindrical, smooth, pale brown at base, branched, septate, 20–40 × 2–3 μm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline to pale brown, smooth, terminal and intercalary, subcylindrical with apical taper, 7–15 × 1.5–2 μm, proliferating inconspicuously sympodially at apex. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, apex subobtuse, base truncate, curved, (13–)15–17(–18) × 1.5 μm. In older cultures on oatmeal agar acervular conidiomata develop, 200–300 μm diam, brown, opening via irregular flaps, containing a similar asexual morph as observed on sporodochia in young colonies.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse rosy buff.

Typus. Australia, New South Wales, Bombala, Coolanguba State Forest, on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata (Myrtaceae), 2016, A.J. Carnegie, HPC 2652 (holotype CBS H-24173, culture ex-type CPC 36723 = CBS 146092, ITS, LSU and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562127.1","term_id":"1764668923","term_text":"MN562127.1"}}MN562127.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567634.1","term_id":"1765902688","term_text":"MN567634.1"}}MN567634.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556841.1","term_id":"1789811895","term_text":"MN556841.1"}}MN556841.1, MycoBank MB832884).

Notes — Xylaria eucalypti is tentatively placed in Xylaria, as it is phylogenetically closely related to the genus. However, the fact that it was cultured from neophysalospora-like ascospores, suggests that it probably represents an undescribed genus in Xylariaceae.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Anthostomella brabeji (strain CBS 110128, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_153509.1","term_id":"1339503280","term_text":"NR_153509.1"}}NR_153509.1; Identities = 526/605 (87 %), 26 gaps (4 %)), Xylaria ianthinovelutina (strain C24, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ936302.1","term_id":"394997297","term_text":"JQ936302.1"}}JQ936302.1; Identities = 518/596 (87 %), 27 gaps (4 %)), and Xylaria grammica (strain KCTC 13121BP, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY490692.1","term_id":"1213740904","term_text":"KY490692.1"}}KY490692.1; Identities = 514/592 (87 %), 22 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Xylaria enteroleuca (strain CBS 128357, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH876349.1","term_id":"1473263405","term_text":"MH876349.1"}}MH876349.1; Identities = 809/829 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Xylaria vaporaria (strain CBS 386.35, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH867226.1","term_id":"1473254282","term_text":"MH867226.1"}}MH867226.1; Identities = 797/818 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Xylaria longipes (strain CBS 148.73, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH872351.1","term_id":"1473259407","term_text":"MH872351.1"}}MH872351.1; Identities = 807/829 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tub2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus radiata trees at Coolanguba State Forest. Symptomatic leaves with purple leaf spots; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Pinus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Vermiculariopsiellaceae, Vermiculariopsiellales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiomata sporodochial, 200–600 μm diam, with slimy, creamy conidial mass; base of brown pseudoparenchymatal cells giving rise to densely aggregated conidiophores. Setae dispersed throughout sporodochium, thick-walled, brown, smooth, unbranched, flexuous, subcylindrical, with taper to subacute apex, multiseptate, 140–300(–550) μm long, base bulbous, (4–)8–10 μm. Conidiophores subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 0–2-septate, 20–40 × 3–4 μm, branched, giving rise to 1–4 conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cymbiform to ampulliform, pale brown, smooth, phialidic, apex twisted to the side, periclinal thickening and collarette present, 10–20 × 2.5–3.5 μm. Conidia solitary, septate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid, integrated, inner plane straight, outer plane convex, base truncate, hilum excentric, 0.5–1 μm, (17–)19–21(–22) × 2.5(–3) μm; ends with mucoid caps, which appears to be unique for the genus.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface buff, reverse cinnamon.

Typus. Malaysia, on needles of Pinus tecunumanii (Pinaceae), 1 Oct. 2018, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2657 (holotype CBS H-24174, culture ex-type CPC 36727 = CBS 146009, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562128.1","term_id":"1764668924","term_text":"MN562128.1"}}MN562128.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567635.1","term_id":"1765902689","term_text":"MN567635.1"}}MN567635.1, MycoBank MB832885).

Note — Vermiculariopsiella is characterised by sporodochia with brown, erect setae (branched or not), subhyaline conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells, and hyaline, aseptate conidia (Crous et al. 2014, Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017). Vermiculariopsiella pini is phylogenetically closely related to V. dichapetali (on Dichapetalum rhodesicum, Botswana; setae 100–300 × 6–10 μm, conidia (10–)17–22(–24) × 2.5(–3) μm). The two species are best separated based on their DNA data.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name based on the genus Tracylla.

Classification — Tracyllaceae, Tracyllales, Sordariomycetes.

Pycnothyria superficial on leaves, round, brown, with central column of cells; ostiole lacking, margin of catenate, darker brown cells. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells arising from a central columella, doliiform to ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, with a single conidiogenous locus, phialidic. Conidia solitary, hyaline, aseptate, smooth, guttulate, falcate to naviculate or ellipsoid to subcylindrical, apex subobtusely rounded, base truncate; with or without unbranched polar appendages, not delimited by septa.

Type family. Tracyllaceae Crous.

MycoBank MB832986.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name reflects its morphological similarity to Tracylla.

Conidiomata pycnothyrial, brown, round, scutellum consisting of a radiating mass of brown cells, verruculose, bifurcating into two additional radial rows; margin smooth, lobate or with pointed terminal cells; surface of pycnothyrium cells with dark brown circular striations, at times conidiomata consisting of smaller circular scutella that overlap like roof tiles. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, subcylindrical to doliiform, pale brown, smooth, phialidic. Conidia aseptate, formed singly, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, slightly curved, inner plane flat, outer plane convex, base pointed, curved towards inner plane.

Type species. Neotracylla pini Crous.

MycoBank MB832886.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Pinus from which it was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnothyrial, brown, round, scutellum 80–150 μm diam, consisting of a radiating mass of brown cells, verruculose, bifurcating into two additional radial rows; margin smooth, lobate or with pointed terminal cells, 2–4 μm long; surface of pycnothyrium cells with dark brown circular striations, at times conidiomata consisting of smaller circular scutella that overlap like roof tiles. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, subcylindrical to doliiform, pale brown, smooth, 7–10 × 3–4 μm, phialidic, occurring under scutellum (although hard to discern). Conidia aseptate, formed singly, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, slightly curved, inner plane flat, outer plane convex, base pointed, curved towards inner plane, (8–)9–10(–11) × 3(–3.5) μm.

Typus. Malaysia, on needles of Pinus tecunumanii (Pinaceae), 1 Oct. 2018, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2657 (holotype CBS H-24175, culture ex-type CPC 36731 = CBS 146010, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562129.1","term_id":"1764668925","term_text":"MN562129.1"}}MN562129.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567636.1","term_id":"1765902690","term_text":"MN567636.1"}}MN567636.1, MycoBank MB832887).

Notes — Tracylla is characterised by having brown, superficial pycnothyria, with hyaline, aseptate conidia with or without polar appendages (Crous et al. 2018c). Three species are presently recognised in the genus, which can all be distinguished from T. pini based on their conidium morphology.

Colour illustrations. Canopy of Pinus tecunumanii trees seen from below. Left column Vermiculariopsiella pini: Setae; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Right column Tracylla pini: Conidiomata on oatmeal agar; overlapping pycnothyrial conidiomata; conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Olea from which it was isolated.

Classification — Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Associated with pale brown, subcircular, amphigenous leaf spots, 1–3 cm diam, with red brown border. Cultures were derived from 1–3-septate fusoid, brown ascospores, but ascomata could not be located on host material. Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, medium brown, smooth, 1–2-septate, subcylindrical with apical taper, 30–50 × 3 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, medium brown, smooth, 20–30 × 2–3 μm, forming a rachis with sympodial loci, pimple-like, 0.5 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, aggregated in mucoid mass, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, spindle-shaped, curved, apex subobtuse, base truncate, (17–)19–22(–25) × 1.5(–2) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface buff, reverse cinnamon.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Olea capensis (Oleaceae), 21 Nov. 2018, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2706 (holotype CBS H-24177, culture ex-type CPC 36779 = CBS 146080, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562130.1","term_id":"1764668926","term_text":"MN562130.1"}}MN562130.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567637.1","term_id":"1765902691","term_text":"MN567637.1"}}MN567637.1, MycoBank MB832888).

Notes — The genus Clypeosphaeria (based on C. mamillana) is a member of the Xylariaceae, and has brown, septate ascospores (Jaklitsch et al. 2016). Although the sexual morph of the present collection could not be traced (other than the geminating ascospores shot out onto agar plates), the xylariaceous asexual morph, ascospores, and DNA phylogeny suggest that it is presently best to accommodate it as a new species of Clypeosphaeria.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Anthostomella eucalyptorum (strain 2741, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AM922205.1","term_id":"163263070","term_text":"AM922205.1"}}AM922205.1; Identities = 432/478 (90 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), and Digitodochium rhodoleucum (strain NBRC 32296, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LC146732.1","term_id":"1021311531","term_text":"LC146732.1"}}LC146732.1; Identities = 434/491 (88 %), 23 gaps (4 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Clypeosphaeria mamillana (strain CBS 140735, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554225.1","term_id":"1552650439","term_text":"MH554225.1"}}MH554225.1; Identities = 783/801 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Anthostomella eucalyptorum (strain CBS 120036, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ890026.1","term_id":"115342736","term_text":"DQ890026.1"}}DQ890026.1; Identities = 806/825 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Xylaria arbuscula (strain CBS 126416, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH875561.1","term_id":"1473262617","term_text":"MH875561.1"}}MH875561.1; Identities = 806/826 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest in South Africa. Sporulation on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Maytenus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Leptosilliaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiomata solitary to aggregated, pycnidial, globose, brown, 180–200 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 6–8 layers of pale brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 0–3-septate, branched at base or not, 7–30 × 1.5–2 μm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 5–8 × 1.5 μm, proliferating percurrently at apex, at times with three conidia still attached to apex. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, bean-shaped, slightly curved, inequilateral, inner plane flat, outer plan convex, apex and base rounded toward inner plane, (4–)5(–6) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface and reverse cinnamon. On OA surface dirty white with diffuse cinnamon pigment.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla (Celastraceae), 23 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2721 (holotype CBS H-24178, culture ex-type CPC 37000 = CBS 146079, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562131.1","term_id":"1764668927","term_text":"MN562131.1"}}MN562131.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567638.1","term_id":"1765902692","term_text":"MN567638.1"}}MN567638.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556808.1","term_id":"1789811829","term_text":"MN556808.1"}}MN556808.1, MycoBank MB832889).

Notes — The genus Leptosillia was recently treated by Voglmayr et al. (2019). Although L. mayteni was isolated from leaves, most species of Leptosillia are isolated from bark and twigs. Morphologically, the asexual morph of L. mayteni is most similar to that of L. wienkampii, conidia (5–)5.5–6.2(–7) × (1.4–)1.6–1.9(–2.1) μm, although the two species are phylogenetically quite distinct.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Leptosillia wienkampii (as Leptosillia sp. HV-2019e, strain CRW, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK527865.1","term_id":"1574027762","term_text":"MK527865.1"}}MK527865.1; Identities = 398/427 (93 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Liberomyces saliciphilus (as Sordariomycetes sp. SP-2010b, strain H041, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR715510.1","term_id":"384569128","term_text":"FR715510.1"}}FR715510.1; Identities = 397/427 (93 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Leptosillia slaptonensis (as Leptosillia sp. HV-2019d, strain CRU1, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK527859.1","term_id":"1574027756","term_text":"MK527859.1"}}MK527859.1; Identities = 389/428 (91 %), 5 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Leptosillia slaptonensis (as Leptosillia sp. HV-2019d, strain CRU2, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK527860.1","term_id":"1574027757","term_text":"MK527860.1"}}MK527860.1; Identities = 822/842 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Leptosillia wienkampii (as Leptosillia sp. HV-2019e, strain CRW, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK527865.1","term_id":"1574027762","term_text":"MK527865.1"}}MK527865.1; Identities = 808/828 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Leptosillia acerina (as Leptosillia sp. HV-2019a, strain CRA2, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK527850.1","term_id":"1574027747","term_text":"MK527850.1"}}MK527850.1; Identities = 818/839 (97 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest with Maytenus heterophylla trees. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the genus Nothodactylaria.

Classification — Nothodactylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, hyphae. Conidiophores solitary or aggregated in clusters, subcylindrical, unbranched, erect, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, with slight apical taper, septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical with apical taper, forming a rachis with sympodially proliferating pimple-like denticles. Conidia solitary, aggregating in a mucoid mass, septate, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, apex obtuse, tapering to truncate hilum.

Type genus. Nothodactylaria Crous.

MycoBank MB833022.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to its similarity with Dactylaria.

Type species. Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis Crous.

MycoBank MB833023.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Nephrolepis from which it was isolated.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary or aggregated in clusters of 2–6, subcylindrical, unbranched, erect, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, with slight apical taper, 1–2-septate, 30–50 × 3–4.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical with apical taper, forming a rachis with sympodially proliferating pimple-like denticles, 0.5 μm diam, 25–45 × 3–4 μm. Conidia solitary, aggregating in a mucoid mass, 1(–3)-septate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate to granular, subcylindrical to fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, apex obtuse, tapering to truncate hilum, 1 μm diam, (7–)12–16(–18) × 2(–2.5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse cinnamon.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata (Lomariopsidaceae), 23 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2722 (holotype CBS H-24179, culture ex-type CPC 37028 = CBS 146078, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562132.1","term_id":"1764668928","term_text":"MN562132.1"}}MN562132.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567639.1","term_id":"1765902693","term_text":"MN567639.1"}}MN567639.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556809.1","term_id":"1789811831","term_text":"MN556809.1"}}MN556809.1, MycoBank MB832890).

Notes — Dactylaria is characterised by having hyaline conidiophores and septate, hyaline conidia formed on denticles (De Hoog 1985). The genus Dactylaria is polyphyletic, and the phylogeny of its type species (D. purpurella) remains unresolved. Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis resembles Dactylaria, but clusters apart from other species considered to belong to Dactylaria s.lat.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Inocybe ochroalba (strain 254, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU326165.1","term_id":"167888629","term_text":"EU326165.1"}}EU326165.1; Identities = 504/554 (91 %), 21 gaps (3 %)), Dactylaria fragilis (strain MG12, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM246212.1","term_id":"717325315","term_text":"KM246212.1"}}KM246212.1; Identities = 366/409 (89 %), 15 gaps (3 %)), and Cylindrium purgamentum (strain CPC 29580, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_155691.1","term_id":"1377213525","term_text":"NR_155691.1"}}NR_155691.1; Identities = 474/553 (86 %), 17 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Pseudotruncatella arezzoensis (strain MFLUCC 14-0988, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG192317.1","term_id":"1393898290","term_text":"MG192317.1"}}MG192317.1; Identities = 813/843 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Dactylaria sparsa (strain P055, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU107291.1","term_id":"159144674","term_text":"EU107291.1"}}EU107291.1; Identities = 798/829 (96 %), 6 gaps (0 %)), and Dactylaria fragilis (strain P057, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU107290.1","term_id":"159144673","term_text":"EU107290.1"}}EU107290.1; Identities = 795/826 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest where Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis was collected. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Gonioma from which it was isolated.

Classification — Cyphellophoraceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous loci on hyphae, pale brown, smooth, phialidic, collarettes flared, 2–2.5 μm diam, loci 1–1.5 μm diam. Conidia aggregating in mucoid droplets, pale brown, smooth, guttulate, fusoid, inner plane flat, outer plane convex, apex subobtuse, tapering toward inner plane, base truncate, 1 μm diam, (0–)1(–3)-septate, (10–)15–18(–20) × (1.5–)2(–2.5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, surface folded, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Gonioma kamassi (Apocynaceae), 23 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2698 (holotype CBS H-24180, culture ex-type CPC 37032 = CBS 146077, ITS, LSU, actA, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562133.1","term_id":"1764668929","term_text":"MN562133.1"}}MN562133.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567640.1","term_id":"1765902694","term_text":"MN567640.1"}}MN567640.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556789.1","term_id":"1789811791","term_text":"MN556789.1"}}MN556789.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556825.1","term_id":"1789811863","term_text":"MN556825.1"}}MN556825.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556842.1","term_id":"1789811897","term_text":"MN556842.1"}}MN556842.1, MycoBank MB832891).

Notes — Cyphellophora is characterised by pigmented phialides occurring directly on hyphae or occasionally on flask-shaped conidiogenous cells, and producing small clusters of olivaceous, septate, mostly curved conidia (Cheewangkoon et al. 2009, Crous et al. 2019b). Cyphellophora goniomatis is phylogenetically related to C. guyanensis (from angiosperm, French Guyana, conidia (2–)3–6-septate, (18–)19.7–28(–29) × 1.5–2 μm; Decock et al. 2003), although it has smaller conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Cyphellophora guyanensis (strain MUCL 43737, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU225943.1","term_id":"299835226","term_text":"GU225943.1"}}GU225943.1; Identities = 564/578 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Exophiala spinifera (strain CBS 126014, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF928476.1","term_id":"703772074","term_text":"KF928476.1"}}KF928476.1; Identties = 532/549 (97 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Cyphellophora eucalypti (strain CBS 124764, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GQ303274.1","term_id":"258578849","term_text":"GQ303274.1"}}GQ303274.1; Identities = 592/611 (97 %), 5 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Cyphellophora guyanensis (strain CBS 129342, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH876666.1","term_id":"1473263722","term_text":"MH876666.1"}}MH876666.1; Identities = 837/841 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Cyphellophora eucalypti (strain CBS 124764, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC455254.1","term_id":"449074940","term_text":"KC455254.1"}}KC455254.1; Identities = 835/841 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Cyphellophora artocarpi (strain CHCJHBJBLM, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP122930.1","term_id":"764704969","term_text":"KP122930.1"}}KP122930.1; Identities = 756/762 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Cyphellophora eucalypti (strain CBS 124764, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ325009.1","term_id":"388890319","term_text":"JQ325009.1"}}JQ325009.1; Identities = 511/528 (97 %), no gaps), Scolecostigmina mangiferae (strain CBS 125467, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU320566.1","term_id":"374088206","term_text":"GU320566.1"}}GU320566.1; Identities = 510/527 (97 %), no gaps), and Ophionectria trichospora (strain CBS 314.75, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM231181.1","term_id":"808191444","term_text":"KM231181.1"}}KM231181.1; Identities = 517/539 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the tef1 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches. Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Cyphellophora guyanensis (strain CBS 125756, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ766338.1","term_id":"385845365","term_text":"JQ766338.1"}}JQ766338.1; Identities = 358/377 (95 %), no gaps), Cyphellophora artocarpi (strain CHCJHBJBLM, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP122925.1","term_id":"764704927","term_text":"KP122925.1"}}KP122925.1; Identities = 362/390 (93 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Ophionectria trichospora (strain CBS 314.75, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM232047.1","term_id":"808214604","term_text":"KM232047.1"}}KM232047.1; Identities = 228/252 (90 %), 6 gaps (2 %)).

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest with Gonioma kamassi trees. Conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Blechnum from which it was isolated.

Classification — Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of medium brown, smooth, branched, septate, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae, giving rise to hyphal coils. Conidiophores erect, solitary or at times two arising from the same basal cell, 2–3-septate, unbranched, straight to irregularly curved, brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 18–40 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 8–22 × 2.5–3 μm with 1–4 terminal denticles, 1–1.5 × 1 μm. Conidia solitary, medianly 1-septate (or up to 3-septate), fusoid-ellipsoid to subcylindrical, curved to straight, apex obtuse, base with basal marginal frill, 0.5 μm long, medium brown, verruculose, (9–)11–12(–14) × (3–)3.5–4 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse isabelline.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Blechnum capense (Blechnaceae), 23 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2704 (holotype CBS H-24181, culture ex-type CPC 37047 = CBS 146055, ITS, LSU, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562134.1","term_id":"1764668930","term_text":"MN562134.1"}}MN562134.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567641.1","term_id":"1765902695","term_text":"MN567641.1"}}MN567641.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556826.1","term_id":"1789811865","term_text":"MN556826.1"}}MN556826.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556843.1","term_id":"1789811899","term_text":"MN556843.1"}}MN556843.1, MycoBank MB832892).

Notes — Scolecobasidium represents an older name for the genus commonly referred to as Ochroconis (Seifert et al. 2011). Scolecobasidium blechni is phylogenetically related to Ochroconis cordanae (conidia 1-septate, obovoidal to broadly fusiform, ((5–)7–9(–10) × (2.5–)3–3.5 μm; Samerpitak et al. 2014) and O. macrozamiae ((5–)8–10(–12) × (3–)3.5(–4) μm; Crous et al. 2014), but is distinct based on its slightly longer conidia and DNA phylogeny.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Ochroconis cordanae (strain CBS 101179, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF156020.1","term_id":"651461382","term_text":"KF156020.1"}}KF156020.1; Identities = 548/622 (88 %), 42 gaps (6 %)), Ochroconis macrozamiae (strain CBS 102491, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF156021.1","term_id":"651461383","term_text":"KF156021.1"}}KF156021.1; Identities = 569/653 (87 %), 48 gaps (7 %)), and Ochroconis musae (strain CBS 145061, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK442605.1","term_id":"1573763205","term_text":"MK442605.1"}}MK442605.1; Identities = 353/404 (87 %), 16 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Ochroconis macrozamiae (strain CBS 102491, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF156152.1","term_id":"651461628","term_text":"KF156152.1"}}KF156152.1; Identities = 773/789 (98 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), Ochroconis constricta (strain CBS 269.61, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH869616.1","term_id":"1473256672","term_text":"MH869616.1"}}MH869616.1; Identities = 828/869 (95 %), 13 gaps (1 %)), and Ochroconis robusta (strain NH673, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LC469382.1","term_id":"1700446564","term_text":"LC469382.1"}}LC469382.1; Identities = 820/860 (95 %), 11 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Ochroconis macrozamiae (strain CBS 102491, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF155983.1","term_id":"651461273","term_text":"KF155983.1"}}KF155983.1; Identities = 370/419 (88 %), 20 gaps (4 %)), Scolecobasidium variabile (strain NBRC 32268, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ307356.1","term_id":"86515464","term_text":"DQ307356.1"}}DQ307356.1; Identities = 229/257 (89 %), 6 gaps (2 %)), and Ochroconis humicola (strain NBRC 32054, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB564640.1","term_id":"345135032","term_text":"AB564640.1"}}AB564640.1; Identities = 380/473 (80 %), 4 gaps (9 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Ochroconis macrozamiae (strain CBS 102491, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF156191.1","term_id":"651461757","term_text":"KF156191.1"}}KF156191.1; Identities = 405/438 (92 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Acremonium exuviarum (strain UAMH 9995, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY882947.1","term_id":"59859095","term_text":"AY882947.1"}}AY882947.1; Identities = 228/264 (86 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), and Setophoma pseudosacchari (strain CBS 145373, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK540176.1","term_id":"1694420640","term_text":"MK540176.1"}}MK540176.1; Identities = 226/265 (85 %), 5 gaps (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest with Blechnum capense trees. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Strelitzia from which it was isolated.

Classification — Anungitiomycetaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, hyphae. Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae, erect, solitary, subcylindrical, hyaline to pale brown at base, septate, mostly unbranched, with terminal conidiogenous cells that are subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, rarely pale brown, with terminal rachis of subdenticulate loci; loci truncate, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, medianly 1-septate, fusoid, apex subobtuse, base truncate. Sclerotium-like bodies formed prominently on and in agar, dark brown, muriformly septate, globose.

Type species. Strelitziomyces knysnanus Crous.

MycoBank MB 832893.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the location where it was collected, Knysna.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae, erect, solitary, subcylindrical, 5–35 × 2–3 μm, hyaline to pale brown at base, 0–3-septate, mostly unbranched, with terminal conidiogenous cells that are subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, rarely pale brown, 5–25 × 2–2.5 μm, with terminal rachis of subdenticulate loci, 1–2 × 0.5–1 μm; loci truncate, not thickened nor darkened. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, medianly 1-septate, fusoid, apex subobtuse, base truncate, 1 μm diam, (24–)30–32 × 2 μm. Sclerotium-like bodies formed prominently on and in agar, dark brown, muriformly septate, 30–80 μm diam, globose, lacking an ostiole, and remaining sterile although they are reminiscent of a coelomycete synasexual morph.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface isabelline with diffuse isabelline pigment, reverse isabelline. On PDA surface smoke grey, reverse isabelline. On OA surface isabelline.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Strelitzia alba (Strelitziaceae), 21 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2727 (holotype CBS H-24183, culture ex-type CPC 37067 = CBS 146056, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562135.1","term_id":"1764668931","term_text":"MN562135.1"}}MN562135.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567642.1","term_id":"1765902696","term_text":"MN567642.1"}}MN567642.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556810.1","term_id":"1789811833","term_text":"MN556810.1"}}MN556810.1, MycoBank MB832894).

Notes — Strelitziomyces is closely related to Anungitiomyces, a monotypic genus occurring on Eucalyptus leaf litter in South Africa (Crous et al. 2019a). Anungitiomyces is characterised by brown, erect conidiophores, 0–1-septate, obclavate, hyaline conidia, arising via sympodial conidiogenesis. The main differences between the two genera lie in the lack of pigmentation in Strelitziomyces, and the prominently formed sclerotium-like bodies.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (strain CPC 34726, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876376.1","term_id":"1682068956","term_text":"MK876376.1"}}MK876376.1; Identities = 537/616 (87 %), 31 gaps (5 %)), Rhinocladiella pyriformis (strain CBS 469.94, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH862476.1","term_id":"1473249532","term_text":"MH862476.1"}}MH862476.1; Identities = 379/434 (87 %), 15 gaps (3 %)), and Pseudotruncatella arezzoensis (strain MFLUCC 14-0988, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_157489.1","term_id":"1433309998","term_text":"NR_157489.1"}}NR_157489.1; Identities = 352/399 (88 %), 19 gaps (4 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (strain CPC 34726, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876415.1","term_id":"1682069070","term_text":"MK876415.1"}}MK876415.1; Identities = 810/826 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Oxydothis garethjonesii (strain MFLUCC 15-0287, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY206762.1","term_id":"1127253915","term_text":"KY206762.1"}}KY206762.1; Identities = 804/837 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Entosordaria quercina (strain RQ, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF488994.1","term_id":"1238810697","term_text":"MF488994.1"}}MF488994.1; Identities = 800/837 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Strelitzia alba plants in Knysna forest. Colony on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; conidia; sclerotia. Scale bars = 80 μm (sclerotia), 10 μm (conidia and conidiogenous cells).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Olea from which it was isolated.

Classification — Incertae sedis, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Setae erect, 100–150 μm long, 3–4 μm diam, brown, multiseptate, thick-walled, verruculose to warty, subcylindrical with apical taper, base bulbous, 4–6 μm diam, apex spirally curved, apical region frequently with curved lateral branches. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells arranged around the base of setae, subcylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth, 7–13 × 2–3 μm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, fusoid, inequilateral, inner plane flat, outer plane convex, apex subobtuse, tapering toward inner plane, base with excentric, truncate hilum, tapering towards inner plane, (7–)9–10(–11) × (1.5–)2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA and PDA surface and reverse mouse grey. On OA surface pale purplish grey.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa (Oleaceae), 22 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2728 (holotype CBS H-24184, culture ex-type CPC 37069 = CBS 146069, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562136.1","term_id":"1764668932","term_text":"MN562136.1"}}MN562136.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567643.1","term_id":"1765902697","term_text":"MN567643.1"}}MN567643.1, MycoBank MB832895).

Additional material examined. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on Diospyros whyteana (Ebenaceae), 22 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2720, culture CPC 37063 = CBS 146068, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562137.1","term_id":"1764668933","term_text":"MN562137.1"}}MN562137.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567644.1","term_id":"1765902698","term_text":"MN567644.1"}}MN567644.1.

Notes — The hyphomycete genus Gyrothrix closely resembles Circinotrichum (see FP960). Gyrothrix oleae is closely related to Circinotrichum papakurae (setae unbranched, conidia 11–17 × 1.5–2 μm; Hughes & Pirozynski 1971) and Gyrothrix ramosa (setae branched, conidia 14–19 × 2–2.7 μm; Zucconi & Onofri 1989), but can be distinguished based on its smaller conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 37069 had highest similarity to Ascotricha pusilla (strain CBS 132.60, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH857921.1","term_id":"1473244977","term_text":"MH857921.1"}}MH857921.1; Identities = 506/592 (85 %), 29 gaps (4 %)), Xylaria liquidambaris (voucher HMJAU 22124, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX256826.1","term_id":"403181956","term_text":"JX256826.1"}}JX256826.1; Identities = 506/597 (85 %), 33 gaps (5 %)), and Virgaria boninensis (strain JCM 18622, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB670709.1","term_id":"485820433","term_text":"AB670709.1"}}AB670709.1; Identities = 395/439 (90 %), 15 gaps (3 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 37063 and 37069 differ with a single nucleotide (581/582 bases similar). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 37069 are Circinotrichum papakurae (strain CBS 101373, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KR611897.1","term_id":"831359551","term_text":"KR611897.1"}}KR611897.1; Identities = 819/840 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Gyrothrix ramosa (strain MUCL 54061, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC775722.1","term_id":"574483596","term_text":"KC775722.1"}}KC775722.1; Identities = 781/802 (97 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Gyrothrix inops (strain BE108, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC775721.1","term_id":"574483595","term_text":"KC775721.1"}}KC775721.1; Identities = 790/814 (97 %), 6 gaps (0 %)). The LSU sequences of CPC 37063 and 37069 differ with a single nucleotide (837/838 bases similar).

Colour illustrations. Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa trees in Knysna forest. Conidiogenous cells; conidia; setae. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Podocarpus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of smooth, medium brown, septate, branched, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae, forming hyphal coils. Conidiophores erect, 1-septate, unbranched, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 9–17 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical, 6–10 × 2.5–3 μm, with 1–4 terminal cylindrical denticles, 1–1.5 × 1 μm. Conidia solitary, 1(–3)-septate, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base with marginal frill, 0.5 μm long, medium brown, verruculose, (19–)22–25(–26) × (2.5–)3 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 25 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse umber.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 20 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2739 (holotype CBS H-24185, culture ex-type CPC 37078 = CBS 146057, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562138.1","term_id":"1764668934","term_text":"MN562138.1"}}MN562138.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567645.1","term_id":"1765902699","term_text":"MN567645.1"}}MN567645.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556811.1","term_id":"1789811835","term_text":"MN556811.1"}}MN556811.1, MycoBank MB832896).

Notes — Scolecobasidium podocarpicola is related to but distinct from species of Scolecobasidium (incl. Ochroconis) based on its conidial morphology, being subcylindrical, 1(–3)-septate, (19–)22–25(–26) × (2.5–)3 μm. Of interest is the fact that S. podocarpicola was cultured from spermatia oozing from a spermatogonium, suggesting that it could have a sexual morph, and that it proved to be closely related to a sexual species, Ochroconis sexualis (Samerpitak et al. 2014).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Ochroconis sexualis (strain PPRI 12991, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_132049.1","term_id":"825706271","term_text":"NR_132049.1"}}NR_132049.1; Identities = 454/522 (87 %), 22 gaps (4 %)), Ochroconis mirabilis (strain UTHSC 04-2378, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LM644513.1","term_id":"691468062","term_text":"LM644513.1"}}LM644513.1; Identities = 416/495 (84 %), 32 gaps (6 %)), and Ochroconis icarus (strain CBS 536.69, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH859368.1","term_id":"1473246424","term_text":"MH859368.1"}}MH859368.1; Identities = 400/476 (84 %), 26 gaps (5 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Ochroconis sexualis (strain PPRI 12991, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_060299.1","term_id":"1402550380","term_text":"NG_060299.1"}}NG_060299.1; Identities = 747/778 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Ochroconis robusta (strain CBS 112.97, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058141.1","term_id":"1393511259","term_text":"NG_058141.1"}}NG_058141.1; Identities = 803/837 (96 %), 6 gaps (0 %)), and Ochroconis bacilliformis (strain CBS 100442, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058140.1","term_id":"1393511258","term_text":"NG_058140.1"}}NG_058140.1; Identities = 800/838 (95 %), 7 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Ochroconis musicola (strain CPC 32927, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH327876.1","term_id":"1482012625","term_text":"MH327876.1"}}MH327876.1; Identities = 686/838 (82 %), 12 gaps (1 %)), Scolecobasidium terreum (strain CBS 536.69, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FR832487.1","term_id":"345498846","term_text":"FR832487.1"}}FR832487.1; Identities = 667/818 (82 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Ochroconis humicola (strain HGUP1204, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX546578.1","term_id":"528189236","term_text":"JX546578.1"}}JX546578.1; Identities = 662/843 (79 %), 21 gaps (2 %)).

Colour illustrations. Base of Podocarpus latifolius tree in Knysna. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Podocarpus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to phialidic conidiogenous cells arising from superficial hyphae, separate, not aggregated in clusters, ampulliform to subcylindrical, medium brown, smooth, 3–7 μm long, apex with long cylindrical neck, 1–3 μm long, slightly flared, base frequently ellipsoid, 3–7 μm diam, attached to hyphae laterally via small hyphal peg. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, triangular, with apex obtuse, tapering towards truncate base, 2–3 μm long, 1.5–2 μm diam, base 1 μm diam; older conidia becoming swollen, ellipsoid.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and feathery margin, reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface greyish sepia, reverse dark mouse grey. On PDA and OA surface and reverse mouse grey.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 20 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2696 (holotype CBS H-24186, culture ex-type CPC 37080 = CBS 146093, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562139.1","term_id":"1764668935","term_text":"MN562139.1"}}MN562139.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567646.1","term_id":"1765902700","term_text":"MN567646.1"}}MN567646.1, MycoBank MB832898).

Notes — Ceramothyrium podocarpicola is phylogenetically related to Ceramothyrium, an epiphyllous genus of ascomycetes with Stanhughesia asexual morphs (see Ceramothyrium podocarpi; Crous et al. 2012a). Morphologically, the present collection is quite distinct from Stanhughesia, but we suspect that what we observed in culture is actually a synasexual morph, as the species was originally isolated as a Stanhughesia morph from Podocarpus leaves.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Chaetothyrium agathis (strain MFLUCC 12-0113, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_132914.1","term_id":"936453327","term_text":"NR_132914.1"}}NR_132914.1; Identities = 451/509 (89 %), 22 gaps (4 %)), Ceramothyrium exiguum (strain VTCC F-1209, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_159757.1","term_id":"1511931758","term_text":"NR_159757.1"}}NR_159757.1; Identities = 438/499 (88 %), 18 gaps (3 %)), and Ceramothyrium exiguum (strain VTCC F-1209, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LC360297.1","term_id":"1332563929","term_text":"LC360297.1"}}LC360297.1; Identities = 438/499 (88 %), 18 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Ceramothyrium thailandicum (voucher MFLU 13-0632, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP324930.1","term_id":"823327439","term_text":"KP324930.1"}}KP324930.1; Identities = 794/824 (96 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Ceramothyrium carniolicum (strain CBS 175.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KC455251.1","term_id":"449074937","term_text":"KC455251.1"}}KC455251.1; Identities = 835/867 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Ceramothyrium linnaeae (strain CBS 742.94, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874144.1","term_id":"1473261200","term_text":"MH874144.1"}}MH874144.1; Identities = 834/866 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Knysna forest with Podocarpus latifolius trees. Hyphae with conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Podocarpus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale brown, verruculose, branched, septate, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, medium brown, smooth but verruculose in upper cell, subcylindrical, unbranched, 1–6-septate, 10–110 × 3–4 μm; base swollen, 4–7 μm diam. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, subcylindrical, pale to medium brown, verruculose, 10–15 × 3–3.5 μm, proliferating sympodially with one to several flat-tipped apical loci, 1 μm diam. Conidia pale brown, verruculose, aseptate, guttulate, ends obtuse, hila truncate, 0.5–1 μm diam, not thickened nor darkened. Secondary ramoconidia (9–)12–13 × (2.5–)3–3.5 μm; conidia in unbranched chains (–30), (9–)11–12(–15) × 2.5(–3) μm; hila not thickened nor darkened.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 8 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse umber.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 22 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2710 (holotype CBS H-24187, culture ex-type CPC 37092 = CBS 146067, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562140.1","term_id":"1764668936","term_text":"MN562140.1"}}MN562140.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567647.1","term_id":"1765902701","term_text":"MN567647.1"}}MN567647.1, MycoBank MB832899).

Additional material examined. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 22 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2710, culture CPC 37094, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562141.1","term_id":"1764668937","term_text":"MN562141.1"}}MN562141.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567648.1","term_id":"1765902702","term_text":"MN567648.1"}}MN567648.1.

Notes — Pseudopenidiella is characterised by having erect, brown conidiophores, sympodial conidiogenesis, and aseptate conidia with somewhat thickened scars and hila (Bensch et al. 2012, Crous et al. 2012b). Pseudopenidiella podocarpi is related to P. piceae (ramoconidia 8–12 × 2–3 μm, conidia (6–)7–9(–10) × (2.5–)3 μm; Crous et al. 2012b), but distinct in having larger conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 37092 had highest similarity to Pseudopenidiella piceae (strain CBS 131453, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_111761.1","term_id":"597901096","term_text":"NR_111761.1"}}NR_111761.1; Identities = 443/484 (92 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), Morenoina calamicola (strain MFLUCC 14-1162, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154210.1","term_id":"1351337076","term_text":"NR_154210.1"}}NR_154210.1; Identities = 327/394 (83 %), 20 gaps (5 %)), and Leptomelanconium allescheri (strain LA_kult_01, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF573935.1","term_id":"1368833530","term_text":"MF573935.1"}}MF573935.1; Identities = 314/376 (84 %), 21 gaps (5 %)). The ITS sequence of CPC 37092 differs with a single nucleotide from that of CPC 37094 (554/555 bases similar). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 37092 are Pseudopenidiella piceae (strain CBS 131453, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_042681.1","term_id":"913748939","term_text":"NG_042681.1"}}NG_042681.1; Identities = 802/824 (97 %), no gaps), Heliocephala gracilis (strain MUCL 41200, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ333479.1","term_id":"316931102","term_text":"HQ333479.1"}}HQ333479.1; Identities = 741/829 (89 %), 10 gaps (1 %)), and Heliocephala zimbabweensis (strain MUCL 40019, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HQ333481.1","term_id":"316931104","term_text":"HQ333481.1"}}HQ333481.1; Identities = 738/826 (89 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). The LSU sequences of CPC 37092 and CPC 37094 are identical (824/824 bases).

Colour illustrations. Podocarpus latifolius trees in Knysna forest. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to its cylindrical conidia and acremonium-like morphology.

Classification — Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, hyphae. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, appearing as individual unbranched conidiophores, septate with a terminal phialide, or as complex structures with a basal cylindrical cell that gives rise to 2–4 phialides; basal cell subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, septate. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, phialidic, subcylindrical with apical taper; apex with flared collarette. Conidia solitary, aggregated in mucoid packets, cylindrical with obtuse ends, medianly 1-septate, hyaline, smooth, granular.

Type species. Cylindromonium eugeniicola Crous.

MycoBank MB832900.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eugenia from which it was isolated.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with folded surface, sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface buff, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface buff, reverse rosy buff. On OA surface buff.

Typus. South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Amathole, Haga Haga, on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis (Myrtaceae), 2010, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2750 (holotype CBS H-24189, culture ex-type CPC 37170 = CBS 146075, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562142.1","term_id":"1764668938","term_text":"MN562142.1"}}MN562142.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567649.1","term_id":"1765902703","term_text":"MN567649.1"}}MN567649.1, MycoBank MB832901).

Notes — Cylindromonium is related to Phialoseptomonium (Crous et al. 2019a), but distinct in that it has cylindrical conidia, similar to ‘A. lichenicola’ CBS 303.70 and ‘A. rhabdosporum’ CBS 438.66, which appear to be congeneric, also having cylindrical conidia (Giraldo & Crous 2019).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Acremonium lichenicola (strain CBS 188.70, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH859549.1","term_id":"1473246605","term_text":"MH859549.1"}}MH859549.1; Identities = 544/600 (91 %), 15 gaps (2 %)), Acremonium rhabdosporum (strain CBS 438.66, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH858850.1","term_id":"1473245906","term_text":"MH858850.1"}}MH858850.1; Identities = 543/600 (91 %), 17 gaps (2 %)), and Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (strain CBS 145542, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876402.1","term_id":"1682069008","term_text":"MK876402.1"}}MK876402.1; Identities = 541/599 (90 %), 17 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Acremonium lichenicola (strain CBS 415.70A, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH871536.1","term_id":"1473258592","term_text":"MH871536.1"}}MH871536.1; Identities = 805/830 (97 %), no gaps), Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (strain CBS 145542, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876443.1","term_id":"1682069126","term_text":"MK876443.1"}}MK876443.1; Identities = 789/814 (97 %), no gaps), and Sarcopodium flavolanatum (strain CBS 128370, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH876362.1","term_id":"1473263418","term_text":"MH876362.1"}}MH876362.1; Identities = 804/830 (97 %), no gaps).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

MycoBank MB832902.

Basionym. Acremonium lichenicola W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 134. 1971.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

MycoBank MB832903.

Basionym. Acremonium rhabdosporum W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 136. 1971.

Colour illustrations. Beach at Haga Haga with Eugenia capensis. Leaf spot on Eugenia capensis with various fungi; sporulation on synthetic nutrient poor agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Metrosideros from which it was isolated.

Classification — Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 3.5–4 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, multiseptate, up to 1 mm long, with conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary; terminal conidiogenous cells (1–2 cells) hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical with prominent apical taper, 10–20 × 4–5 μm; intercalary conidiogenous cells denticles-like, tapered, 3–5 × 2 μm. Conidia golden brown, smooth to finely roughened, granular, aseptate, dry, ovoid, (15–)16–18(–20) × (12–)15–16 μm, with minute marginal frill.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse cinnamon.

Typus. South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Amathole, Haga Haga, on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp. (Myrtaceae), 2010, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2753 (holotype CBS H-24191, culture ex-type CPC 37374 = CBS 146065, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562143.1","term_id":"1764668939","term_text":"MN562143.1"}}MN562143.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567650.1","term_id":"1765902704","term_text":"MN567650.1"}}MN567650.1, MycoBank MB832904).

Notes — Harzia is characterised by sympodially branched, hyaline superficial mycelium, brown conidia and a Proteophiala synasexual morph (Domsch et al. 2007, Schultes et al. 2017). Harzia metrosideri is related to Harzia patula (conidia (16–)25–37.5(–50) × (12.5–)15–28(–37.5) μm; Holubová-Jechová 1974) and H. acremonioides (conidia 20–30 × 15–20 μm; Domsch et al. 2007), but distinct based on its conidial dimensions.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Harzia patula (strain CBS 379.88, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_161009.1","term_id":"1594705859","term_text":"NR_161009.1"}}NR_161009.1; Identities = 640/667 (96 %), 11 gaps (1 %)), Harzia acremonioides (strain CBS 598.71, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH860282.1","term_id":"1473247338","term_text":"MH860282.1"}}MH860282.1; Identities = 638/666(96%), 11 gaps (1 %)), and Harzia tenella (as Olpitrichum tenellum, strain CBS 121.81, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY628696.1","term_id":"1243281055","term_text":"KY628696.1"}}KY628696.1; Identities = 627/656 (96 %), 10 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Harzia patula (as Olpitrichum patulum, strain CBS 121524, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY628687.1","term_id":"1243281085","term_text":"KY628687.1"}}KY628687.1; Identities = 840/843 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Harzia macrospora (as Olpitrichum macrosporum, strain CBS 343.67, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH870687.1","term_id":"1473257743","term_text":"MH870687.1"}}MH870687.1; Identities = 838/842 (99 %), no gaps), and Harzia verrucosa (strain CBS 113456, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY628675.1","term_id":"1243281081","term_text":"KY628675.1"}}KY628675.1; Identities = 838/842 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Beach area at Haga Haga. Hyphae with integrated conidiogenous loci; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Strelitzia from which it was isolated.

Classification — Neodevriesiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale brown, smooth, septate, branched, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight to geniculous-sinuous, 1–4-septate, subcylindrical, brown, smooth, unbranched, 5–30 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, subcylindrical, pale brown, smooth, 5–12 × 2.5–3 μm; proliferating sympodially with loci thickened and darkened, 0.5 μm diam. Conidia and ramoconidia pale brown, smooth, 0(–1)-septate, occurring in branched chains, subcylindrical to fusoid-ellipsoid, (5–)7–9(–11) × 2 μm; loci thickened and darkened, 0.5 μm diam.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 15 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Amathole, Haga Haga, on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae), 2010, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2748 (holotype CBS H-24192, cultures ex-type CPC 37387 = CBS 146019, CPC 37388 = CBS 146020, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN562144.1-MN562145.1","start_term":"MN562144.1","end_term":"MN562145.1","start_term_id":"1764668940","end_term_id":"1764668941"}}MN562144.1-MN562145.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN567651.1-MN567652.1","start_term":"MN567651.1","end_term":"MN567652.1","start_term_id":"1765902705","end_term_id":"1765902706"}}MN567651.1-MN567652.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN556812.1-MN556813.1","start_term":"MN556812.1","end_term":"MN556813.1","start_term_id":"1789811837","end_term_id":"1789811839"}}MN556812.1-MN556813.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556844.1","term_id":"1789811901","term_text":"MN556844.1"}}MN556844.1 (CPC 37387), MycoBank MB832905).

Notes — Neodevriesia is characterised by medium brown conidiophores and thick-walled, medium brown, sparsely septate conidia arranged in short, mostly unbranched chains (Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Neodevriesia strelitziicola is related to N. coccolobae (on leaves of Coccoloba uvifera, Puerto Rico; conidia (6–)7–8(–10) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm; Crous et al. 2018a). and N. tabebuiae (on leaves of Tabebuia chrysantha, Puerto Rico, conidia (6–)7–8(–10) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm; Crous et al. 2018a), and is best distinguished based on its narrower conidia, and DNA phylogeny.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 37388 had highest similarity to Neodevriesia coccolobae (strain CBS 145064, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_161126.1","term_id":"1594705976","term_text":"NR_161126.1"}}NR_161126.1; Identities = 480/500 (96 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), Neodevriesia tabebuiae (strain CBS 145065, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_161127.1","term_id":"1594705977","term_text":"NR_161127.1"}}NR_161127.1; Identities = 498/533 (93 %), 15 gaps (2 %)), and Neodevriesia lagerstroemiae (strain CBS 125422, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH863701.1","term_id":"1473250757","term_text":"MH863701.1"}}MH863701.1; Identities = 489/533 (92 %), 22 gaps (4 %)). The ITS sequence of CPC 37388 differs with 7 nucleotides from that of CPC 37387 (525/532 bases similar). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 37388 are Neodevriesia coccolobae (strain CBS 145064, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK047483.1","term_id":"1540838747","term_text":"MK047483.1"}}MK047483.1; Identities = 816/817 (99 %), no gaps), Neodevriesia cladophorae (as Devriesia sp. MW-2016a, voucher OUCMBI11011, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KU578114.1","term_id":"1139420630","term_text":"KU578114.1"}}KU578114.1; Identities = 811/817 (99 %), no gaps), and Neodevriesia knoxdaviesii (strain CBS 122898, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874778.1","term_id":"1473261834","term_text":"MH874778.1"}}MH874778.1; Identities = 799/808 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The LSU sequences of CPC 37387 and CPC 37388 are identical (815/815 bases). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches. The rpb2 sequences of CPC 37387 and CPC 37388 are identical (834/834 bases). No significant hits were obtained when the tub2 sequence of CPC 37387 was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Forest area at Haga Haga. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Watsonia from which it was isolated.

Classification — Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, brown, 200–250 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, reduced to conidiogenous cells, or 0–2-septate, subhyaline, smooth, branched, 4–24 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, subhyaline, smooth, 4–5 × 3–4 μm, subcylindrical with periclinal thickening. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, aseptate, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, 0.5 μm diam, (3.5–)4–5(–6) × 2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 50 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface honey, reverse isabelline to hazel. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface rosy vinaceous.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kirstenbosch, on leaf spots of Watsonia sp. (Iridaceae), 2016, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2757 (holotype CBS H-24193, culture ex-type CPC 37392 = CBS 146064, ITS, LSU, actA, cmdA and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562146.1","term_id":"1764668942","term_text":"MN562146.1"}}MN562146.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567653.1","term_id":"1765902707","term_text":"MN567653.1"}}MN567653.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556790.1","term_id":"1789811793","term_text":"MN556790.1"}}MN556790.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556795.1","term_id":"1789811803","term_text":"MN556795.1"}}MN556795.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556814.1","term_id":"1789811841","term_text":"MN556814.1"}}MN556814.1, MycoBank MB832906).

Notes — Paramycosphaerella is a mycosphaerella-like genus that lacks a Ramularia asexual morph as in Mycosphaerella s.str. (Crous et al. 2013b, Videira et al. 2017). Paramycosphaerella watsoniae is closely related but phylogenetically distinct from P. sticheri (on fronds of Sticherus penniger, Brazil; only known from its sexual morph; Guatimosim et al. 2016).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Paramycosphaerella sticheri (strain COAD 1422, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_155660.1","term_id":"1377213494","term_text":"NR_155660.1"}}NR_155660.1; Identities = 489/518 (94 %), 5 gaps (0 %)), Paramycosphaerella wachendorfiae (strain CBS 129579, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH865448.1","term_id":"1473252504","term_text":"MH865448.1"}}MH865448.1; Identities = 508/542 (94 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), and Pseudozasmidium vietnamense (as Mycosphaerella vietnamensis, strain {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"CMW37695","term_id":"892053944","term_text":"CMW37695"}}CMW37695, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ732923.1","term_id":"430804261","term_text":"JQ732923.1"}}JQ732923.1; Identities = 461/501 (92 %), 13 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Paramycosphaerella brachystegiae (strain CBS 136436, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_058048.1","term_id":"1393511166","term_text":"NG_058048.1"}}NG_058048.1; Identities = 844/848 (99 %), no gaps), Paramycosphaerella dicranopteridis-flexuosae (strain CPC 24743, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_059577.1","term_id":"1395446690","term_text":"NG_059577.1"}}NG_059577.1; Identities = 803/808 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Paramycosphaerella marksii (strain CPC 11222, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU214447.1","term_id":"284158860","term_text":"GU214447.1"}}GU214447.1; Identities = 842/848 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Paramycosphaerella intermedia (strain CBS 114356, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903466.1","term_id":"567849135","term_text":"KF903466.1"}}KF903466.1; Identities = 505/552 (91 %), 13 gaps (2 %)), Paramycosphaerella marksii (strain CBS 110750, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903404.1","term_id":"567849011","term_text":"KF903404.1"}}KF903404.1; Identities = 503/552 (91 %), 14 gaps (2 %)), and Hyalozasmidium aerohyalinosporum (strain CBS 125011, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF903576.1","term_id":"567849355","term_text":"KF903576.1"}}KF903576.1; Identities = 501/553 (91 %), 20 gaps (3 %)). Closest hits using the cmdA sequence had highest similarity to Hyalozasmidium aerohyalinosporum (strain CBS 125011, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902788.1","term_id":"567847779","term_text":"KF902788.1"}}KF902788.1; Identities = 270/294 (92 %), no gaps), Paramycosphaerella intermedia (strain CBS 114356, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902579.1","term_id":"567847361","term_text":"KF902579.1"}}KF902579.1; Identities = 266/293 (91 %), no gaps), and Virosphaerella irregularis (strain CBS 123242, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF902543.1","term_id":"567847289","term_text":"KF902543.1"}}KF902543.1; Identities = 266/294 (90 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Watsonia sp. at the foot of Table Mountain. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name refers to its morphological similarity to Zygosporium masonii.

Classification — Zygosporiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline to pale brown, smooth to verruculose, branched, septate, 1.5–2 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores erect, unbranched, subcylindrical, medium brown, smooth, consisting of a stipe, lateral conidiogenous cells and a stipe extension, 20–26 μm long, terminating in a clavate to ovoid vesicle, 2.5–3 μm diam, at times with mucoid droplet, 2–4-septate, 10–30 × 2–3 μm; conidiogenous region consisting of 2–4 hook-like cells, brown, smooth, 5–7 × 2.5–3 μm, lateral hook 2–4 × 2.5–3 μm, the hook frequently alternating left to right, but not consistently. Conidiogenous cells (1–2) arising from hook-like cells, pale brown, smooth, ovoid-acuminate, phialidic, 4–6 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline to subhyaline, verruculose, ellipsoid, apex often tapering to truncate hilum, 0.5 μm diam, (6–)7(–8) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA surface buff, reverse cinnamon. On PDA surface buff with patches of hazel, reverse hazel. On OA surface hazel with patches of buff.

Typus. USA, Florida, Gainesville, on leaf of Serenoa repens (Arecaeae), 24 Feb. 2019, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2792 (holotype CBS H-24198, culture ex-type CPC 37503 = CBS 146059, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562147.1","term_id":"1764668943","term_text":"MN562147.1"}}MN562147.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567654.1","term_id":"1765902708","term_text":"MN567654.1"}}MN567654.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556815.1","term_id":"1789811843","term_text":"MN556815.1"}}MN556815.1, MycoBank MB832907).

Notes — Zygosporium is characterised by dark brown conidiophores (with or without stipe extension and vesicle), and 2–4 ampulliform conidiogenous cells. Conidia are aseptate, ellipsoid to globose, hyaline to pale brown, smooth to verruculose. Zygosporium pseudomasonii resembles Z. masonii (on Cocos nucifera, Gold Coast, with up to six lateral hook-like cells, stipe extension 7–12 μm, vesicles 4–5 μm diam; Ellis 1971), but can be distinguished based on its conidiophore morphology, having less lateral hook-like cells, longer stipe extensions and narrower vesicles.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Zygosporium masonii (strain CBS 557.73, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH860771.1","term_id":"1473247827","term_text":"MH860771.1"}}MH860771.1; Identities = 547/567 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Podosordaria muli (strain DFFSCS030, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX156376.1","term_id":"399762983","term_text":"JX156376.1"}}JX156376.1; Identities = 507/532 (95 %), 8 gaps (1 %)), and Zygosporium mycophilum (strain CBS 894.69, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH859474.1","term_id":"1473246530","term_text":"MH859474.1"}}MH859474.1; Identities = 534/576 (93 %), 12 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Zygosporium masonii (strain CBS 557.73, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH872493.1","term_id":"1473259549","term_text":"MH872493.1"}}MH872493.1; Identities = 856/861 (99 %), no gaps), Zygosporium pseudogibbum (strain CBS 143503, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_063962.1","term_id":"1562189308","term_text":"NG_063962.1"}}NG_063962.1; Identities = 837/844 (99 %), no gaps), and Zygosporium mycophilum (strain CBS 533.76, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH877824.1","term_id":"1473264880","term_text":"MH877824.1"}}MH877824.1; Identities = 851/859 (99 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Leaf spots on Serenoa repens. Conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. The famous milkwood tree in Mossel Bay is over 500 years old. It is commonly known as the Post Office Tree, as in 1500 a sailor left a letter in a shoe at the tree, found by Joao da Nova in 1501 en-route to India. Name derived from L. postalis = postal, and L. officium = service; isolated from leaf litter of the Post Office Tree.

Classification — Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiophores penicillate, comprising a stipe, a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches, a stipe extension and a terminal vesicle; stipe septate, hyaline, smooth, 30–60 × 4–6 μm. Stipe extension aseptate, straight, thick-walled, 100–150 μm long, with a basal septum, terminating in a thin-walled, narrowly lanceolate to ellipsoid vesicle, 3.5–4 μm wide. Penicillate conidiogenous apparatus with primary branches aseptate, 12–25 × 3.5–5 μm, secondary branches aseptate, 18–22 × 3.5–4 μm, tertiary branches 12–15 × 3.5–4 μm, each terminal branch producing 2–4 phialides; phialides cymbiform to cylindrical, hyaline, 12–15 × 2.5–4 μm, with minute periclinal thickening and cylindrical collarette. Conidia cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight, 1-septate, (10–)14–15(–17) × 2(–2.5) μm, straight, held in clusters by colourless slime.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate to abundant aerial mycelium, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white to buff, reverse buff with patches of cinnamon.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Mossel Bay, ‘Post Office tree’, on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme (Sapotaceae), 19 Feb. 2016, L. Lombard, HPC 2801 (holotype CBS H-24199, culture ex-type CPC 37513 = CBS 146060, ITS, LSU, his3 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562148.1","term_id":"1764668944","term_text":"MN562148.1"}}MN562148.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567655.1","term_id":"1765902709","term_text":"MN567655.1"}}MN567655.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556796.1","term_id":"1789811805","term_text":"MN556796.1"}}MN556796.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556845.1","term_id":"1789811903","term_text":"MN556845.1"}}MN556845.1, MycoBank MB832908).

Notes — Cylindrocladiella was recently treated (Lombard et al. 2012, Pham et al. 2018, Marin-Felix et al. 2019). Cylindrocladiella postalofficium is related to C. lageniformis (vesicles lageniform to ovoid, conidia (9–)11(–15) × (1.5–)1.8(–2) μm; Crous & Wingfield 1993) and C. pseudocamelliae (vesicles ellipsoidal to lageniform to lanceolate, conidia (9–)11–15(–16) × 2–4 μm; Lombard et al. 2012), but distinct based on its lanceolate to ellipsoid vesicles and longer conidia.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Cylindrocladiella lageniformis (strain CPC 17600, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN100631.1","term_id":"346578082","term_text":"JN100631.1"}}JN100631.1; Identities = 498/508 (98 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Cylindrocladiella pseudocamelliae (strain CBS 129555, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_111644.1","term_id":"597900979","term_text":"NR_111644.1"}}NR_111644.1; Identities = 504/515 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Cylindrocladiella hawaiiensis (strain CBS 129569, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_111651.1","term_id":"597900986","term_text":"NR_111651.1"}}NR_111651.1; Identities = 501/512 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Cylindrocladiella cymbiformis (strain CBS 129554, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN099144.1","term_id":"374712639","term_text":"JN099144.1"}}JN099144.1; Identities = 840/847 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Cylindrocladiella variabilis (strain CPC 17504, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN099241.1","term_id":"374712736","term_text":"JN099241.1"}}JN099241.1; Identities = 838/846 (99 %), no gaps), and Cylindrocladiella stellenboschensis (strain CBS 115611, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN099185.1","term_id":"374712680","term_text":"JN099185.1"}}JN099185.1; Identities = 837/846 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the his3 sequence had highest similarity to Cylindrocladiella parva (strain TRR-CL, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ859985.1","term_id":"394998090","term_text":"JQ859985.1"}}JQ859985.1; Identities = 344/370 (93 %), 9 gaps (2 %)), Cylindrocladiella peruviana (strain {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"CMW47333","term_id":"892363817","term_text":"CMW47333"}}CMW47333, Gen-Bank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH017013.1","term_id":"1383767095","term_text":"MH017013.1"}}MH017013.1; Identities = 425/474 (90 %), 22 gaps (4 %)), and Cylindrocladiella queenslandica (strain CBS 129574, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN098861.1","term_id":"374712126","term_text":"JN098861.1"}}JN098861.1; Identities = 420/469 (90 %), 20 gaps (4 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Cylindrocladiella camelliae (strain CPC 237, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN098749.1","term_id":"378705856","term_text":"JN098749.1"}}JN098749.1; Identities = 321/336 (96 %), 4 gaps (1 %)), Cylindrocladiella nederlandica (strain CBS 152.91, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN098800.1","term_id":"378705958","term_text":"JN098800.1"}}JN098800.1; Identities = 320/336 (95 %), 4 gaps (1 %)), and Cylindrocladiella pseudocamelliae (as Cylindrocladiella sp. LL-2011j, strain CBS 129556, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN098815.1","term_id":"378705988","term_text":"JN098815.1"}}JN098815.1; Identities = 319/336 (95 %), 4 gaps (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Post Office Tree in Mossel Bay. Conidiophores with stipe extensions; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to its morphological similarity with Periconia brittanica.

Classification — Periconiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of brown, verruculose, branched, septate, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores dimorphic. Microconidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells occurring directly on hyphae, tretic, giving rise to a single conidium, but at times also clusters of conidial chains occur. Macroconidiophores 100–300 × 10–17 μm, solitary, or in clusters of 2–3, arising from a brown stroma, subcylindrical, straight to flexuous, unbranched, dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, base swollen, 15–25 μm diam; stipe mostly aseptate, with 2–5 septa in upper conidiogenous region; primary branches subcylindrical, brown, verruculose, 0–1-septate, 10–25 × 7–10 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, occurring in an apical chain on primary, or directly on conidiophore, 10–15 μm long, tretic. Conidia aseptate, spherical, pale to medium brown, with delicate spines, occurring in branched chains, (6–)8–10(–12) μm diam; conidiogenous apparatus usually unilateral on conidiophore.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and even margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse iron-grey.

Typus. USA, California, Davis, UC Davis, on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata (Myrtaceae), 2 Apr. 2019, P.W. Crous, HPC 2897 (holotype CBS H-24203, culture ex-type CPC 37903 = CBS 146062, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562149.1","term_id":"1764668945","term_text":"MN562149.1"}}MN562149.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567656.1","term_id":"1765902710","term_text":"MN567656.1"}}MN567656.1, MycoBank MB832909).

Notes — Periconia was treated by Tanaka et al. (2015). Periconia neobrittanica is similar to P. britannica in having unilateral conidiophores and micro- plus macroconidiophores. It is distinct in that it has larger conidia with delicate spines, and shorter conidiophores (Ellis 1976).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Ascomycete sp. (strain nasa64 from the Atcama desert in Chile, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ683977.1","term_id":"110564277","term_text":"DQ683977.1"}}DQ683977.1; Identities = 528/528 (100 %), no gaps), Periconia aquatica (strain HKAS 92754, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_158841.1","term_id":"1483613914","term_text":"NR_158841.1"}}NR_158841.1; Identities = 438/475 (92 %), 5 gaps (1 %)), and Periconia submersa (strain HKAS 92738, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_158842.1","term_id":"1483613915","term_text":"NR_158842.1"}}NR_158842.1; Identities = 437/476 (92 %), 6 gaps (1 %)). The ITS sequence is 90 % (439/487, including 11 gaps) similar to Noosia banksiae (strain CPC 17282, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF951147.1","term_id":"338809109","term_text":"JF951147.1"}}JF951147.1), which represents the most similar species obtained when the LSU sequence was used in the megablast search. Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Noosia banksiae (strain CBS 129526, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_064279.1","term_id":"1562189625","term_text":"NG_064279.1"}}NG_064279.1; Identities = 889/896 (99 %), no gaps), Sporidesmium tengii (strain voucher HKUCC 10837, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ408559.1","term_id":"89355898","term_text":"DQ408559.1"}}DQ408559.1; Identities = 849/856 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Periconia cyperacearum (strain CPC 32138, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_064549.1","term_id":"1583138925","term_text":"NG_064549.1"}}NG_064549.1; Identities = 888/896 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Branch of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata in California. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Eucalyptus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata solitary, globose, brown, 180–250 μm diam, with central ostiole, exuding a brown conidial mass; wall of 6–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, phialidic with periclinal thickening, 5–8 × 5–6 μm. Conidia solitary, medium brown, smooth, medianly 1-septate, ellipsoid, straight, thick-walled, ends obtuse, (7–)8–9(–10) × (4–)5 μm. Spermatogonia (forming on MEA) separate, globose, brown, up to 200 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Spermatophores reduced to spermatogenous cells. Spermatogenous cells lining the inner cavity, ampulliform to doliiform, hyaline, smooth, 4–6 × 3–5 μm, apex with visible periclinal thickening and minute collarette. Spermatia solitary, smooth, hyaline, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, apex obtuse, base truncate, 3–6 × 1.5–2.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse cinnamon.

Typus. USA, California, Davis, UC Davis, on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 2 Apr. 2019, P.W. Crous, HPC 2896 (holotype CBS H-24205, culture ex-type CPC 37995 = CBS 146084, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562150.1","term_id":"1764668946","term_text":"MN562150.1"}}MN562150.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567657.1","term_id":"1765902711","term_text":"MN567657.1"}}MN567657.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556833.1","term_id":"1789811879","term_text":"MN556833.1"}}MN556833.1, MycoBank MB832910).

Notes — The Camarosporium complex was recently treated by Wanasinghe et al. (2017). Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti is closely related to P. brabeji (on branch of Platanus sp., Switzerland, conidia ellipsoid or subcylindrical, (9–)10–12(–13) × (4–)5(–6) μm, 1–3-transversely septate; Crous et al. 2018b), from which it is distinct by having smaller, 1-septate conidia, (7–)8–9(–10) × (4–)5 μm.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Pseudocamarosporium brabeji (strain NW-FVA2387, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG098280.1","term_id":"1253328570","term_text":"MG098280.1"}}MG098280.1; Identities = 581/588 (99 %), no gaps), Pseudocamarosporium tilicola (strain MFLUCC 13-0550, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ747050.1","term_id":"732725770","term_text":"KJ747050.1"}}KJ747050.1; Identities = 551/558 (99 %), no gaps), and Pseudocamarosporium piceae (strain cp48, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK796148.1","term_id":"1618465070","term_text":"MK796148.1"}}MK796148.1; Identities = 518/525 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Pseudocamarosporium propinquum (strain MFLUCC 17-1211, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG812621.1","term_id":"1569651671","term_text":"MG812621.1"}}MG812621.1; Identities = 844/844 (100 %), no gaps), Pseudocamarosporium ulmi-minoris (strain MFLUCC 17-0671, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG829062.1","term_id":"1370740998","term_text":"MG829062.1"}}MG829062.1; Identities = 844/844 (100 %), no gaps), and Pseudocamarosporium pteleae (strain MFLUCC 17-0724, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG829061.1","term_id":"1370740997","term_text":"MG829061.1"}}MG829061.1; Identities = 844/844 (100 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Pseudocamarosporium pteleae (strain MFLUCC 17-0724, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG829233.1","term_id":"1370741209","term_text":"MG829233.1"}}MG829233.1; Identities = 434/442 (98 %), no gaps), Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides (strain UTHSC DI16-327, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT797124.1","term_id":"1386592451","term_text":"LT797124.1"}}LT797124.1; Identities = 456/468 (97 %), no gaps), and Paraconiothyrium brasiliense (strain UTHSC DI16-311, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT797116.1","term_id":"1386592443","term_text":"LT797116.1"}}LT797116.1; Identities = 428/440 (97 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Leaves of Eucalyptus sp. in California Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti was isolated from. Conidiomata on pine needle agar; conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars: conidiomata = 200 μm, all others = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Heteropyxis from which it was isolated.

Classification — Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Leaf spots amphigenous, circular, 2–3 mm diam, pale brown with broad red-purple margin. Caespituli forming on a weakly developed brown stroma of pseudoparenchymatal cells up to 40 μm diam, 20 μm high. Conidiophores arranged in fascicles of 20–30 conidiophores, subcylindrical, geniculate-sinuous, rarely branched above, medium brown, verruculose, 1(–2)-septate, 25–50 × 4–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, medium brown, verruculose, subcylindrical, 13–30 × 3–6 μm, with flat-tipped loci 2 μm diam, thickened, somewhat darkened and refractive. Conidia solitary, obclavate, curved, rarely straight, apex obtuse, base obconically truncate, olivaceous brown, verruculose, guttulate, (20–)40–55(–65) × (3–)4(–5) μm, (1–)3(–5)-septate, hila truncate, somewhat darkened, thickened and refractive. In culture conidia are pale brown, smooth to finely verruculose and hila are unthickened nor darkened.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white with patches of olivaceous grey, reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Kwambonambi, on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis (Heteropyxidaceae), 16 Apr. 2010, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2863 (holotype CBS H-24207, culture ex-type CPC 38030 = CBS 146082, ITS, LSU and actA sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562151.1","term_id":"1764668947","term_text":"MN562151.1"}}MN562151.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567658.1","term_id":"1765902712","term_text":"MN567658.1"}}MN567658.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556791.1","term_id":"1789811795","term_text":"MN556791.1"}}MN556791.1, MycoBank MB832911).

Notes — Based on the morphology on the host material, the present collection is a passalora-like fungus in the sense of Crous & Braun (2003), but based on its morphology in culture, it is a typical Pseudocercospora (Crous et al. 2013a, Videira et al. 2017). No species of Pseudocercospora is presently known from Heteropyxis natalensis, and thus it is herewith described as new.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Pseudocercospora tamarindi (strain MFLUCC 14-0805, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP744461.1","term_id":"873314553","term_text":"KP744461.1"}}KP744461.1; Identities = 496/509 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Pseudocercospora eriodendri (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF222840.1","term_id":"9587103","term_text":"AF222840.1"}}AF222840.1; Identities = 494/508 (97 %), no gaps), and Pseudocercospora punctata (strain CBS 113315, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU167582.1","term_id":"162415162","term_text":"EU167582.1"}}EU167582.1; Identities = 524/542 (97 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Pseudocercospora rhododendri-indici (strain CBS 131591, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ324965.1","term_id":"388890298","term_text":"JQ324965.1"}}JQ324965.1; Identities = 799/800 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Pseudocercospora udagawana (strain CBS 131931, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH877467.1","term_id":"1473264523","term_text":"MH877467.1"}}MH877467.1; Identities = 801/803 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Pseudocercospora punctata (strain CBS 132116, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU253791.1","term_id":"307639660","term_text":"GU253791.1"}}GU253791.1; Identities = 796/802 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Pseudocercospora cercidis-chinensis (voucher BJFC LZC1609256, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG733154.1","term_id":"1564397844","term_text":"MG733154.1"}}MG733154.1; Identities = 450/500 (90 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Pseudocercospora punctata (strain CBS 132116, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU320468.1","term_id":"374088197","term_text":"GU320468.1"}}GU320468.1; Identities = 518/580 (89 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Pseudocercospora udagawana (strain CBS 131931, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU320527.1","term_id":"374088200","term_text":"GU320527.1"}}GU320527.1; Identities = 519/583 (89 %), 6 gaps (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Symptomatic leaves of Heteropyxis natalensis. Close-up of leaf spot; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Juncus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Ascomata pseudothecial, dark brown, erumpent, globose, 80–120 μm diam, with central ostiole 10 μm diam; ascomata aggregated in clusters and linked via a brown stroma (in agar, not observed on host); wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci aparaphysata, fasiculate, bitunicate, subsessile, obovoid, straight to slightly curved, 8-spored, with apical chamber, 30–35 × 9–10 μm. Ascospores multiseriate, hyaline guttulate, constricted at median septum, thick-walled, surrounded by mucoid sheath, tapering towards both ends, but more prominently towards lower end, (9–)11–12(–13.5) × (3.5–)4 μm. Ascospores germinating initially via both ends, 5–6 μm diam, becoming brown, verruculose, with mucoid sheath, distorting, the two original ascospore cells dividing into two; outer two cells germinating via two germ tubes parallel to the long axis, inner two cells germinating later, with germ tubes perpendicular to the long axis of the ascospore.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse olivaceous grey.

Typus. USA, California, Davis, UC Davis, on culms of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae), 2 Apr. 2019, P.W. Crous, HPC 2894 (holotype CBS H-24255, culture ex-type CPC 38038 = CBS 146130, ITS, LSU and actA sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562152.1","term_id":"1764668948","term_text":"MN562152.1"}}MN562152.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567659.1","term_id":"1765902713","term_text":"MN567659.1"}}MN567659.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556792.1","term_id":"1789811797","term_text":"MN556792.1"}}MN556792.1, MycoBank MB832912).

Notes — Davidiellomyces (on leaves of Cyperaceae, Western Australia) is characterised by a mycosphaerella-like sexual morph in which ascospores are encased in a prominent mucoid sheath, and become brown and verruculose upon germination (Crous et al. 2017b). Davidiellomyces juncicola represents a new species in this hitherto monotypic genus.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Davidiellomyces australiensis (strain CBS 142165, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_154036.1","term_id":"1351336903","term_text":"NR_154036.1"}}NR_154036.1; Identities = 655/683 (96 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Verrucocladosporium dirinae (strain CR16, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY111909.1","term_id":"1102609664","term_text":"KY111909.1"}}KY111909.1; Identities = 418/443 (94 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), and Neocladosporium leucadendri (strain CBS 131317, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_152324.1","term_id":"1279240375","term_text":"NR_152324.1"}}NR_152324.1; Identities = 489/528 (93 %), 15 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Davidiellomyces australiensis (strain CBS 142165, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_059164.1","term_id":"1393629825","term_text":"NG_059164.1"}}NG_059164.1; Identities = 810/812 (99 %), no gaps), Neocladosporium leucadendri (strain CBS 131317, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_057949.1","term_id":"1393511067","term_text":"NG_057949.1"}}NG_057949.1; Identities = 809/819 (99 %), no gaps), and Verrucocladosporium dirinae (strain CBS 112794, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH874471.1","term_id":"1473261527","term_text":"MH874471.1"}}MH874471.1; Identities = 806/819 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the actA sequence had highest similarity to Davidiellomyces australiensis (strain CBS 142165, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY979853.1","term_id":"1214570414","term_text":"KY979853.1"}}KY979853.1; Identities = 495/528 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Cladosporium sinuosum (strain CPC 18365, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT600643.1","term_id":"953954376","term_text":"KT600643.1"}}KT600643.1; Identities = 451/499 (90 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), and Cladosporium rugulovarians (strain CPC 18444, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT600656.1","term_id":"953954402","term_text":"KT600656.1"}}KT600656.1; Identities = 467/523 (89 %), 18 gaps (3 %)).

Colour illustrations. Juncus effusus plants Davidiellomyces juncicola was isolated from. Colony on oatmeal agar; asci with ascospores; germinating ascospores. Scale bars = 120 μm (ascomata), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Juncus from which it was isolated.

Classification — Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes.

Conidiomata flat, erumpent, separate, eustromatic, brown, upper layer disintegrating at maturity, becoming acervular, up to 2 mm diam, exuding a creamy conidial mass. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, but green olivaceous in mass, ampulliform, phialidic, 5–7 × 3–4 μm. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, guttulate, smooth, cylindrical, straight, apex obtuse, base bluntly rounded, (4–)5–6(–7) × 2 μm on SNA.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 12 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface buff with patches of cinnamon, reverse buff to rosy buff.

Typus. USA, California, Davis, UC Davis, on culms of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae), 2 Apr. 2019, P.W. Crous, HPC 2894 (holotype CBS H-24208, culture ex-type CPC 38040 = CBS 146071, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562153.1","term_id":"1764668949","term_text":"MN562153.1"}}MN562153.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567660.1","term_id":"1765902714","term_text":"MN567660.1"}}MN567660.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556834.1","term_id":"1789811881","term_text":"MN556834.1"}}MN556834.1, MycoBank MB832913).

Notes — Cytosporella has eustromatic conidiomata, opening by irregular dehiscence, branched phialidic conidiophores, and hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, ellipsoid conidia (Sutton 1980). Although the taxonomy of Cytosporella is still in flux, the present collection is tentatively placed in this genus.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had distant hits with Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (strain CBS 145561, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876396.1","term_id":"1682068996","term_text":"MK876396.1"}}MK876396.1; Identities = 374/427 (88 %), 24 gaps (5 %)), Corticifraga peltigerae (strain RP282, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY661634.1","term_id":"1237406191","term_text":"KY661634.1"}}KY661634.1; Identities = 268/289 (93 %), 9 gaps (3 %)), and Taitaia aurea (voucher TU 56326, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_160480.1","term_id":"1552317790","term_text":"NR_160480.1"}}NR_160480.1; Identities = 197/203 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Cytosporella chamaeropis (strain CBS 355.71, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH871929.1","term_id":"1473258985","term_text":"MH871929.1"}}MH871929.1; Identities = 806/808 (99 %), no gaps), Acarospora thamnina (voucher DS8352, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF024746.1","term_id":"514228719","term_text":"KF024746.1"}}KF024746.1; Identities = 522/535 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (strain CBS 145561, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK876437.1","term_id":"1682069114","term_text":"MK876437.1"}}MK876437.1; Identities = 775/826 (94 %), 4 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Julella fallaciosa (strain MPN141, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JN887424.1","term_id":"363583365","term_text":"JN887424.1"}}JN887424.1; Identities = 376/429 (88 %), 10 gaps (2 %)), Lophodermium resinosum (strain DAOMC 251482, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY702582.1","term_id":"1376159597","term_text":"KY702582.1"}}KY702582.1; Identities = 404/461 (88 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), and Monilinia fructicola (strain DH41, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT900540.1","term_id":"1104460840","term_text":"KT900540.1"}}KT900540.1; Identities = 406/466 (87 %), 14 gaps (3 %)).

Colour illustrations. Culms of Juncus effusus in California. Conidiomata on oatmeal agar; conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 2 mm (conidiomata), 10 μm (all others).

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p, ln.wank.iw@drabmol.l & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus Melaleuca from which it was isolated.

Classification — Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of pale to medium brown, smooth, septate, branched, 3–4 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells, integrated on hyphae, pale brown, smooth, 3–15(–35) × 3–4 μm, with one to several flat-tipped denticles, 2 μm diam; at times reduced to a single denticles directly on hyphae. Conidia single, pale brown, smooth, multiseptate, coiled in three rings (13–17 μm diam), base truncate, 2 μm diam.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface brown vinaceous, reverse honey.

Typus. USA, California, Davis, UC Davis, on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata (Myrtaceae), 2 Apr. 2019, P.W. Crous, HPC 2897 (holotype CBS H-24209, culture ex-type CPC 38042 = CBS 146081, ITS, LSU and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562154.1","term_id":"1764668950","term_text":"MN562154.1"}}MN562154.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567661.1","term_id":"1765902715","term_text":"MN567661.1"}}MN567661.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556835.1","term_id":"1789811883","term_text":"MN556835.1"}}MN556835.1, MycoBank MB832914).

Notes — Neohelicomyces differs from Tubeufia and Helicomyces in having elongate, erect, conspicuous conidiophores (Tsui et al. 2006, Crous et al. 2019b). Neohelicomyces melaleucae is closely related to ‘Tubeufia’ helicomyces (CBS 272.52) and N. pandanicola but is distinct based on its DNA phylogeny.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Tubeufia helicomyces (strain MUCL 15702, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY916459.1","term_id":"60117068","term_text":"AY916459.1"}}AY916459.1; Identities = 557/601 (93 %), 25 gaps (4 %)), Neohelicomyces deschampsiae (strain CBS 145029, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_163367.1","term_id":"1632314141","term_text":"NR_163367.1"}}NR_163367.1; Identities = 546/598 (91 %), 24 gaps (4 %)), and Helicosporium lumbricoides (strain CBS 284.51, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH856861.1","term_id":"1473243917","term_text":"MH856861.1"}}MH856861.1; Identities = 551/605 (91 %), 26 gaps (4 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Tubeufia helicomyces (strain CBS 272.52, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH868562.1","term_id":"1473255618","term_text":"MH868562.1"}}MH868562.1; Identities = 825/828 (99 %), no gaps), Neohelicomyces pandanicola (strain KUMCC 16-0143, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH260307.1","term_id":"1518370960","term_text":"MH260307.1"}}MH260307.1; Identities = 790/793 (99 %), no gaps), and Neohelicomyces submersus (as Tubeufiaceae sp. ZL-2017c, strain KUMCC 15-0251, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY320547.1","term_id":"1169074044","term_text":"KY320547.1"}}KY320547.1; Identities = 824/828 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Neohelicomyces hyalosporus (strain GZCC 16-0086, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH550936.1","term_id":"1492457468","term_text":"MH550936.1"}}MH550936.1; Identities = 417/436 (96 %), no gaps), Tubeufia helicomyces (strain CBS 245.49, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ767638.1","term_id":"111227993","term_text":"DQ767638.1"}}DQ767638.1; Identities = 403/423 (95 %), no gaps), and Tubeufia guangxiensis (strain MFLUCC 17-0046, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH550977.1","term_id":"1492457550","term_text":"MH550977.1"}}MH550977.1; Identities = 414/437 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Branch of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata in California. Hyphae, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the host genus on which it occurs, Podocarpus.

Classification — Amorosiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiomata solitary, globose, brown, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of textura angularis. Conidiophores lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, branched at base, septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical with apical taper, phialidic. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, apex subobtuse, base truncate.

Type species. Podocarpomyces knysnanus Crous.

MycoBank MB832915.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

^{Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.nus@rf

^{Department of Plant Sciences (Division of Plant Pathology), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.sfu@jwtrawS

Etymology. Name refers to the location in South Africa where the fungus was collected, Knysna.

Conidiomata solitary, globose, brown, 200–250 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of textura angularis. Conidiophores lining inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, branched at base, 1–2-septate, 15–30 × 2.5–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical with apical taper, phialidic, 7–15 × 2.5–3 μm. Conidia solitary, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, apex subobtuse, base truncate, 1.5–2 μm diam, 5–6(–7.5) × 2(–2.5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA and PDA surface pale olivaceous grey, reverse olivaceous grey. On OA surface buff to cinnamon.

Typus. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Knysna area, on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus (Podocarpaceae), 23 Nov. 2018, F. Roets, HPC 2725 (holotype CBS H-24182, culture ex-type CPC 37065 = CBS 146076, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562155.1","term_id":"1764668951","term_text":"MN562155.1"}}MN562155.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567662.1","term_id":"1765902716","term_text":"MN567662.1"}}MN567662.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556816.1","term_id":"1789811845","term_text":"MN556816.1"}}MN556816.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556836.1","term_id":"1789811885","term_text":"MN556836.1"}}MN556836.1, MycoBank MB832916).

Notes — Podocarpomyces is a sister genus to Alfodia and Amorocoelophoma (Amorosiaceae) in the Pleosporales (Crous et al. 2019a). Podocarpomyces knysnanus (known as asexual morph) is related to Neothyrostroma (on leaves of Encephalartos, South Africa; see FP958), but the two genera are morphologically and phylogenetically distinct.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Angustimassarina alni (strain MFLUCC 15-0184, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY548099.1","term_id":"1220005068","term_text":"KY548099.1"}}KY548099.1; Identities = 345/363 (95 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Lophiostoma corticola (strain Z26, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK907710.1","term_id":"1635704643","term_text":"MK907710.1"}}MK907710.1; Identities = 387/410 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Angustimassarina rosarum (strain MFLUCC 15-0080, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG828869.1","term_id":"1370740805","term_text":"MG828869.1"}}MG828869.1; Identities = 387/410 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Atrocalyx asturiensis (strain OF, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG912912.1","term_id":"1401668598","term_text":"MG912912.1"}}MG912912.1; Identities = 675/792 (85 %), 34 gaps (4 %)), Hermatomyces tucumanensis (voucher PRM 946202, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LS398290.1","term_id":"1388152901","term_text":"LS398290.1"}}LS398290.1; Identities = 660/779 (85 %), 40 gaps (5 %)), and Shrungabeeja longiappendiculata (strain BCC 76464, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT376475.1","term_id":"958392445","term_text":"KT376475.1"}}KT376475.1; Identities = 666/810 (82 %), 62 gaps (7 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Angustimassarina populi (strain MFLUCC 17-1069, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF409166.1","term_id":"1391206828","term_text":"MF409166.1"}}MF409166.1; Identities = 821/835 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Angustimassarina premilcurensis (strain MFLUCC 15-0074, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY496725.1","term_id":"1261077694","term_text":"KY496725.1"}}KY496725.1; Identities = 821/835 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Angustimassarina lonicerae (strain MFLUCC 15-0087, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY496724.1","term_id":"1261077693","term_text":"KY496724.1"}}KY496724.1; Identities = 821/835 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Alfoldia vorosii (as Dothideomycetes sp. DGK-2019a, strain REF117, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK599321.1","term_id":"1729913610","term_text":"MK599321.1"}}MK599321.1; Identities = 427/457 (93 %), no gaps), Angustimassarina coryli (strain MFLUCC 14-0981, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF167433.1","term_id":"1321103873","term_text":"MF167433.1"}}MF167433.1; Identities = 421/451 (93 %), no gaps), and Teichospora trabicola (strain C134, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KU601601.1","term_id":"1004620101","term_text":"KU601601.1"}}KU601601.1; Identities = 425/457 (93 %), no gaps). No significant hits were obtained when the rpb2 sequence was used in blastn and megablast searches.

Colour illustrations. Podocarpus falcatus tree in Knysna forest. Colony on oatmeal agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Composed of millesimus (thousandth; for species No. 1000 described in Fungal Planet) and the suffix -myces (múkēs, Greek, fungus).

Classification — Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes.

Conidiomata gregarious, black, stromatic, acervular, exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, flexuous or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells discrete, subcylindrical or lageniform, hyaline, smooth. Conidia subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, pale brown, 3-septate, smooth, not constricted at septa, basal cell cylindrical, thin-walled, subhyaline; median two cells cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, unequal; apical cell subcylindrical with obtuse apex; appendages tubular, slender, flexuous; apical appendage single, unbranched, excentric; basal appendage single, unbranched, excentric.

Type species. Millesimomycesrhoicissi Crous & M.J. Wingf.

MycoBank MB832917.

^{Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:}ln.wank.iw@suorc.p & ln.wank.iw@dlaweneorg.e

Etymology. Name refers to Rhoicissus, the host genus from which this fungus was isolated.

Conidiomata gregarious, black, stromatic, acervular, exuding a brown conidial mass. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, flexuous or reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells discrete, subcylindrical or lageniform, hyaline, smooth, 5–30 × 2–2.5 μm. Conidia subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, pale brown, 3-septate, smooth, not constricted at septa, (18–)22–25(–27) × (3.5–)4 μm, basal cell cylindrical, thin-walled, subhyaline, 3–4 μm long; median two cells cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, unequal, second cell from base 8–10 μm long, third cell from base 8–9 μm long, apical cell subcylindrical with obtuse apex, 2.5–4 μm long; appendages tubular, slender, flexuous; apical appendage single, unbranched, excentric, 10–16 μm long, inserted c. 1.5 μm from apex; basal appendage single, unbranched, excentric, 11–14 μm long, inserted 2–3 μm from basal septum.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, with folded surface, moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margin, covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C. On MEA, PDA and OA surface peach, reverse fulvous with patches of sienna.

Typus. South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Haga Haga, on leaves Rhoicissus digitata (Vitaceae) with dieback, 12 Dec. 2016, M.J. Wingfield, HPC 2296 (holotype CBS H-23936, culture ex-type CPC 35297 = CBS 145536, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN562156.1","term_id":"1764668952","term_text":"MN562156.1"}}MN562156.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN567663.1","term_id":"1765902717","term_text":"MN567663.1"}}MN567663.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556817.1","term_id":"1789811847","term_text":"MN556817.1"}}MN556817.1, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556827.1","term_id":"1789811867","term_text":"MN556827.1"}}MN556827.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN556846.1","term_id":"1789811905","term_text":"MN556846.1"}}MN556846.1, MycoBank MB832918).

Notes — Millesimomyces resembles the genus Discosia in morphology, having stromatic acervuli, and long, hyaline, subcylindrical or lageniform phialides that give rise to subcylindrical, pale brown, 3-septate conidia with excentric apical and basal appendages (Liu et al. 2019a). However, based on phylogenetic inference, the fungus clusters apart from species of Discosia, and hence Millesimomyces is established to accommodate it.

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Monochaetia monochaeta (strain CBS 118.66, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH858742.1","term_id":"1473245798","term_text":"MH858742.1"}}MH858742.1; Identities = 569/595 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Seimatosporium pistaciae (strain CBS 138865, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_137942.1","term_id":"1043372630","term_text":"NR_137942.1"}}NR_137942.1; Identities = 559/586 (95 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), and Ciliochorella phanericola (voucher MFLU 14-0776, Gen-Bank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_153928.1","term_id":"1351336753","term_text":"NR_153928.1"}}NR_153928.1; Identities = 526/552 (95 %), 9 gaps (1 %)). Other more distant hits include Discostroma fuscellum (strain GSAA-0182, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF320818.1","term_id":"345447312","term_text":"JF320818.1"}}JF320818.1; Identities = 551/582 (95 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), Discosia pseudoartocreas (strain CBS 136438, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_132068.1","term_id":"825706290","term_text":"NR_132068.1"}}NR_132068.1; Identities = 579/612 (95 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), and Discosia artocreas (strain CBS 241.66, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH858787.1","term_id":"1473245843","term_text":"MH858787.1"}}MH858787.1; Identities = 559/592 (94 %), 8 gaps (1 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Seiridium pseudocardinale (as Seiridium sp. DW-2016a, strain MFLUCC 13-0525, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KU848209.1","term_id":"1027250735","term_text":"KU848209.1"}}KU848209.1; Identities = 843/847 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Seiridium cardinale (as Seiridium unicorne, strain CBS 908.85, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ414532.1","term_id":"89513608","term_text":"DQ414532.1"}}DQ414532.1; Identities = 829/833 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Seiridium cupressi (as Seiridium unicorne, strain CBS 320.51, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH868398.1","term_id":"1473255454","term_text":"MH868398.1"}}MH868398.1; Identities = 853/858 (99 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Other more distant hits include Discosia querci (strain MFLUCC 16-0642, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG815830.1","term_id":"1405357904","term_text":"MG815830.1"}}MG815830.1; Identities = 841/858 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), Immersidiscosia eucalypti (strain 17RA1, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY825092.1","term_id":"1189483578","term_text":"KY825092.1"}}KY825092.1; Identities = 840/858 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), and Discosia fraxinea (strain NTIT469, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KF827439.1","term_id":"675802872","term_text":"KF827439.1"}}KF827439.1; Identities = 838/856 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Monochaetia monochaeta (strain CBS 658.95, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554977.1","term_id":"1552654121","term_text":"MH554977.1"}}MH554977.1; Identities = 699/830 (84 %), no gaps), Seiridium podocarpi (strain CBS 137995, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LT853148.1","term_id":"1345308950","term_text":"LT853148.1"}}LT853148.1; Identities = 721/860 (84 %), no gaps), and Monochaetia junipericola (strain CBS 143391, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH108004.1","term_id":"1387668304","term_text":"MH108004.1"}}MH108004.1; Identities = 674/805 (84 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence had highest similarity to Pestalotiopsis jinchanghensis (strain LC8191, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY464155.1","term_id":"1181073149","term_text":"KY464155.1"}}KY464155.1; Identities = 215/241 (89 %), 8 gaps (3 %)), Pestalotiopsis colombiensis (strain CBS 118553, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KM199488.1","term_id":"698175726","term_text":"KM199488.1"}}KM199488.1; Identities = 215/241 (89 %), 8 gaps (3 %)), and Pestalotiopsis terricola (strain CBS 141.69, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554438.1","term_id":"1552651531","term_text":"MH554438.1"}}MH554438.1; Identities = 217/244 (89 %), 17 gaps (6 %)). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence had highest similarity to Monochaetia ilexae (strain CBS 101009, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554612.1","term_id":"1552652644","term_text":"MH554612.1"}}MH554612.1; Identities = 474/598 (79 %), 31 gaps (5 %)), Nonappendiculata quercina (strain CBS 270.82, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554701.1","term_id":"1552652822","term_text":"MH554701.1"}}MH554701.1; Identities = 331/405 (82 %), 27 gaps (7 %)), and Monochaetia quercus (strain CBS 144034, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH554844.1","term_id":"1552653102","term_text":"MH554844.1"}}MH554844.1; Identities = 472/600 (79 %), 34 gaps (5 %)).

Colour illustrations. Collection site at Haga Haga. Conidiomata on oatmeal agar; conidiophores with conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Área de Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.hau@onerom.leirbag, moc.liamg@787nomar.j & se.hau@nojnam.lesoj

^{CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, INSERM, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; e-mail:}rf.srnc.efec@regnalleb.lehcim-naej

^{Biology and Geology Physics and Inorganic Chemistry department, Rey Juan Carlos university, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.cjru@agairalo.iabi

Etymology. Referring to its Mediterranean distribution.

Classification — Bankeraceae, Thelephorales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiocarps annual, with a central or eccentric stipe. Cap 4–12(–15) cm broad, convex to plane-convex, later depressed at centre, colour variable, pale grey, brownish grey to ochraceous brown or dark brown when mature, surface dry, smooth, innately fibrillose, breaking up into small scales or cracked, especially at centre; context in cap very pale grey to grey, very pale red when cut, with green tones when desiccated or with 5 % KOH (no reaction with H₂O and 5 % NaOH). Margin straight, irregular, concolorous or slightly paler, not hygrophanous, smooth, often incised due to its thinness. Pores small, 1–3 per mm, round to angular, whitish turning slightly very pale grey upon bruising, grey brown when desiccated. Tubes 2–5 mm thick, decurrent, tightly adhered to the context. Stem 2.5–7 × 1–3 cm, cylindrical, sometimes curved, central or eccentric, solid, tapering downwards, of the same colour as the cap or paler, greyish white at the apex, surface smooth to slightly squamulose; context in stem very pale greyish white. Odour not distinctive or sometimes farinaceous, taste bitter in young specimens. Context with green tones when desiccated. Spores 4.5–6.7 × 3.3–5.2 μm, av. 5.6–4.3 μm (holotype), Q_av: 1.3 (n = 20), globose to subglobose, nodulose, without iodine reactions, colourless to very pale yellow-brown; ornamentation formed by broad obtuse nodules appearing furcate. Basidia 4-spored, (14–)18–24 × 5–7 μm, sterigmata up to 4 μm long, clavate, hyaline. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia absent. Context formed by hyphae 1–2 μm broad. Pileipellis a cutis with cylindrical hyphae, septate, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled (2.5–4 μm diam), swollen at septa (8–10(–16) μm diam), clamped, hyaline or with a faint olivaceous hue in H₂O and 5 % KOH. Hyphal system monomitic, hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped.

Habitat & Distribution — Growing solitary to gregarious on basic and acidic soils, mainly under Pinus spp.

Typus. Spain, Madrid, San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Las Cruces, 30TUK8365, 810 m, under Pinus pinaster, P. pinea, Quercus ilex subsp. ballota and Cistus ladanifer, on acid soil, 30 Nov. 2013, J.C. Campos & M. Hinojosa (holotype AH 44080, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN536723","term_id":"1756484819","term_text":"MN536723"}}MN536723 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN535629","term_id":"1756116204","term_text":"MN535629"}}MN535629, MycoBank MB832765).

Notes — Boletopsis mediterraneensis is characterised by its medium to large size, a cap generally not black but with grey or brown tones, with context becoming very pale red when cut, turning green with KOH and acquiring conspicuous green tones when dry. So far, B. mediterraneensis is only known from the Mediterranean area, mostly under Pinus, but also under Cedrus. Our ITS-LSU analyses recovered specimens of B.mediterraneensis in a well-supported clade (see Supplementary Fig. FP1001-2), weakly supported as sister to B. nothofagi, and distinct from other well-supported clades corresponding to B. grisea, B.leucomelaena and B. watlingii. The latter three species form a major supported clade. Although the B. mediterraneensis clade shows phylogenetic structure, attempts to find correlated morphological, ecological or macrochemical characters defining the three major subclades were unsuccessful. Thus, we treat B. mediterraneensis as a single species, rather than a clade including several cryptic species.

Boletopsis mediterraneensis has so far been mistaken for B. grisea, and most Mediterranean records of the latter may correspond in fact to B. mediterraneensis. Both species constitute two distinct and well-supported clades (see Supplementary Fig. FP1001-2). Boletopsis grisea is very similar to B.? mediterraneensis, but the former differs by its context turning only faintly greenish in KOH in fresh specimens, and black brown upon drying (Niemelä & Saarenoksa 1989). According to our observations, the two species have different distributions. Whereas B. grisea is broadly distributed in the Eurosiberian area and is extremely rare in the Mediterranean area, B. mediterraneensis has a mostly Mediterranean distribution. Boletopsis leucomelaena is characterised by its greyish sepia to black-brown cap surface, turning sepia black in KOH, and by its association with Picea (Niemelä & Saarenoksa 1989). Boletopsis nothofagi has a cap turning blackish upon bruising, becoming black with KOH and is associated with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere (Cooper & Leonard 2012). Boletopsis watlingii (= B. perplexa), described using European material, differs from B. mediterraneensis by its dark cap and slightly smaller basidiospores (4.5–4.8(–5) × 3.5–4.5 μm) (Watling & Milne 2006).

Colour illustrations. Spain, Madrid, San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Pinus pinaster forest at the type locality. In situ basidiomata; detail of cap surface; basidioma section in NaOH, KOH and H₂O; detail of the hymenophore; nodulose basidiospores under SEM (holotype AH 44080). Scale bars = 1 cm, except for spores in SEM (bar = 1 μm).

^{Saint Petersburg State Forestry University, 194021, 5U Institutsky Str., Saint Petersburg, Russia / Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam; e-mail:}moc.liamg@agnteivgnaig

^{Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Faculty of Biology, 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia / Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam / Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklouho-Maclay Str., 117198, Moscow, Russia; e-mail:}ur.usm.oib.liam@avordnaxela

^{Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, RUS-197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail:}ur.narnib@avozoroMO

Etymology. The epithet refers to the pure white colour of the basidiomata.

Classification — Boletaceae, Boletales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiomata medium sized, boletoid. Pileus 18‒35 mm diam, initially hemispherical, becoming convex with slightly appendiculate margin, projecting 1–2 mm beyond the pores, white (4A1, Kornerup & Wanscher 1978), cream (4A2‒3) on drying, surface dry, velutinous, tomentose or felted. Hymenophore adnate, up to 4 mm thick, white, becoming cream, except for the edge of the tubes that remain white; pores almost not seen due to long cheilocystidia, round or angular under the cheilocystidia layer, up to 0.3 mm diam. Stipe 60–80 × 6–8 mm, almost cylindrical, broadened slowly towards the base, solid; longitudinally irregularly striate to irregularly reticulate in an upper part; dry, with transparent drops of exudate in the lower part; white (4A1). Context white, with darker hygrophanous spots in the upper part of stipe, unchanging. Smell weak, taste mild. Spores (12.5–)13.5–14(–15.5) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) μm, Q = (2.5–)3–3.5(–4), fusoid, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with weak suprahilar depression, yellowish brown in KOH, smooth. Basidia 32–41 × 9.5–11 μm, 4-spored, narrowly clavate to clavate, clampless. Cheilocystidia cylindrical to narrowly clavate, sometimes septate, with terminal cells 37–85 × 6–8 μm, often thick-walled in the upper part, hyaline, forming sterile tube edge. Pleurocystidia 41–70 × 8–11 μm, lageniform or fusiform. Hymenophoral trama divergent, boletoid. Pileipellis a trichoderm, made up of palisade of chains of swollen elliptic cells, 27–56 × 12–15 μm, larger in the base of hairs, smaller in their apex, end cells conical or lageniform or tapering into the long neck, 23–52 × 7–13 μm, hyaline. Stipitipellis a caulohymenium of basidiolae-like clavate cells, 19–30 × 7–10 μm, with scattered basidia. Caulocystidia 55–110 × 11–15 μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, usually septate. Clamp connections absent.

Habit, Habitat & Distribution — Solitary or in groups on soil in evergreen tropical forests. Known from Vietnam.

Typus. Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, Krong Bong District, Chu Yang Sin National Park, Krong Kmar, 8 km west of Chu Yang Sin, 12.37958°N, 108.3523°E, 1 680 m alt., mountain polydominant rainforest with the participation of Fagaceae, Magnoliaceae, Theaceae, Podocarpaceae, 1 Apr. 2013, A.V. Alexandrova & T.H.G. Pham (holotype {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315542","term_id":"820060511","term_text":"LE315542"}}LE315542, ITS, tef1α and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN511175","term_id":"1751153577","term_text":"MN511175"}}MN511175, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN597966","term_id":"1790964733","term_text":"MN597966"}}MN597966 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN392934","term_id":"1732262575","term_text":"MN392934"}}MN392934, MycoBank MB832741).

Additional material examined. Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, Krong Bong District, Chu Yang Sin National Park, Krong Kmar, 7 km northwest of Chu Yang Sin mountain, 12.414833°N, 108.378222°E, 1 240 m alt., mountain polydominant rainforest with the participation of Fagaceae, Magnoliaceae, Theaceae, Podocarpaceae, 27 May 2014, A.V. Alexandrova & T.H.G. Pham ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315543","term_id":"820060512","term_text":"LE315543"}}LE315543, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN511176","term_id":"1751153578","term_text":"MN511176"}}MN511176).

Notes — Boletus candidissimus is characterised by the pure white basidiomata and pileipellis structure consisting of a palisade of hairs composed of chains of swollen elliptic cells, ending by conical or lageniform cells, sometimes tapering into the long neck. White forms lacking pigment appear in the different groups of boletoid fungi. Due to the appendiculate pileus margin and fusoid spores it resembles Leccinum species, from which it differs by the special pileipellis structure, not squamulose stipe and lack of any colour changes of context. Superficially B. candidissimus is close to B. purus (Corner 1972), although that species possesses large clavate cheilocystidia, and a pileipellis consisting of a palisade of clavate cells. The North American species Tylopilus rhoadsiae (Bessette et al. 1999) differs by the adnexed hymenophore, pileipellis and stipitipellis structure, bitter taste and an association with pine. In the phylogenetic tree, sequences of the species are nested within the /Boletoideae clade (data not shown) in the sense of Wu et al. (2016). They do not cluster with any known boletoid genera. In spite of this, we avoid introducing a new genus until more data becomes available.

Colour illustrations. Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, Krong Bong District, Chu Yang Sin National Park, type locality. Spores (from holotype and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315543","term_id":"820060512","term_text":"LE315543"}}LE315543 (SEM)); pileus (from {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315543","term_id":"820060512","term_text":"LE315543"}}LE315543); longitudinal section and basidiomata in situ (from holotype); elements of pileipellis; trama and hymenium with pleurocystidia; pleurocystidium; cheilocystidia; caulocystidia (all from holotype). Scale bars = 10 μm (spores), 1 cm (basidiomata), 20 μm (microstructures).

^{Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamg@ana.assiralc

^{Departamento Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamg@aiesab.irui

^{Real Jardín Botánico RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.cisc.bjr@zapiram

Etymology. In reference to the sandy habit.

Classification — Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina.

Basidiomata growing in small groups, subglobose, 13–19 mm wide × 10–18 mm high, white in young basidiomata. Exoperidium granulose to furfuraceous, evanescent, brown (5F8, Kornerup & Wanscher 1978) at maturity. Endoperidium papery, dark blond (5D4) at maturity, fragile, smooth, with irregular opening. Gleba cottony, brown (6E5) at maturity. Subgleba absent. Rhizomorphs thin, whitish (1A1), encrusted with sand. Exoperidium composed of two layers: the inner layer with pseudoparenchymatous cells, globose, subglobose, pyriform, and clavate, 17.1–30.2 × 13.2–9.8 μm, with regular walls ≤ 1 μm thin, hyaline in 5 % KOH, non-dextrinoid, mycosclereids with irregular shape, and the outer layer composed of spherocysts in chains, 14.1–24.7 × 11.7–15.2(–19.5) μm, with regular walls ≤ 1 μm thin, yellowish in 5 % KOH. Endoperidium with filamentous hyphae measuring 3.1–3.9 μm diam, with regular walls ≤ 1 μm, branched, aseptate, hyaline in 5 % KOH, and non-dextrinoid. Capillitium lycoperdon-type along the gleba, subelastic to elastic, hyphae 3–4.8 μm diam, with regular walls ≤ 1 μm, dichotomously branched, with numerous pits, yellowish in 5 % KOH, non-dextrinoid, septa lacking. Paracapillitium absent. Basidiospores globose, verrucose, 3.6–4.4 × 3.6–4.3 μm [Q_m = 1.03; x = 4.0 ± 0.2 × 4.1 ± 0.2; n = 30], with short pedicels, 0.7–1.2 μm, hyaline in 5 % KOH, non-dextrinoid and acyanophilic.

Habit & Habitat — Basidiomata growing in small groups on sandy soil.

Typus. Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, Trilha da Peroba, soil, 7 Apr. 2016, A.C.M. Rodrigues, N.M. Assis & I.G. Baseia (holotype UFRN-Fungos 2861, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN243154","term_id":"1713068692","term_text":"MN243154"}}MN243154 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN243155","term_id":"1713068698","term_text":"MN243155"}}MN243155, MycoBank MB832116).

Additional material examined. Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, soil, 5 July 2008, E.P. Fazolino (UFRN-Fungos 776).

Notes — Based on morphological and molecular characters, Bovista psammophila belongs to the subgenus Globaria, in the genus Bovista (Kreisel 1967), and is recognised by its granulose exoperidium, capillitium lycoperdon-type along the gleba, with numerous pores, presence of mycosclereids in the inner layer of the exostratum, and verrucose basidiospores. Bovista psammophila is closely related to B. aestivalis, B.furfuracea, and B.himalaica. However, B. aestivalis exhibits a compact subgleba, an intermediary-type capillitium in the centre of the gleba with numerous pores, and globose to ovoid basidiospores (Calonge & Demoulin 1975, Demoulin 1979), characters not found in B. psammophila. Bovista furfuracea is morphologically similar to B. psammophila, but B. furfuracea has a lycoperdon-type capillitium, with fragile hyphae and numerous septa, smooth to verruculose basidiospores, and a robust rhizomorph (Moyersoen & Demoulin 1996). Bovista himalaica exhibits globose to pyriform basidiomata, rudimentary subgleba, and intermediary-type capillitium along the gleba with no pits (Yousaf et al. 2013), which differs from B. psammophila. Morphological and molecular data (ITS nrDNA) show B. psammophila as a distinct new species.

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Colour illustrations. Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, where the specimens were collected. From bottom to top: immature and expanded basidiomata in situ (UFRN-Fungos 2861); lycoperdon-type capillitium (UFRN-Fungos 2861); capillitium under SEM (UFRN-Fungos 2861); basidiospores under SEM (UFRN-Fungos 2861); Scale bars = 10 mm (basidiomata), 50 μm (capillitium), 1 μm (capillitium SEM), 2 μm (basidiospores SEM).

ITS nrDNA phylogenetic tree obtained with MrBayes v. 3.2.7a (Ronquist et al. 2012) under GTR+G+I model for 5 M generations. The new species is marked with a rectangle. The posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are indicated on the branches. Two Lycoperdon species were included as outgroup. FigTree v. 1.42 and CorelDRAW v. 20.0.0.633 software were used to edit the final tree.

^{Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; e-mail:}se.csu@anepaled.luas

^{ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, 39012 Santander, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@odaravla.olbap

^{Grupo Micológico Gallego, San Xurxo, A Laxe 12b, 36470, Salceda de Caseleas, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@ojeuqeracso

Etymology. The epithet refers to the place where it was found (Illa de Cortegada, Parque Nacional Marítimo-Terrestre de las Islas Atlánticas, Galicia, Spain).

Classification — Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes.

Apothecia solitary to gregarious (–5), with a short but stout stipe, disc flat to slightly concave, finely pruinose, 0.1–0.4 cm diam when dry, 0.2–0.5 cm upon rehydration; translucent brown to pale yellowish brown when fresh, beige brown to bluish brown when dry; margin elevated, occasionally slightly incurved due to hairs, pruinose, white when dry; receptacle concolorous with the disc or slightly paler, furfuraceous, pruinose when dry. Flesh concolorous with the disc too, or slightly paler. Not hygrophanous. Asci containing 8 uniseriate to biseriate spores, (40–)42–48(–53) × 3.5–4.5(–5) μm, cylindrical to subcylindrical, with a simple septum at the base and a conical or obtuse apex, with a small apical ring structure of the Calycina-type, slightly bluish to brownish red in Lugol′s solution (IKI: 1 % I₂; 3 % KI). Ascospores ellipsoid with obtuse apices, hyaline, smooth, with one drop at each end (about 0.5 μm diam), aseptate, about 4–6.5(–7.5) × 2–2.8; 5.2 ± 0.6 × 2.3 ± 0.3, Q_n = 2.5 (n = 36) μm after death. Paraphyses filiform, unbranched, 1.75–2(–3.7) μm diam, not exceeding the length of asci, with a rounded apex and abundant small vacuoles, sometimes presenting several septa at the base, Ectal excipulum composed of parallel, slightly interwoven hyphae of (4.5–)5.5–7(–10) μm diam, brown coloured with bluish tinges. The terminal cells of the calycle edge are hyphoid, with rounded apices of up to 9 μm wide. Medullary excipulum arranged as a textura porrecta, with disordered, interwoven gelatinized elements.

Distribution — Currently known only from the type location in north-western Spain.

Phylogeny — The analysis of ITS rDNA suggests that the specimen found in Cortegada represent a distinct lineage of Calycina (clade 2 in Han et al. 2014). No significant phylogenetic relationships with other species of this genus could be inferred, but sub-significant values (PP 0.89, BP 68) suggest a putative relation with C. marina.

Typus. Spain, Galicia, Pontevedra, Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia, Illa de Cortegada, N42°36′59.65″ W8°46′59.22″, 9.4 m asl, several apothecia found together on a living twig of Castanea sativa, 22 Dec. 2017, S. De la Peña-Lastra (holotype MSS906, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN017444","term_id":"1678180478","term_text":"MN017444"}}MN017444 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN017503","term_id":"1678180483","term_text":"MN017503"}}MN017503, MycoBank MB831334).

Notes — Calycina cortegadensis is characterised by its apothecia with an apical disc furfuraceous-pruinose but lacking external hairs, its yellowish beige to bluish brown tones when dried, and its spores measuring 4–6.5(–7.5) × 2–2.8 μm. The recently proposed lichenicolous species C. alstrupii has similar spore dimensions, (5–)5.8(–7) × (1.5–)2.03(–2.5) μm, but those of C. cortegadensis can be as short as 4 μm. In addition, the apical ring of asci in C. corticatensis becomes slightly blue to reddish brown in Lugol, and young ascomata of C. alstrupii are yellowish cream to pale orange (Suija & Motiejūnaitė 2017). Other species similar to C. alstrupii such as C. venceslai and C. langida can be found in the same locality, but they have different spore dimensions and lack the beige-brown to bluish brown tones when dry (Suija & Motiejūnaitė 2017). The putative phylogenetic relationship with C. marina is not supported by any shared ecological or morphological trait, since C. marina fruits over seaweed, develops pulvinate ascocarps, has spores 8–13 × 3.3–4(–4.5), and claviform to capitate multiseptate paraphyses (Baral & Rämä 2015).

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Colour illustrations. Location where C. cortegadensis was collected on Cortegada Island. Ascomata in different developmental stages; asci and paraphyses, ascospores, terminal cells of the calycle edge, medullary excipulum; apothecia section. Scale bar = 10 μm.

50 % majority rule ITS rDNA consensus phylogram of genus Calycina and related clades in the family Hyaloscyphaceae (Han et al. 2014) obtained in MrBayes from 4 725 sampled trees. Nodes were annotated if supported by ≥ 0.95 Bayesian PP (left) or ≥ 70 % ML BP (right). Non-significant support values are exceptionally represented inside parentheses.

^{2 rue des Espics, F-17250 Soulignonne, France; e-mail:}moc.liamg@duahcnat.ecirtap

^{Attaché honoraire au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 180 allée du Château, F-24660 Sanilhac, France; e-mail:}moc.liamg@reitrassyeg

^{Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; e-mail:}rf.3eslt-vinu@taegraj.aicirtap & rf.3eslt-vinu@atyrg.evreh

Etymology. The epithet reflects the difficulties encountered in separating this species from morphologically close Chromosera ‒ from Latin ambigua (doubtful, uncertain).

Classification — Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiomata small-sized, omphalioid. Pileus 5–20(–30) mm diam, initially convex to plano-convex with a central depression or soon umbilicate, translucently striate up to the centre, hygrophanous, at first distinctly viscid, entirely whitish, yellow, lilac or with a combination of these colours. Lamellae moderately distant, decurrent, concolorous with the cap, sometimes yellowish with a whitish cap. Stipe 10–40 × 1–3 mm, cylindrical, viscid when young, concolorous with the cap or more or less lilac especially at the top. Context concolorous with the surface or paler, without distinctive smell or taste. Spores (7.2–)7.4–9.3(–11) × (4.3–)4.5–5.5(–5.8) μm, Q = (1.4–)1.5–1.9(–2.1), ellipsoid or amygdaliform, sometimes with concave side or constricted in apical part. Basidia 30–40 × 8–9 μm, predominantly 4-spored, narrowly clavate, clamped. Cystidia absent. Gill trama interwoven, with cylindrical elements measuring 35–50 × 8–13 μm, with yellow extracellular granules on fresh material. Pileipellis a thin ixocutis of cylindrical hyphae, 2–5(–8) μm wide. Clamp connections present.

Habit, Habitat & Distribution — In small groups on poor sandy and clay soil not far from ponds, in a heathland with lichens (Cladonia sp.), and surrounded by Erica arborea, E. cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Ulex europaeus and Pinus pinaster. Other rare and interesting species found at the same locality included Arrhenia chlorocyanea, Hydropus moserianus, Galerina nana, Psathyrella flexispora, Plectania rhytidia and Rommelaarsia flavovirens.

Typus. France, Charente-Maritime, Saint-Gemme, La Grande-Vergne, 45.764873°N, -0.931785°E, alt. 10–20 m, 31 Jan. 2016, P. Tanchaud (holotype GE18008, ITS, SSU, LSU, RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MK645573 to MK645575","start_term":"MK645573","end_term":"MK645575","start_term_id":"1790831962","end_term_id":"1790831964"}}MK645573 to MK645575, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MK645581 to MK645583","start_term":"MK645581","end_term":"MK645583","start_term_id":"1790831965","end_term_id":"1790831967"}}MK645581 to MK645583, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MK645587 to MK645589","start_term":"MK645587","end_term":"MK645589","start_term_id":"1790831968","end_term_id":"1790831970"}}MK645587 to MK645589 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MK645593 to MK645595","start_term":"MK645593","end_term":"MK645595","start_term_id":"1790831956","end_term_id":"1790831960"}}MK645593 to MK645595, MycoBank MB830214).

Notes — Because of its viscid pileus and stipe, decurrent lamellae with non-gelatinised edge but with interwoven trama and sometimes constricted and white spores, this new species fits the genus Chromosera subgenus Oreocybe (Boertmann 1990, Lodge et al. 2013) that already includes C. xanthochroa, C. citrinopallida and C. lilacina. According to Boertmann (1990, 2010, Candusso (1997) and Borgen & Arnolds (2004), C. citrinopallida and C. lilacina have an arctic and alpine distribution while C. xanthochroa can also be found in oceanic temperate areas. Because of its habitat, C. ambigua could therefore be compared with C. xanthochroa, but the latter has the narrowest spores of the subgenus, measuring on average less than 4.5 μm diam, while the average width of the spores of our new species easily reaches 5 μm diam.

On the other hand, considering the three species with spores on average larger than 4.5 μm, C. citrinopallida is chrome-yellow and pales to white as it ages, and therefore never presents lilac tones, while C. lilacina has a brownish orange to lilac cap and a lilac stem (Consiglio 1997, Hausknecht et al. 2003, Consiglio & Contu 2007, Boertmann 2010). But as already pointed by Boertmann (1990) and Consiglio & Contu (2007), discoloured specimens of the last two species can only be distinguished by their ecological preferences, C. lilacina being more hygrophilous than C. citrinopallida. Without considering the different ecological preferences of the species, yellow and lilac specimens of C. ambigua can therefore be respectively confused with C. citrinopallida and C. lilacina, from which they differ essentially by their always clearly striate cap vs ‘sometimes short translucently striate from margin’ or ‘± translucently striate’ (Boertmann 2010, see also Borgen & Arnolds 2004). Chromosera viola, which belongs to the subgenus Subomphalia, is readily distinguished by its completely dry pileus and stipe and broad, subglobose and non-constricted spores (Boertmann 2010, Lodge et al. 2013, Sánchez & Gibert 2015).

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PhyML analysis (Guindon & Gascuel 2003) of a combined SSU, ITS, LSU and RPB2 sequence dataset (3 413 positions, including gaps), conducted with the Geneious® platform placed this species in Chromosera, closely allied to C. lilacina, C. citrinopallida and C. xanthochroa. Chromosera cyanophylla is more divergent and appears to be separated into two groups, one American and one European. The scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site and the bootstrap support values (based on 500 replicates) are indicated above branches. Blue dots are for European specimens, red dots for American specimens and green dots for Asiatic specimens. The alignment and the tree were deposited in TreeBASE (study 24563).

Colour illustrations. France, La Grande-Vergne, part of the heathland where the holotype was collected. Basidiomata in situ (holotype); spores from holotype. Scale bars = 1 cm (basidiomata), 10 μm (spores).

^{Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Estación Central, 917002, Santiago, Chile; e-mail:}moc.liamg@dligac & lc.hcasu@zevahc.otaner

^{Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; e-mail:}lc.elihcu@acavamni

Etymology. Name refers to Fildes Bay Area, King George Island, Antarctica, where the fungus was isolated.

Classification — Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes.

Conidiophores dimorphic, cylindrical or subcylindrical, solitary or in small groups, septate, erect, flexuous or straight, arising from the terminal or generally lateral hyphae, pale brown or pale olivaceous brown. Micronematous conidiophores much shorter, small and lateral, occasionally geniculate, subcylindrical to cylindrical-oblong, 6.3–8.1 × 2.3–3 μm, proliferating sympodially, with 1–3 conidiogenous loci. Macronematous conidiophores 50–79.8 × 4.5–5.8 μm. Ramoconidia 26–39 × 3.2–4.8 μm; secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, subcylindrical, 11.10–18.08 × 3.88–4.58 μm, 0–1-septate, surface ornamentation verruculose with one or three distal hilum. Numerous catenate conidia in branched chains, 4.7–6.2 × 2.9–4.1 μm, obovoid, limoniform or subglobose, surface with pustulate ornamentation.

Culture characteristics — (after 2 wk at 20 °C in the dark): On potato dextrose agar colonies reach 29–32 mm diam, without the presence of diffusible pigments and/or exudates. The morphology of the colony seen on the back is characterised by a velvety mycelium immersed in the agar, radially furrowed, olive-green, while on the obverse of the plate the colony has a flat growth, with a somewhat elevated colony centre, velvety olive-black colour, and dense sporulation. In the outer part of the colony, there is an edge with a white filiform margin. On oatmeal agar the colony reaches 32–35 mm diam without presence of diffusible pigments and/or exudates. The colony has round shape, with abundant velvety olive-green aerial mycelium immersed in the agar, profuse sporulation, and presents filiform edges. On malt extract agar, the colony reaches 25–27 mm diam, and does not produce diffusible pigments and/or exudates. The colony seen on the back has a rounded shape, dark green colour and opaque texture. On the obverse of the plate, the colony has a flat growth with abundant aerial velvety mycelium of olive-yellow colour immersed in the agar, and filiform edges. On synthetic nutrient-poor agar, colonies reach 23–25 mm diam without presence of diffusible pigments and/or exudates. On the reverse of the plate, a flat round colony of dark green colour is observed. On the obverse of the plate, the colony has olive-green aerial mycelium and profuse sporulation mainly in the centre of the colony.

Cardinal temperature for growth — Optimum 20 °C, maximum 25 °C, minimum 5 °C.

Typus. Antarctica, South Shetland archipelago, King George Island, Fildes Bay, from an unidentified marine sponge, 13 Dec. 2009, I. Vaca (holotype F09-T12-1, culture ex-type ChFC-554, ITS, LSU, actA and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX845290","term_id":"422710028","term_text":"JX845290"}}JX845290, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN245038","term_id":"1714204412","term_text":"MN245038"}}MN245038, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN233632","term_id":"1789814419","term_text":"MN233632"}}MN233632 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN233633","term_id":"1789814421","term_text":"MN233633"}}MN233633, MycoBank MB832139).

Notes — Based on the combined analysis of ITS, actA and tef1 markers, Cladosporium fildesense belongs to the C.herbarum complex (Bensch et al. 2015) and is phylogenetically related to C. soldanellae, C. ossifragi and C. spinulosum. Cladosporium spinulosum differs from our new species by the digitate ornamentation of conidia and the absence of secondary ramoconidia (Zalar et al. 2007). Regarding C. soldanellae, this species has stromatic cells and occasionally forms ramoconidia (Bensch et al. 2012) while C. fildesense does not show stromatic cells and ramoconidia were always observed. Finally, C.ossifragi differs from C. fildesense by having shorter conidiogenous cells (5–31 μm long), the muricate conidial ornamentation, and by lacking primary ramoconidia (Schubert et al. 2007).

Colour illustrations. Picture taken during sampling showing typical landscape of Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Cladosporium fildesense growing on oatmeal agar; conidiophores and conidium on SNA after 14 d at 20 °C. Scale bars = 10 μm (conidiophores), 2 μm (conidium).

FP1006:

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny of C. fildesense and related species within C. herbarum complex was inferred from the combined analysis of ITS, actA and tef1 sequences (Bensch et al. 2015). Alignments and ML analyses were performed with MegaX (Kumar et al. 2018). Model used was HKY + G + I. Bootstrap support values (> 50 %) are shown at the nodes (bootstrap iterations = 1 000). The tree was rooted using combined ITS and actA sequences from Toxicocladosporium banksiae CBS 128215 (type strain).

Click here to view.^{(204K, pdf)}

^{P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus; e-mail:}moc.oohay@sediziol.leahcim

^{Université de Lille, Faculté de pharmacie de Lille, EA 4483, F-59000 Lille, France; e-mail:}rf.2ellil-vinu@uaerom.ruhtra-erreip

Etymology. In honour of the mythical Greek goddess Iris (Ἶρις), associated with the rainbow.

Classification — Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina.

Basidiomata coralloid, 2–7 cm high × 1–5 cm wide, comprised of a sterile base and multiple fertile branches. Base 1–2.5 cm high × 1–1.5 cm wide, white-pruinose. Branches amphigenous, up to 1 cm thick, polychotomous-bifurcate (V-shaped), sometimes partially or extensively fused, smooth to strongly rugose with age; surface pruinose, ranging in colour from cream-white to ochraceous-yellow, pink, mouse grey or dull lilac; apices blunt to acute, mostly unbranched but frequently with multiple cristate ends, pale and often with a green hue when young, progressively browning and finally blackening with age. Trama pliant-cartilaginous, concolorous or paler than the branches. Odour unpleasant, somewhat of chlorine. Spore deposit cream-white. Basidiospores (8–)9.2–10.4(–11.3) × 6.5–8.5(–9.5) μm (Me = 9.2–7.3; Q = 1.07–1.45; Qm = 1.26), subspherical to ovoid or lacrymoid, sometimes broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, thick-walled (0.5–1 μm), eguttulate, inamyloid, subhyaline to translucent ochraceous-grey in KOH, with a short hilar appendage. Basidia mostly bisporic, less frequently (~10 %) monosporic and rarely also trisporic, 45–80 × 6–9(–11) μm, slenderly clavate to subcylindrical, flexuous, thick-walled, with coarse vacuolar content, mostly filled with yellowish necropigment after spore discharge; postpartal septa infrequent on the upper third; sterigmata incurved, acute to somewhat rounded at the apices, 4–6 mm long; clusters of cylindrical to somewhat deformed basidioles frequent at bases of basidia. Cystidia absent, but long, 7–9 μm wide hyphal ends (pseudocystidia) often protruding 15–40 μm above the hymenium, thickened and incrusted at the apex by mucus. Hyphal system monomitic, comprised of smooth, 5–9(–11) μm wide, cylindrical to somewhat inflated and thick-walled hyphae frequently branching. Clamp connections common.

Habit, Habitat & Distribution — Terrestrial, fruiting solitary or in small groups of loosely coalescing basidiomata between January and April, on calcareous substrates under Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos, Pinus brutia and Cistus.

Typus. Cyprus, Dora, on calcareous substrate under Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos, Pinus brutia and Cistus shrubs, 5 Mar. 2015, M. Loizides (holotype in Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille: LIP 0401586; isotype in herb. pers. M. Loizides n° ML5135C1, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028412","term_id":"1678500134","term_text":"MN028412"}}MN028412 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028396","term_id":"1678500118","term_text":"MN028396"}}MN028396, MycoBank MB832755).

Additional materials examined. Cyprus (var. iris), Souni, 2 Mar. 2015, M. Loizides, ML5132C/LIP 0001618 (paratype, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028411","term_id":"1678500133","term_text":"MN028411"}}MN028411); Dora, 5 Mar. 2015, M. Loizides, ML5135C2 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028413","term_id":"1678500135","term_text":"MN028413"}}MN028413); Anogyra, 17 Feb. 2015, M. Loizides, ML51271-CC (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028414","term_id":"1678500136","term_text":"MN028414"}}MN028414); Kelefos, 3 Jan. 2019, M. Loizides, ML9113CLI (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028415","term_id":"1678500137","term_text":"MN028415"}}MN028415). – France (var. occidentalis), Bonifacio, îlot Fazzio, 21 Nov. 2005, P.-A. Moreau, PAM05112103 (as ‘C. cristata var. curta’, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028407","term_id":"1678500129","term_text":"MN028407"}}MN028407); Mérindol, 27 Nov. 2011, J.-M. Bellanger, D. Borgarino, G. Corriol, P.-A. Moreau & F. Richard, PAM11122702 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028408","term_id":"1678500130","term_text":"MN028408"}}MN028408); Pézilla-de-Conflent, Chenil Sauvage, under Quercus ilex on calcareous soil, 27 Nov. 2012, F. Richard & P.-A. Moreau, PAM12112740 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028409","term_id":"1678500131","term_text":"MN028409"}}MN028409).

Notes — Clavulina iris is a species of exceptional morphochromatic variability, often displaying a blend of ochraceous, cream, pink, green and lilac colours all in the same specimen, as well as a mixture of smooth and rugose branches with both blunt and cristate tips. It is common on the island of Cyprus, where it is found from late winter to early spring in a variety of calcareous habitats (300–700 m asl). Lilac tinges are present in very few European species of Clavulina, most notably C. amethystina (Donk 1933), a species originally described in genus Clavaria by Bulliard (1791). European collections identified as this taxon, however, display vibrant violet-lilac colours ( Corner 1970), lacking the ochraceous, cream or green tinges seen in C. iris, and cluster in a different phylogenetic lineage (Olariaga et al. 2009; Supplementary Fig. FP1007-1). Clavulina reae, proposed by Olariaga & Salcedo (2012) for collections previously identified as ‘C. cinerea var. gracilis’ (Rea 1918), is also characterised by lilac-grey tinges, but produces smaller, slender and sparsely branched fruit bodies nesting in a distant lineage (Olariaga et al. 2009; Supplementary Fig. FP1007-1). Among the many forms and variants of C. cinerea formerly described, ‘Clavaria cinerea f. sublilascens’ (Bourdot & Galzin 1928), later invalidly renamed ‘Clavulina crassa’ by Corner (1950), is morphologically close to C. iris. We refrain from adopting Bourdot & Galzin’s epithet, because the very short original description could also apply to C. reae, among others, but also because the Arvernian authors did not prospect Mediterranean localities in their description, with their collections likely originating from temperate deciduous forests, where C. iris has yet to be documented.

Clavulina iris var. occidentalis Bellanger, P.-A. Moreau & Loizides, var. nov.

Differs from the type by more slender, smooth basidiomata and abundant pseudocystidia.

Typus. France, Pézilla-de-Conflent, Pathy-Danglade, 26 Nov. 2012, P.-A. Moreau & F. Richard (holotype in Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille: LIP 0401619; isotype in herb. pers. P.-A. Moreau n° PAM12112617, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN028410","term_id":"1678500132","term_text":"MN028410"}}MN028410, MycoBank MB832819).

Notes — The variability of C. iris is also geographical and, to some extent, phylogenetic. In the type collections from Cyprus specimens are usually stout, early rugose and with few pseudocystidia. Collections from France, on the other hand, all found under Quercus ilex in late autumn, are more slender, smooth and with abundant pseudocystidia (Supplementary Fig. FP1007-2). No significant differences in spore size could be found, but the geographical and subtle morphological patterns correlated to few but significant differences in ITS sequences (1 indel and 2 SNPs), which led us to propose West-European collections at the rank of variety.

Colour illustrations. Collection area of ML9131C at Kelefos. From top to bottom: holotype coll. in situ LIP 0401586; basidiospores; hymenium with projecting pseudocystidia; basidium; coll. ML71322V5 in situ. Scale bars 10 mm (specimens in situ), 30 μm (hymenium), 10 μm (basidiospores and basidium).

^{Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Laboratorio Regional Chillán, Unidad de Fitopatología, Claudio Arrau 738, Chillán, Código Postal 3800773, Chile; e-mail:}lc.bog.gas@atapaz.oiram

^{Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Laboratorio Regional Valparaíso, Unidad de Fitopatología, Antonio Varas 120, Valparaíso, Código Postal 2360451, Chile; e-mail:}lc.bog.gas@amlap.ateinotna & lc.bog.gas@tanina.airam

^{Universidad de Valparaíso, Facultad de Medicina, Profesor Emérito Cátedra de Micología, Angámos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Código Postal 2540064, Chile; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@illetnoipodraude

Etymology. The epithet refers to the rose-coloured aerial mycelia in culture.

Classification — Glomerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes.

Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph on synthetic nutrient poor agar (microscopic preparations in 60 % lactic acid, with at least 50 measurements per structure). Vegetative hyphae 1–9.5 μm diam, hyaline, sometimes pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata acervular, consisting of conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. Setae abundant, medium brown, smooth-walled, slightly curved or zig-zag-shaped, 0–2-septate, 35–90 μm long, base cylindrical, sometimes inflated, 3.5–6.5 μm diam at the widest part, tip rounded to acute. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, simple or septate and branched, up to 65 μm long. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, cylindrical, thinner towards the apex, (10–)15–28(–30) × (2–)2.5–3.5(–4), apex 0.5–1 μm diam, with periclinal thickening visible. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to fusiform, with one end round and one end slightly acute, cytoplasm appearing granular, (16–)18–21.5(–25) × (4–)5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 19.5 ± 1.5 × 5.3 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 3.7. Appressoria single or in small groups of 2–3, medium brown to olive, smooth-walled, clavate, ovate or irregular outline, the edge entire or undulate, sometimes lobate, (6.5–)8–12.5(–16.5) × (4.5–)6–8.5(–9) μm, mean ± SD = 10.5 ± 1.8 × 6.9 ± 0.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.6.

Cultural characteristics — (near UV light with a 12 h photoperiod, 20 °C after 10 d): Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, surface hyaline to rose-violet coloured, reverse same colour, covered with appressed mycelium, reaching 30.1 ± 1.8 mm diam. Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, surface rose to grey with age, reverse reddish, covered with felty aerial mycelium, reaching 53.0 ± 1.7 mm. Conidia in mass salmon, more abundant in strain RGM 2616.

Typus. Chile, Concepción, Cerro Caracol, on leaves of Lapageria rosea (Philesiaceae), 4 Dec. 2018, F. Franco (holotype RGM 2685, culture ex-type CBS 145754 = SAG-99199-18; ITS, LSU, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903611","term_id":"1635531018","term_text":"MK903611"}}MK903611, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903608","term_id":"1635531015","term_text":"MK903608"}}MK903608, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903603","term_id":"1783626097","term_text":"MK903603"}}MK903603, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903604","term_id":"1783626099","term_text":"MK903604"}}MK903604 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903607","term_id":"1783626105","term_text":"MK903607"}}MK903607, MycoBank MB830891).

Additional materials examined. Chile, Alto BíoBío, on leaves of L. rosea, 26 Apr. 2018, J. Silva, RGM 2616 = CBS 144798 = SAG 47521-18, ITS, GAPDH and TUB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903609","term_id":"1635531016","term_text":"MK903609"}}MK903609, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903601","term_id":"1783626093","term_text":"MK903601"}}MK903601 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903605","term_id":"1783626101","term_text":"MK903605"}}MK903605; Quillón, on leaves of L. rosea, 12 Sept. 2018, G. Atanasovici, RGM 2653 = CBS 145292 = SAG 71721-18, ITS, GAPDH and TUB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903610","term_id":"1635531017","term_text":"MK903610"}}MK903610, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903602","term_id":"1783626095","term_text":"MK903602"}}MK903602 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK903306","term_id":"1775571940","term_text":"MK903306"}}MK903306.

Notes — Colletotrichum roseum was isolated from conidiomata emerging from leaf spots on Lapageria rosea (Copihue). All strains examined produced infertile perithecia in culture that were immersed in the agar (after 3 mo), even though they were inoculated onto plates containing pieces of autoclaved leaves of Copihue. One strain of C. roseum was collected on the same host and locality to that of Physalospora lapageriae, an older fungus described by Spegazzini (1910) which was later reclassified as Glomerella lapageriae (Petrak & Sydow 1934). However, it proved impossible to compare our asexual fungus with G. lapageriae. Type material of G. lapageriae is deposited at the Museo La Plata (Argentina) and is not currently available for loan to attempt DNA isolation and comparison. Under these circumstances, and considering that C. gloeosporioides, C. godetiae and C. pyricola have also been diagnosed on Copihue by The National Plant Protection Organization in areas close to where C. roseum was found, there is no certainty that G. lapageriae is the same species, and therefore we propose to describe the new strains as a new species.

Colletotrichum roseum belongs to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex (Damm et al. 2012), and is phylogenetically close but clearly distinct from C. kniphofiae. The new species differs from C. kniphofiae by its shorter conidia and characteristic rose-coloured culture. Colletotrichum roseum can be identified with all loci studied, except LSU, with GAPDH and ACT performing best as a diagnostic sequence. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database restricted to ex-type strains, the closest hit using the GAPDH sequences were C. phormii (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ948777","term_id":"397714621","term_text":"JQ948777"}}JQ948777, Identities = 238/252 (94.4 %), 3 gaps), C. acerbum (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ948790","term_id":"397714647","term_text":"JQ948790"}}JQ948790; Identities = 235/252 (93.3 %), 3 gaps) and C. johnstonii (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ948775","term_id":"397714617","term_text":"JQ948775"}}JQ948775; Identities = 234/252 (92.9 %), 3 gaps). Closest hits using the ACT sequence were C. phormii (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ949767","term_id":"397716601","term_text":"JQ949767"}}JQ949767, Identities = 239/247 (96.8 %), no gaps), C. arboricola (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH817956","term_id":"1537915765","term_text":"MH817956"}}MH817956; Identities = 242/252 (96.0 %), no gaps) and C. salicis (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ949781","term_id":"397716629","term_text":"JQ949781"}}JQ949781; Identities = 237/247 (96.0 %), no gaps).

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Colour illustrations. Lapageria rosea growing in its natural habitat in Chile (courtesy Mhylton Jiménez-Castillo, 2019). Symptomatic leaf; colony on oatmeal at 10 d; conidiophores with seta (in lactophenol cotton-blue); conidia; setae; appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.

One of the six equally most parsimonious trees (212 steps, CI = 0.670, HI = 0.330, RI = 0.741) obtained from the multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (ITS-GAPDH-ACT-TUB2) for selected Colletotrichum species. The analysis was conducted with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003). DNA sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.0 employing the E-INS-i strategy. Bootstrap support values ≥ 70 % are shown above nodes (1 000 replicates). The tree was rooted with Colletotrichum orchidophilum. T = ex-type, E = ex-epitype.

^{BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; e-mail:}ht.ro.cetoib@nejaj, ht.ro.cetoib@iatanasat & ht.ro.cetoib@ion.anasaw

^{BioAsia Life Sciences Institute, 1938 Xinqun Rd, Pinghu, Zhejiang 314200, PR China; e-mail:}nc.moc.aisaoib@legin

Etymology. Named after the host, jakajan, cicada in Thai and cola - Latin suffix meaning ‘inhabitant of, residing on’.

Classification — Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes.

Stromata pale yellow (blackish brown after drying), simple, fusiform, fleshy, erect, protruding from the ground with several stromata loosely connected emerging from between the head and the thorax of the cicada nymph, 32–45 mm long. Fertile part on the terminal end c. 1/3 of the stroma. Mycelia scarce, whitish, covering the host, slightly rhizoidal in the soil joining together to form a compact stipe upon emerging from the soil. Perithecia semi-immersed, ovoid, 400–650 × 300–400 μm. Asci cylindrical, 265–360 × 4–5 μm, ascus tip 2–3 μm. Ascospores whole, bola-shaped, 250–310 × 1 μm, terminal part fusiform 54–60 × 1 μm, central part filiform, < 1 μm diam. Asexual morph Isaria. Synnemata erect and simple with branching near the apex, often clavate, growing from a white to creamy mycelium which covers the host, powdery and floccose near the apex due to heavy conidiation. Conidiophores consisting of verticillate branches with whorls. Phialides 4–5.3(–6) × 2–3.5(–4) μm, consisting of a globose, oval or occasionally conical swollen basal portion tapering suddenly into a thin neck, 0.5 μm wide. Conidia ellipsoid or cylindrical, mostly symmetrical, rarely slightly curved, (4–)4.5–6(–7) × (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Discharged ascospores germinated within 24–36 h. Colonies had a white to cream funiculose appearance with a cream reverse. Cultures readily produced phialides and conidia after 2 wk on potato dextrose agar at room temperature showing a powdery appearance due to profuse conidiation. From the sexual morph: Colonies on PDA fast growing, attaining 15–20 mm diam within 14 d at 25 °C. Colonies floccose, at first white, turning into cream-brown and looking powdery with age. Phialides flask-shaped with long neck, (4–)5.5–8(–9) × (2–)2.5–3.5 μm. Conidia in long chains, cylindrical, (6–)7–9(–10) × 2–3 μm. Chlamydospores solitary, clavate, cylindrical, unicellular, (9–)10–15(–17) × (3–)4.5–6.5(–7) μm.

Typus. Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Khao Yai National Park, on cicada nymph, buried in soil, 9 July 2015, K. Tasanathai, W. Noisripoom & D. Thanakitpipattana (holotype {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBH40246","term_id":"1519308655","term_text":"BBH40246"}}BBH40246, culture ex-type BCC79816, SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN296394","term_id":"1721720199","term_text":"MN296394"}}MN296394, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN275696","term_id":"1720641754","term_text":"MN275696"}}MN275696, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN338479","term_id":"1800243266","term_text":"MN338479"}}MN338479, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN338484","term_id":"1800243270","term_text":"MN338484"}}MN338484 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN338489","term_id":"1800243274","term_text":"MN338489"}}MN338489, MycoBank MB832492).

Notes — Cordyceps jakajanicola is parasitic on cicadas that can be found buried in the soil. The macromorphologies of the natural samples of C. jakajanicola closely resemble Cordyceps bifusispora (Eriksson 1982) by producing fusiform, pale yellow ascomata on the terminal part of the stroma. It differs significantly in the host, sizes of the perithecia, asci and ascospores. In C. jakajanicola, perithecia and asci are longer and wider than those reported for C. bifusispora (300 × 150–170 μm; 200–220 × 3–4.5 μm; 145–220 × 4 μm). It shares similarities with C. lepidopterorum (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018) in phialide and conidial dimensions. In C. lepidopterorum the phialides and conidia are larger (5–8 × 4–5 μm; 6–10 × 3–4 μm) compared to C. jakajanicola and differs in their respective hosts. The results of our molecular phylogenetic study strongly support and separate C. jakajanicola from other species. Cordyceps jakajanicola is therefore proposed as a new species belonging to Cordyceps.

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Colour illustrations. Type locality – a trail in Khao Yai National Park. Fungus on cicada nymph (sexual morph); perithecia on stroma; ovoid perithecium; asci; bola ascospore; fungus on cicada nymph (asexual morph); phialides; conidia. Scale bars =15 mm (stromata), 300 μm (perithecia on stroma), 120 μm (asci), 20 μm (perithecium), 15 μm (ascospore), 5 μm (phialides, conidia).

Phylogenetic tree with C. jakajanicola was constructed from a combined dataset comprising SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 sequences. The phylogenetic tree was analysed using Maximum parsimony (MP), Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference. The MP analysis was conducted on the combined dataset using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003), adopting random addition sequences (100 replications), with gaps being treated as missing data. A bootstrap (BP) analysis was performed using the maximum parsimony criterion in 1 000 replications. The ML analysis was run with RAxML-VI-HPC2 v. 8.2.12 (Stamatakis 2014) under a GTR model, with 1 000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian phylogenetic inference was calculated with MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003), with 5 M generations and under the same model. Numbers at the significant nodes represent MP bootstrap support values/RAxML bootstrap support values/Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) times 100. Thickened lines in the tree represent 99–100 % BP values and 99–100 BPP.

^{National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; e-mail:}ht.ro.cetoib@adahcus, ht.ro.cetoib@ion.anasaw & ht.ro.cetoib@nejaj

^{Forest Entomology and Microbiology Research Group, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; e-mail:}ht.og.liam.pnd@namamih_hadnaniw

Etymology. The name refers to the location where the species was collected – Kui Buri National Park, Thailand.

Classification — Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes.

Stroma solitary, up to 8 mm long and 1–1.5 mm in width, cylindrical, pale red-orange. Rhizoids flexuous, arising from the body of spiders (Araneidae), c. 2–5 mm long, buried under the ground. Fertile part at apex. Ascomata clavate to subglobose, red-orange, 1.5–5 mm long, 1–2.5 mm in width. Perithecia pseudo-immersed, obpyriform, (350–)370–460(–550) × (120–)140–190(–240) μm. Asci cylindrical, up to 280 μm long, 3–5 μm in width. Ascospores hyaline, filiform with septations, up to 250 μm long, 1 μm in width. Asexual morph, evlachovaea-like, produced on base of the stroma and on the soil surface, powdery because of heavy sporulation, whitish, synnemata up to 1.5 mm long, conidiophores usually forming verticillate branches with phialides in whorls of 2–5. Entire phialides 5–10 × 2–3.5 μm, with swollen, ellipsoidal basal portion, tapering into a neck, 1–5 × 1 μm. Conidia hyaline, mostly ellipsoidal, fusiform, aseptate, 2–3.5 × 1–1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies developed from germinating conidia. The conidia germinated within 24 h on PDA. Evlachovaea-like conidial morphs developing after c. 7 d. Colonies on PDA fast growing, c. 2.5 cm diam in 14 d at 25 °C. Colonies pale pink, becoming white when sporulating abundantly after 30 d, reverse deep pink. Conidial structures consisting of erect conidiophores borne or aerial hyphae, verticillate with phialides in whorls of two to four. Some phialides borne directly and singly on aerial hyphae. Phialides (3–)4–8(–10) × 1.5–2 μm, with swollen, ellipsoidal basal portion, necks present, 1–3 × 1 μm. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoidal, fusiform, aseptate, 3–4 × 1.5–2 μm.

Typus. Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov., Kui Buri National Park, on spiders (Araneidae), buried in soil, 7 Jan. 2011, W. Himaman (holotype {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBH45453","term_id":"1775963441","term_text":"BBH45453"}}BBH45453, culture ex-type BCC90322, LSU, TEF, RPB1 and ITS sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK968816","term_id":"1669280806","term_text":"MK968816"}}MK968816, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK988030","term_id":"1789145092","term_text":"MK988030"}}MK988030, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK988032","term_id":"1789145096","term_text":"MK988032"}}MK988032 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN099707","term_id":"1693840351","term_text":"MN099707"}}MN099707, MycoBank MB831637).

Additional materials examined. Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov., Kui Buri National Park, on spider (Araneidae), buried in soil, 7 Jan. 2011, W. Himaman, {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBH45454","term_id":"1775963442","term_text":"BBH45454"}}BBH45454 ({"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBC90323","term_id":"1345650349","term_text":"BBC90323"}}BBC90323), LSU, TEF, RPB1 and ITS sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK968817","term_id":"1669280807","term_text":"MK968817"}}MK968817, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK988031","term_id":"1789145094","term_text":"MK988031"}}MK988031, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK988033","term_id":"1789145098","term_text":"MK988033"}}MK988033 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN099708","term_id":"1693840352","term_text":"MN099708"}}MN099708; ibid., {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBH45452","term_id":"1775963440","term_text":"BBH45452"}}BBH45452 (BCC90321).

Notes — Most of the species in Cordyceps have been reported as parasites of insects such as Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, producing brightly coloured, fleshy stromata. In this study, Cordyceps kuiburiensis is parasitic on spiders (Araneidae) that can be found buried in the soil. This species is only found in PraktaKhoo Waterfall, Kui Buri National Park, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. The gross macromorphology of the natural samples of C. kuiburiensis closely resembles C. ninchukispora (Sung et al. 2007) that can also be found in soil or in leaf litter (Luangsa-ard et al. 2008) by producing clavate to subglobose, orange to orangish red ascomata on the terminal part of the stroma. It differs significantly in the sizes of the perithecia and asci. In C. kuiburiensis, perithecia and asci are longer and wider than those reported for C. ninchukispora (95–145 × 50–60 μm; 75–100 × 2.1–3.1 μm) by Su & Wang (1986). Additionally, the ascospores in C.kuiburiensis are filiform, while ascospores in C. ninchukispora are whole, bola-shaped, with expanded fusoid end parts, and its hosts are lepidopteran pupae, not spiders. The results of our molecular phylogenetic study strongly support and separate C. kuiburiensis from other species. Cordyceps kuiburiensis is therefore proposed as a new species belonging to Cordyceps.

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Colour illustrations. Background photo of forest in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. Fertile part with ascomata and asexual morph; perithecia; asci; ascus tip; ascospores; phialides; conidia; culture on PDA, evlachovaea-like asexual morph on PDA; conidia. Scale bars = 10 mm (plate culture), 5 mm (stromata), 120 μm (perithecia), 50 μm (asci), 10 μm (ascus), 50 μm (ascospores), 5 μm (phialides and conidia, evlachovaea-like morph on PDA with conidia), 3 μm (conidia).

Phylogenetic tree with C. kuiburiensis was constructed from the combined dataset comprising LSU, TEF and RPB1 sequences. The phylogenetic tree was analysed using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and bayesian inference. The MP analysis was conducted on the combined dataset using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003), adopting random addition sequences (100 replications), with gaps being treated as missing data. A bootstrap (BP) analysis was performed using the maximum parsimony criterion in 1 000 replications. ML analysis was run with RAxML-VI-HPC2 v. 8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2014) under a GTR model, with 1 000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian phylogenetic inference was calculated with MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003), with 3 M generations and under the same model. Numbers at the significant nodes represent MP bootstrap support values/RAxML bootstrap support values/Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) times 100. Thickened lines in the tree represent 99–100 % bootstrap support values and 99–100 BPP.

^{Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain; e-mail:}tac.vru@serrot.leinad, tac.vru@orraug.pesoj & tac.vru@eneg.apesoj

Etymology. Name refers to the conidial ornamentation of the species.

Classification — Ajellomycetaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes.

On potato carrot agar (PCA) at 25 °C. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled 1–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores unbranched, erect, cylindrical, 12–60 × 1–2 μm, bearing terminal conidia. Conidia solitary, more rarely in chains of 2–3, globose to subglobose, hyaline, verrucose to tuberculate, thick-walled, 6–9 × 6–8 μm. On malt extract agar (MEA) at 37 °C giant cells of 9–22.5 × 9–14.5 μm, and yeast-like cells of 7.5–11.8 × 7.5–9 were observed after 3 wk. Sexual morph absent.

Culture characteristics at 25 °C in 3 wk — Colonies on MEA reaching 17.5–19 mm diam, flat, yellowish white (4A2) to yellowish orange (4B7) (Kornerup & Wanscher 1978), velvety, margin lobulated; reverse yellowish orange (4B7); sporulation sparse. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) reaching 35–38 mm, felted, greenish white (282A), irregularly sulcate, margin lobulated; reverse dark green (28F7); sporulation sparse. On PCA reaching 44–49 mm diam, cottony, white, margin irregular; reverse colourless; sporulation abundant.

Cardinal temperatures for growth — Minimum 15 °C, optimum 30 °C, maximum 37 °C.

Typus. Spain, Aragón, Huesca, Remáscaro stream, fluvial sediments, Sept. 2018, D. Torres-Garcia (holotype CBS H-24082, culture ex-type CBS 145944 = FMR 17582; LSU, ITS and BenA sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR598891","term_id":"1795713309","term_text":"LR598891"}}LR598891, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR598892","term_id":"1795713310","term_text":"LR598892"}}LR598892 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR599029","term_id":"1795713311","term_text":"LR599029"}}LR599029, MycoBank MB831790).

Notes — The genus Emmonsiellopsis was introduced by Marin-Felix et al. (2015) to accommodate E. terrestris and E.coralliformis, both of which were also recovered from Spanish fluvial sediments as E. tuberculata. Emmonsiellopsis was characterised by producing blastic conidia, borne sessile or on pedicels, smooth, verrucose to spinulose, rarely septate and intercalary, and by the lack of sexual morph and yeast-like phase (Marin-Felix et al. 2015). Later Jiang et al. (2018) demonstrated the ability of Emmonsiellopsis species in producing yeast-like cells after 4–5 wk on MEA, namely at 33 °C in E. coralliformis and at 37 °C in E. terrestris. Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata was able to produce the yeast morph at 37 °C as in E. terrestris, but with a faster conversion time (3 wk). Besides, our species differs from the other two by its verrucose to tuberculate conidia, the lack of sessile and intercalary conidia, and colonies with a dark green in reverse when growing on PDA at 25 °C. Colony reverse on PDA in E. coralliformis was pale yellow to olive brown and in E. terrestris yellowish white to pale yellow (Marin-Felix et al. 2015).

Our phylogenetic reconstruction with the barcodes LSU, ITS and BenA places E. tuberculata in a basal lineage distant from the clade formed by the other species of Emmonsiellopsis. A megablast search in the NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database using LSU sequences showed that E. tuberculata was 98.83 % (675/683) similar with E. terrestris (CBS 273.77; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT155190.1","term_id":"1007636503","term_text":"KT155190.1"}}KT155190.1) and 97.85 % (684/699) with E. coralliformis (CBS 137500; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NG_059238.1","term_id":"1393630827","term_text":"NG_059238.1"}}NG_059238.1), whereas the similarity using ITS sequences was 90.80 % (533/587) with E. terrestris (CBS 273.77; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_153965.1","term_id":"1351336833","term_text":"NR_153965.1"}}NR_153965.1) and 92.98 % (503/541) with E.coralliformis (CBS 137500; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_153996.1","term_id":"1351336864","term_text":"NR_153996.1"}}NR_153996.1), respectively. BenA sequences showed a similarity of 80.17 % (380/474) between E. tuberculata and E. terrestris (CBS 273.77; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT155526.1","term_id":"1007637026","term_text":"KT155526.1"}}KT155526.1) and of 79.33 % (330/416) between E. tuberculata and E. coralliformis (CBS 137500; GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY710967.1","term_id":"1315564110","term_text":"KY710967.1"}}KY710967.1).

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Colour illustrations. Cerler, Aragón, Spain. Colony on PDA and PCA after 3 wk at 25 °C; conidiophores and conidia after 14 d at 25 °C; yeast-like cells from MEA after 3 wk at 37 °C. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the concatenated analysis of LSU, ITS and BenA sequences of Emmonsiellopsis and related genera of the family Ajellomycetaceae. Bootstrap support values above 70 % are indicated on the nodes. The alignment included 1 443 bp and was performed using Tamura-Nei with Gamma distribution with Invariant sites (G+I) as the best nucleotide substitution model. Both the alignment and tree were constructed with MEGA v. 6 software (Tamura et al. 2013). The new species proposed in this study is indicated in bold face. A superscript T denotes ex-type cultures.

^{Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamg@srettep.errised, moc.liamg@awasaretgl, moc.liamg@awasaretjf & moc.liamg@ekneilg.hc

Etymology. Named after the Tupi-Guarani word for maize, ‘awaxy’, referring to the substrate (maize ears and stalks) and geographical location (Arapoti and Guarapuava cities in Paraná, as these names come from the Tupi-Guarani language).

Classification — Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes.

On synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) with carnation leaves: Microconidia forming abundantly in false heads in aerial mycelium, arising in monophialides and polyphialides, oval, 7.8–16 μm ( $\bar{x}$ = 11.7 μm) long, 2.1–5.7 μm ( $\bar{x}$ = 4.4 μm) wide, aseptate. Chlamydospores absent. Sporodochia tan to cream coloured, formed on the surface of carnation leaves and seldom covered with aerial mycelium, occasionally formed on the surface of carnation leaf agar (CLA) or potato dextrose agar (PDA). Macroconidia 3-septate, 24.1–43.5 μm ( $\bar{x}$ = 30.4 μm) long, 3.2–5.1 μm ( $\bar{x}$ = 4.2 μm) wide, less abundant than microconidia, and observed only in sporodochia.

Culture characteristics — Colonies on PDA growing in the dark with average radial growth rate of 5.9 mm/d at 24 °C (reaching 74–80 mm diam in 7 d at 24 °C), with abundant aerial mycelium. Colony white, pale pink, pale violet or peach, occasionally becoming dark pink, vinaceous or violet in older cultures. Odour absent. Minimum observed temperature for growth at 16 °C, maximum at 32 °C, and optimal at 23–28 °C on potato dextrose agar, oatmeal agar and SNA.

Typus. Brazil, Paraná, Guarapuava, on rotten stalks of Zea mays (Poaceae), 2016, F. Terasawa (holotype UPCB93138-H, cultures ex-type LGMF1930 = CMRP 4013, ITS, LSU, tef1, tub, cal and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH252922","term_id":"1383057050","term_text":"MH252922"}}MH252922, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN566091","term_id":"1765883256","term_text":"MN566091"}}MN566091, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG839004","term_id":"1585245630","term_text":"MG839004"}}MG839004, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG839013","term_id":"1585245648","term_text":"MG839013"}}MG839013, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK766940","term_id":"1789777750","term_text":"MK766940"}}MK766940 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK766941","term_id":"1789777752","term_text":"MK766941"}}MK766941, MycoBank MB824048).

Notes — Fusarium awaxy was identified as a new member from the American clade of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex in a phylogenetic analysis using tef1, tub, ITS, cal and rpb2 sequences. Fusarium temperatum and F. subglutinans, both species already described causing maize stalk rot (Leslie & Summerell 2006, Scauflaire et al. 2011) are the closest phylogenetic relatives. Fusarium temperatum and F. subglutinans show some morphological similarities, both producing microconidia on mono- and polyphialides arranged in false heads in the aerial mycelium, only differing in the degree of septation of the macroconidia, as F. temperatum macroconidia are usually 4-septate and F. subglutinans are 3-septate (Scauflaire et al. 2011). Besides the difference in sporodochia colour, there is not a clear morphological delimitation between F. awaxy and F. subglutinans. Nevertheless, many other species morphologically similar to F. subglutinans have been described (e.g., F. bulbicola, F. guttiforme, F. sacchari) and can be properly differentiated only with the use of molecular information (Leslie & Summerell 2006). Fusarium subglutinans and F. temperatum have already been described causing human infections (Al-Hatmi et al. 2014), but F. awaxy did not grow above 32 °C, suggesting inability to cause infection in humans.

Additionally, based on a BLAST search and a phylogenetic analysis using tef1 sequences, other strains, which were misidentified as F. subglutinans, are now identified as F. awaxy. Such strains include isolates from Zea mays from China (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT716223","term_id":"988576466","term_text":"KT716223"}}KT716223; Identities = 630/630 (100 %)) (Zhang et al. 2016), South Korea (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX867945","term_id":"429138592","term_text":"JX867945"}}JX867945; Identities = 641/641 (100 %)) (Kim et al. 2012), Argentina (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG857113","term_id":"1347756753","term_text":"MG857113"}}MG857113; Identities = 641/641 (100 %)) (Martinez et al. unpubl. data) and Brazil (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP336408","term_id":"902648528","term_text":"KP336408"}}KP336408; Identities = 545/545 (100 %)) (Faria et al. 2012), as well as one strain isolated from Sorghum bicolor in the USA (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KX681493","term_id":"1181244914","term_text":"KX681493"}}KX681493; Identities = 634/634 (100 %)) (Funnell-Harris et al. 2017). Furthermore, another isolate from Zea mays from South Africa (MRC 115, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH582309","term_id":"1483245552","term_text":"MH582309"}}MH582309; Identities = 649/649 (100 %)), which was previously identified both as F. subglutinans and also as a putatively novel species (‘Fusarium sp. 8′) (O’Donnell et al. 2018), can now be referred as F. awaxy.

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Colour illustrations. Zea mays growing in a field trial near Curitiba. Fusarium awaxy colony on potato dextrose agar plate; sporodochia on carnation leaves; aerial conidiophores: polyphialide, false head and monophialide; aerial oval conidia (microconidia); sporodochial conidia (macroconidia). Photos: D.A.L. Petters-Vandresen. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Bayesian Inference tree produced with MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012) at CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2012) based on tef1, tub2, ITS, cal and rpb2 sequences of Fusarium awaxy and other reference strains belonging to the American clade of Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. ML bootstrap values above 70 % (obtained using GARLI 2.01 (Zwickl 2006) at CIPRES Science Gateway) and Bayesian posterior probability values (PP) values above 0.9 indicated to the left of the nodes. Ex-type strains included in analysis are indicated in bold and with ^{. The tree was rooted to}Fusarium oxysporum NRRL 22902. Scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide. TreeBASE: http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:{"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S24292","term_id":"283612","term_text":"pir||S24292"}}S24292.

^{Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@solecnocsav.enaur & rb.moc.oohay@inedacnaib

^{Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamg@asuos.arievilo.hteiluj & moc.liamg@aiesab.irui

^{Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.cisc.bjr@zapiram

Etymology. Name reflects the woolly appearance of the exoperidium surface.

Classification — Geastraceae, Geastrales, Agaricomycetes.

Unexpanded basidiomata epigeous, dark to pale brown (N70Y99M50 to N60Y99M40; Küppers 2002), globose to subglobose, 1.8–6.8 × 2.8–14 mm, surface cottony, spongy, with hyphal tufts forming an areolate pattern, lacking encrusting debris, presence of subiculum white (N00M00C00) little developed covering the substrate, with rhizomorphs adhered to the base. Expanded basidiomata saccate, 5.7–11.2 × 16.5–30.2 mm (including peristome). Exoperidium splitting into 5–6 rays, planar to revolute, recurved under the basidiomata, non-hygroscopic. Mycelial layer dark brown (N70Y99M50, N80Y99M50) when fresh, becoming paler (N60Y99M40, N70Y99M40) when dry, not encrusted with debris, persistent, there is no double layer, surface free of incrustations, cottony and persistent in all basidiomata, formed by hyaline hyphae, acuminate-strangled. Fibrous layer light beige (N00Y50M20), papery surface, formed by filamentous hyphae with thin walls, 0.5–1 μm diam. Pseudoparenquimatous layer white ice (N10M00C00), rimose when dried, persistent, consists of brown hyphae, 13–50 × 15–47 μm. Endoperidial body pale grey (N60Y20M20), globose, 4–10 × 8–21.3 mm, sessile, glabrous surface. Apophysis and pedicel absent. Peristome fibrillose, slightly delimited, up to 1 mm high, mammiform, same colour as endoperidium. Columella circular to columnar, central, yellowish white (N00C00Y10). Mature gleba dark brown (N90Y70M40). Basidiospores globose, brownish in 5 % KOH, 3–4 μm diam [av. = 3.4 ± 1.2 × 3.7 ± 0.5 μm, Qm = 1, n = 20], verrucose in SEM, columnar warts, up to 0.5 μm, rounded at apex. Eucapillitium brownish, thin-walled (< 1 μm diam), 2–5 μm diam.

Typus. Brazil, Bahia, Salvador, Federal University of Bahia, on leaf litter covered soil and wood, near to Guareaguidonea (Meliaceae) in an anthropised area, 29 May 2017, B.D.B. Silva, M.L.V.D. Costa & R.R. Fermiano (holotype ALCB-129358, isotype UFRN 3168, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK940901","term_id":"1654038446","term_text":"MK940901"}}MK940901 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK936167","term_id":"1652845187","term_text":"MK936167"}}MK936167, MycoBank MB830896).

Notes — The phylogenetic analysis grouped Geastrum lanuginosum in the section Exareolata (Zamora et al. 2014) with G. aculeatum, G. albonigrum, G. argentinum, G. caririense, G.echinulatum, G. inpaense, G. ishikawae and G. rufensens. All these species have hyphal projections on their exoperidium, as does G. lanuginosum. Morphologically, G. aculeatum and G. echinulatum are similar to G. lanuginosum; however, G.aculeatum has larger basidiospores (5–7.5 μm diam) and an exoperidium with aculeate hyphal tufts, and G. echinulatum has a well-developed subiculum, non-delimited peristome, and pseudoparenquimatous layer that is reddish when fresh (Silva et al. 2013a). The other species of the section are morphologically distinguished by: hirsute mycelial layer and peristome not delimited in G. albonigrum (Calonge & Mata 2004); hirsute mycelial layer and larger basidiospores (up to 6.4 μm) in G.inpaense (Cabral et al. 2014); non-delimited peristome and larger basidiospores (up to 7 μm) in G. ishikawae (Crous et al. 2016a); lightly encrusted mycelial layer, orange to pale brown, and larger basidiospores in G. caririense (Crous et al. 2017a); non-delimited peristome, mycelial layer strongly encrusted with debris and sand, and larger basidiospores (5–6 μm) in G. rufescens (Sunhede 1989); and non-delimited peristome, developed subiculum and larger basidiospores (4.8–5.6 μm) in G. argentinum (Zamora et al. 2014). Geastrum lanuginosum could be morphologically compared to G. javanicum and G.velutinum, although these species cluster in a different phylogenetic section (sect. Myceliostroma subsect. Velutinae). Furthermore, these two species also have a well-developed subiculum, distinct delimited peristome and an ephemeral mycelial layer without strangulated-acuminate hyphae.

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Colour illustrations. Brazil, Bahia, Salvador, Universidade Federal da Bahia, where the specimens were collected. Immature basidiomata; mature basidiomata; organization of exoperidium hyphae; hyphae acuminate-strangled from mycelial layer; basidiospores under SEM. All images from holotype ALCB-129358. Scale bars = 10 mm (mature basidiomata), 5 mm (immature basidiomata), 1.4 mm (organization of exoperidium hyphae), 30 μm (hyphae acuminate-strangled), 1 μm (basidiospores under SEM).

The first of three equally most parsimonious trees of the ITS nrDNA sequence alignment were obtained from a heuristic search. The analysis was conducted with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) with 10 000 bootstrap replicates. The new Geastrum species described here is indicated in green. The accession numbers from EMBL/GenBank databases are indicated on the tree. Bootstrap support values greater than 50 % for Parsimony and Maximum-Likelihood are indicated on the branches. Maximum-Likelihood analysis was run with RAxML-HPC2 v. 8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2014) under a GTRGAMMA model. Geastrum fornicatum was included as outgroup. CorelDRAW® X8 software was used to edit the final tree.

^{Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden, and Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@teronescj

^{Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Av. Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@110ahtramairam

^{Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Área de Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, E–28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.hau@onerom.leirbag

^{Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, CP 4600, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@toffaczednanrehl

^{Laboratorio de Micología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; e-mail:}moc.liamg@modusual

Etymology. Named after Jorge E. Wright, Argentinian mycologist who contributed to the study of numerous neotropical gasteroid fungi, including the genus Geastrum.

Classification — Geastraceae, Geastrales, Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina.

Immature basidiomata not seen. Mature basidiomata reaching 4 cm diam and 2.5 cm high (including the peristome). Exoperidium opened in 6–9 not truly hygrometric rays, but with tips that may be either involute or curved under the exoperidial disk. Mycelial layer densely encrusting debris, bistratificate, with the external part formed by hyaline to pale yellowish, skeletal hyphae with inconspicuous lumen, and the internal part with hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, generative hyphae, difficult to distinguish. Fibrous layer coriaceous, cream-coloured to brownish, formed by yellowish skeletal hyphae with a ± distinct lumen. Pseudoparenchymatous layer pale cream at first, soon becoming brownish, around 1 mm thick when fresh, less than 0.5 mm thick when dried, slightly thicker towards the stalk, not persistent in old basidiomata, formed by thin-walled inflated cells of variable size and shape, up to about 40 μm wide, smaller towards the fibrous layer. Mesoperidium as a pale cream farinaceous cover over the endoperium in young basidiomata, formed by small calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals (≤ 12 μm diam) and some generative hyphae. Endoperidial body prominently stalked, subglobose-applanate to almost disc-like, up to 1.5 cm diam; endoperidium brown to blackish, glabrous, sometimes with distinct concentric grooves in the upper half and radial grooves in the lower half showing the hyphal arrangement, farinaceous when young due to the mesoperidial cover, formed by brownish skeletal hyphae with distinct lumen. Peristome plicate, 2–4 mm high, with 14–20 folds, conical, not delimited to ± distinctly delimited, dark brown. Apophysis very well developed, ring-like, with a solid and an acute edge. Stalk 2–4 mm long, brownish. Columella damaged in the studied sporocarps, but intruding at least 1/2 into the glebal mass. Gleba dark brown to blackish. Capillitium formed by yellowish brown to brownish skeletal hyphae, the broadest about 4–5.5 μm diam, thick-walled (up to 2.5 μm thick), with visible lumen, unbranched; surface smooth or sometimes covered with irregular debris. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 4–5(–5.5) μm diam, verrucose, brownish yellow under the compound microscope. Basidiospore ornamentation under the scanning electron microscope well-defined, up to 0.8 μm in height, irregularly baculate, generally isolated or forming short crests, tending to be radially arranged around the hilar appendix.

Habitat & Distribution — Growing solitary to gregarious among vegetal debris, in mixed broadleaf forests. Only known from the Humid Chaco (tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome) and the ecotone between the Southern Andean Yungas (tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome) and the Chaco Serrano (tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome) (Olson et al. 2001).

Typus. Argentina, Catamarca, Dpto. Paclin, La Merced, close to the tunnels entrance, on humus in mixed forest, in ecotone with the Chaco Serrano/Yungas, May 2009, M.M. Dios 589 (holotype AH 49090, isotype BAFC 52280, ITS, 28S nrDNA, RPB1 and ATP6 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732525","term_id":"1783651740","term_text":"MK732525"}}MK732525, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732526","term_id":"1783651741","term_text":"MK732526"}}MK732526, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732533","term_id":"1783651751","term_text":"MK732533"}}MK732533 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732530","term_id":"1783651745","term_text":"MK732530"}}MK732530, MycoBank MB832754).

Additional materials examined. Argentina, Chaco, Dpto. Sargento Cabral y Presidencia de la Plaza, Parque Nacional Chaco, on humus in mixed forest with Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco as a dominant species, 5 May 2010, L. Hernández Caffot MLHC 526 (CORD, ITS/28S nrDNA, RPB1 and ATP6 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732527","term_id":"1783651742","term_text":"MK732527"}}MK732527, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732534","term_id":"1783651753","term_text":"MK732534"}}MK732534 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732531","term_id":"1783651747","term_text":"MK732531"}}MK732531); ibid., MLHC 1903 (CORD, ITS/28S nrDNA, RPB1 and ATP6 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732528","term_id":"1783651743","term_text":"MK732528"}}MK732528, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732535","term_id":"1783651755","term_text":"MK732535"}}MK732535 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK732532","term_id":"1783651749","term_text":"MK732532"}}MK732532).

Notes — The morphological description is based on nine sporocarps from three specimens, and consequently, we expect a much larger intraspecific variation. Intense surveys were conducted during several years to collect additional samples, but without success, so the species appears to be rare. Geastrum wrightii belongs to G. subsect. Sulcostomata (Zamora et al. 2014), and is macromorphologically very close to G. striatum, sharing the very unusual solid, ring-like apophysis under the endoperidium. Both species can be morphologically distinguished by the basidiospore size and colour, 4–5(–5.5) μm and brownish yellow in G. wrightii, vs 5–6(–6.5) μm and distinctly brown in G. striatum. In addition, the ecology and distribution are different, since confirmed records of G. striatum s.str. are only known from temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. One specimen of Geastrum aff. striatum (AH 18521) from Mexico shares the small basidiospore size, but the stalk of the endoperidium is much stouter and shorter, and the apophysis less marked, with a blunt edge, as explained in detail by Zamora et al. (2015).

The three studied specimens of G. wrightii form a fully supported clade in our multilocus phylogeny, with both G. striatum s.str. and G. aff. striatum from Mexico being well-separated. The three known species in the G. glaucescens group (G. glaucescens, G. papinuttii and G. parvistriatum) are also clearly distinct based on molecular data of the analysed DNA regions, and are further characterised morphologically by the absence of a sharp ring-like apophysis.

Colour illustrations. Argentina, Dpto. Paclin, La Merced, ecotone between the Yungas forest and the Chaco Serrano, where the holotype was collected. Detail of a basidioma and basidiospores under the SEM, AH 49090 (holotype); detail of basidiomata and basidiospores under the SEM, MLHC 526 (paratype). Scale bars = 1 cm (basiomata), 1 μm (basidiospores).

^{Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia; e-mail:}ua.ude.qsu@ssiK.etneveL & ua.ude.qsu@ifehgaV.rafooliN

^{Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1022, Herman Otto út 15, Hungary; e-mail:}uh.atm.rarga@kram.htemen

Etymology. Name refers to the genus Glandularia, from which this obligate biotrophic fungus was isolated.

Classification — Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes.

Mycelium on stems, leaves, and sepals, amphigenous, producing dense, white patches that can cover the aerial host plant surfaces. Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 3–6 μm wide, with simple, nipple-shaped hyphal appressoria. Conidiophores erect, consisting of a foot-cell, 38–95 × 9–15 μm, basal septum at the branching point or up to 2–3 μm displaced, increasing in width from base to top, followed by 1–4 shorter cells, forming catenescent conidia. Conidia ellipsoid-cylindrical or doliiform, 20–36 × 11–17 μm. Germ tubes arising from an end, mostly shorter than the conidial length, and terminating in a simple, often swollen appressorium. Sexual morph not seen.

Typus. Australia, Queensland, Bunya Mountains, -26.8002, 151.5686, alt. 969 m, on leaves, stems and sepals of Glandularia aristigera (Verbenaceae), 4 July 2019, L. Kiss (holotype BRIP 70490, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190239","term_id":"1706843550","term_text":"MN190239"}}MN190239 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN539541","term_id":"1757103302","term_text":"MN539541"}}MN539541, MycoBank MB831976).

Additional materials examined. Australia, Queensland, Bunya Mountains - Maclagan Road, close to the intersection with Bunya Mountains Road, -26.9708, 151.6133, alt. 555 m, on leaves, stems and sepals of Glandularia aristigera, 10 June 2019, L. Kiss, BRIP 70491, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190241","term_id":"1706843552","term_text":"MN190241"}}MN190241; Bunya Mountains, -26.8799, 151.5975, alt. 967 m, on leaves, stems and sepals of Glandularia aristigera,18 Feb. 2017, L. Kiss, BRIP 70492, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190240","term_id":"1706843551","term_text":"MN190240"}}MN190240; Bunya Mountains, -26.8811, 151.5975, alt. 963 m, on leaves, stems and sepals of Glandularia aristigera,10 Mar. 2018, L. Kiss, BRIP 68801, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190242","term_id":"1706843553","term_text":"MN190242"}}MN190242; Bunya Mountains Road, -26.8002, 151.5686, alt. 686 m, 10 June 2019, on leaves, stems and sepals of Glandularia aristigera, L. Kiss, BRIP 70531, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190243","term_id":"1706843554","term_text":"MN190243"}}MN190243.

Notes — Golovinomyces contains approximately 60 species of powdery mildew (Braun & Cook 2012), including many common, widespread, plurivorous taxa (Braun et al. 2019). Amongst these, G. orontii s.lat., G. verbenae and G. spadiceus infect diverse host plant species in the Verbenaceae (Braun & Cook 2012, Braun et al. 2019). Glandularia aristigera is a verbenaceous species native to South America that has been naturalised in parts of Australia.

Golovinomyces glandulariae is the first powdery mildew reported on Gl. aristigera globally, causing severe local epidemics in 2017–2019 in Australia. One other species, G. verbenae, has been reported on Gl. phlogiflora (Braun & Cook 2012); other Glandularia spp. are not known as hosts of powdery mildews. Golovinomyces glandulariae differs from G. verbenae by having conidiophores with foot-cells followed by up to four shorter cells, basal septa sometimes 2–3 μm displaced from the point of branching, and smaller conidia. ITS sequences are not available in GenBank for G. verbenae, thus the phylogenetic relationship between these two species cannot be determined. Phylogenetically, G. glandulariae is sister to G. magnicellulatus, which is morphologically similar, although its conidia are larger. As of 26 July 2019, the ITS sequence of G. glandulariae is identical to only two Golovinomyces specimens, KR-M-43410 and KR-M-43411, available in GenBank (acc. nos. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LC076839","term_id":"1057502966","term_text":"LC076839"}}LC076839 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LC076840","term_id":"1057502967","term_text":"LC076840"}}LC076840, respectively). These were collected from Verbena in Germany and were recognised as representing a distinct lineage, without being identified at the species level (Scholler et al. 2016). The next closest hits using the ITS sequence of G. glandulariae are 10 G. magnicellulatus specimens with four to six nucleotide position differences in the ITS2 sequences.

Most of the powdery mildew mycelium on Gl. aristigera consisted of hyphae, conidiophores and conidia of G. glandulariae, although small patches of Podosphaera xanthii were also found on the aerial plant surfaces. Podosphaera xanthii has conidia with fibrosin bodies, which distinguishes it from G. glandulariae. The ITS sequence of P. xanthii was determined in each specimen (acc. nos. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"MN190026-MN190029","start_term":"MN190026","end_term":"MN190029","start_term_id":"1707014376","end_term_id":"1706836508"}}MN190026-MN190029 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190244","term_id":"1706843555","term_text":"MN190244"}}MN190244), and these were all identical to those available in GenBank for over 30 other specimens of P. xanthii collected from diverse host plant species in different parts of the world. This is the first report of P. xanthii on Gl. aristigera globally. It has long been known that the same plants, and even the same leaves may be infected by multiple powdery mildew species (Kiss et al. 2008, Desprez-Loustau et al. 2018) as detected in this study.

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Colour illustrations. A roadside population of Glandularia aristigera heavily infected with powdery mildew in Bunya Mountains, Queensland, Australia. A close-up of an infected plant; conidiophores, non-germinating and germinating conidia, and a hyphal appressorium of Golovinomyces glandulariae. Scale bars = 15 μm (conidiophores, conidia), 5 μm (hyphal appressorium).

Maximum likelihood phylogram based on the internal transcribed spacer sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the intervening 5.8S region. The alignment was dgnment was deposited in TreeBASE (acc. no. 24823). The analysis was performed using RAxML v. 8 (Stamatakis 2014) in Geneious Prime (Biomatters Ltd.) based on the GTR substitution model with gamma-distribution rate variation. A second measure of branch support was estimated through Bayesian Inference of the same alignment using MrBayes v. 3.2.4 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The tree is rooted to Arthrocladiella mougeotii BRIP 66057. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values > 80 % and Bayesian Posterior Probability values > 0.80 are shown above or below the branches. The scale bar represents nucleotide substitutions per site.

^{University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA; e-mail:}ude.sionilli@7rellima

^{Las Muros, 09420 Rimont, France; e-mail:}rf.tenretni-bulc@reinruof.seuqcaj

Etymology. Name refers to the very bristly hairs covering the ascomata.

Classification — Helminthosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes.

Ascomata ovoid, papillate, with an obtusely rounded to slightly conical and cruciform apex, 340–380 μm diam, 420–550 μm high, numerous, densely clustered, superficial, black, barely emerging from a dense, shiny dark brown subiculum with tufts surrounding the ascomata and projecting above, occasionally covering the ascomata entirely; subiculum hyphae dark reddish brown, slightly sinuous, branched, remotely septate, 5–8 μm wide, thick-walled with a lumen, walls 1.5–2.5 μm thick, smooth-walled, with rounded tips. Ascomatal wall of textura angularis in surface view, in longitudinal section 2-layered, 40–55 μm thick, inner layer textura prismatica, 5–10 μm thick, composed of 2–5 layers of elongate, flattened, thin-walled, brown cells, outer layer textura angularis, 35–45 μm thick, composed of several layers of thick-walled, brown cells, cells 4.5–13.5 μm in their greatest dimension, walls 1.8–2 μm thick, with Munk’s pores; tubercles composed of clusters of subglobose cells, 6–9 μm diam, walls up to 3.5 μm thick, bearing long hyphal hairs indistinguishable from the subiculum hyphae. Ascomatal apex composed of a palisade of thick-walled, rectangular cells converging around the ostiole and terminating as small, opaque cells on the surface, with periphyses arising from an inner hyaline basal layer. Paraphyses filiform, 1.5–2.5 μm wide, embedded in a dense mucilaginous matrix, hyaline, sparse, remotely septate, unbranched, persistent. Asci broadly fusiform, 78–90 × 13.5–18 μm, stipitate, stipe 34–56 μm, unitunicate, thin-walled, apex truncate; ring narrow, 0.6–0.8 × 3–3.5 μm, shallow, refractive, I-, faintly stained by blue and blue-black inks; with 8 bi- to triseriate ascospores. Ascospores cylindrical, allantoid, with obtuse ends, (17.5–)18.5–23(–24) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) μm (av. 21.2 × 5.7), yellowish and aseptate in the ascus before maturity, eventually light to yellow brown and 1-septate, septum medial, thick, blackish brown, not constricted; with large and small guttules, smooth-walled, without sheath or appendages.

Habitat — Decayed wood in a tropical forest, possibly fungicolous on Hypoxylon investiens.

Distribution — Known only from Martinique, French West Indies.

Typus. French West Indies, Martinique, Prêcheur, Anse Couleuvre, coastal mesophilic forest, on dead blackened wood, associated with old stromata of Hypoxylon investiens, N14.84 W61.22, 9 June 2014, J. Fournier & C. Lechat, MJF 14113 (holotype ILLS00121145 (ILLS), ITS-LSU sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN447129","term_id":"1768405664","term_text":"MN447129"}}MN447129, MycoBank MB832757).

Additional material examined. French West Indies, Martinique, Prêcheur, Anse Couleuvre, coastal mesophilic forest, on dead blackened wood, associated with old stromata of Hypoxylon investiens, N14.84 W61.22, 16 Aug. 2013, J. Fournier & C. Lechat, MJF 13262 = ILLS00121146.

Notes — Helminthosphaeria hispidissima at first appears to resemble Lasiosphaeris hirsuta since they share tuberculate, hairy ascomata (Miller & Huhndorf 2004). However, their ascospores differ greatly being allantoid and lacking appendages in H. hispidissima and vermiform with awl-like appendages in L. hirsuta. Six other species in the Helminthosphaeriaceae possess allantoid to cylindrical and curved ascospores ranging in shape and septation from short, fat and aseptate in H. stuppea and H. tomaculum to longer, narrower and up to 1-septate in Echinosphaeria canescens and Ruzenia spermoides to long, narrow and 1–5-septate in E. heterostoma and Hilberina punctata (Miller et al. 2014). Helminthosphaeria hispidissima is easily distinguished by its brown, 1-septate ascospores, whereas the other six species possess hyaline to pale brown (or brown, but much longer ascospores in E. heterostoma), aseptate or multi-septate (rarely 1-septate) ascospores.

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Colour illustrations. Background photo of typical tropical undergrowth in Anse Couleuvre (Martinique). Ascomata; ascus; young and older ascospores; ascoma; longitudinal sections through ascomal wall; ascal apices. Scale bars = 1 mm (ascomata), 100 μm (ascoma), 10 μm (young ascus, older ascospores, ascomal walls), 5 μm (ascal apices). Photos: Jacques Fournier.

Maximum likelihood tree generated using PhyML in SeaView v. 4.5.4 (Gouy et al. 2010). Helminthosphaeria hispidissima is in bold. Numbers above branches refer to bootstrap support values. GenBank accession numbers for the LSU region are given after taxon names.

^{Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil; e-mail:}rb.vfu@agerbon.asiaht, rb.vfu@yelsew.onurb & rb.vfu@oterrabr

^{CAB International, UK Centre, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; e-mail:}gro.ibac@snave.h

Etymology. Having a sealed sporocarp.

Classification — Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.

Ascomata chasmothecium (similar to sporocarps of the Erysiphales), without an ostiole, epiphytic, formed on a subiculum on living leaves, globose, brown. Hymenium containing asci but no sterile filaments. Asci bitunicate, subglobose, fasciculate. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0–2-septate, hyaline. Asexual morph unknown.

Type species. Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae T.F. Nóbrega, B.W. Ferreira, H.C. Evans & R.W. Barreto

MycoBank MB832759.

^{Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, MG, Brazil; e-mail:}rb.vfu@agerbon.asiaht, rb.vfu@yelsew.onurb & rb.vfu@oterrabr

^{CAB International, UK Centre, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; e-mail:}gro.ibac@snave.h

Etymology. Name reflects the host, Mikania micrantha.

Colonies hypophyllous, forming irregular white patches on the host surfaces, powdery mildew-like. Mycelium superficial, composed of very narrow (1–4 μm diam), branched, almost indistinguishably septate, thin-walled, hyaline, hyphae, forming a dense colourless subiculum. Ascomata chasmothecium (similar to fruit bodies of the Erysiphales), scattered to gregarious, globose, 51–74 × 55–76 μm diam, without an ostiole, walls thickened composed of 3–4 layers of brown textura globulosa, 7–17 μm, smooth. Asci fasciculate, subglobose, 19–27 × 7–12 μm, bitunicate, 8-spored. Sterile filaments absent. Ascospores ellipsoid, 7–13 × 2–5 μm, 0–2-septate, hyaline, smooth. Asexual morph absent.

Typus. Brazil, Minas Gerais, Viçosa, campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, coffee experimental area (Viveiro de Café), on living leaves of Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae), 4 Dec. 2018, R.W. Barreto (holotype VIC 47212, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN537723","term_id":"1756502230","term_text":"MN537723"}}MN537723 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN537725","term_id":"1756502232","term_text":"MN537725"}}MN537725, Myco-Bank MB832760).

Notes — Numerous attempts to isolate this fungus on a range of general-purpose culture media failed to produce any culture, leading to the conclusion that this is a biotrophic taxon. Furthermore, detailed observations under the compound microscope and via scanning electron microscopy failed to produce any evidence of appressoria, or other penetration structures of leaf tissue, or any internal growth of mycelium. It appears that H. mikaniae-micranthae is an epiphyte relying strictly on plant exudates for its growth and is a specialised colonist of this plant host. Mikania micrantha is a relatively uncommon but widespread ruderal climber in Brazil, frequently associated with marshy areas. However, in its exotic range in the Palaeotropics, especially in Asia, it is highly invasive and damaging (mile-a-minute weed) in both natural and agricultural ecosystems (Ellison & Sankaran 2017).

Phylogenetic trees constructed from the analysis of Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference demonstrated that the fungus belongs to the Chaetothyriaceae. Many species included in this family are epiphytes, colonising the surface of living leaves with mycelium limited to the host cuticle (Chomnunti et al. 2012). Sequences of the fungus, obtained directly from colonies on living leaves of M. micrantha, formed a clade isolated from other genera of Chaetothyriacae, with high support (bootstrap = 100 / posterior probability = 1) justifying the recognition of a new monotypic genus for this species.

The closest genera to Hermetothecium in the phylogenetic study are Phaeosaccardinula and Vonarxia. Fungi in Phaeosaccardinula have ascomata, with a dark, non-setose pellicle, saccate, bitunicate asci and muriform, hyaline to brownish ascospores (Yang et al. 2014). Vonarxia is based on an asexual morph which is sporodochial, with septate setae (Batista et al. 1960).

Colour illustrations. Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae forming whitish, powdery-mildew-like colonies on the underside of Mikania micrantha leaves. Brown, thick-walled ascoma; colony formed abaxially (note brown sphaeroid ascomata associated with whitish subiculum); squash-mounted ascoma releasing asci-only hymenium; fascicle of immature asci; 8-spored mature asci. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Department of Biology, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium; e-mail:}eb.tnegu@tagled.nnyl & eb.tnegu@nekebrev.ekeim

^{Department of Plant Pathology, 2105 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA; e-mail:}moc.liamg@retsegdold

Etymology. Refers to the island where the species was found.

Classification — Russulaceae, Russulales, Agaricomycetes.

Pileus 56 mm diam, planoconvex with depressed centre; margin straight; surface minutely pubescent, wrinkled near the margin, dry, light drab fading to drab grey. Stipe 21 × 8–12 mm, regular and cylindrical, slightly tapering downwards, stuffed; surface smooth, dry, white. Lamellae adnate, some forked near stipe, some crisped, subdistant, more than 1 mm apart halfway the radius, with abundant lamellulae in a regular short-long-short pattern (3–7 between two lamellae), cream to pale horn, staining slowly raw sienna; edge concolorous and entire. Context white, brown at the base and in the centre, rapidly turning cinnamon when cut. Smell slightly foetid, like rotting meat. Taste sweet, very slowly faint acrid. Latex white, staining brown. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, (7.3–)7.5–9.5–11.4(–11.7) × 6–7.2–8.4 μm (Q = 1.15–1.32–1.49); ornamentation amyloid, composed of isolated warts, up to 1 μm high; plage distinct and often weakly centrally to distally amyloid. Basidia 52.5–62.5–72.5 × 9.5–12–14(–14.5) μm, subclavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia absent. Pseudocystidia inconspicuous, 6.5–8 μm wide, not emergent. Lamellar edge fertile. Hymenophoral trama mixed, with sphaerocytes, hyphae and abundant lactifers. Pileipellis a dense lamprotrichoderm; terminal elements 22.5–70–117 × 2–3–4 μm, cylindrical, rarely subcapitate, thick-walled, often refringent; subpellis composed of thick-walled interwoven hyphae.Stipitipellis as pileipellis.

Distribution — So far only known from the type locality, the North Bay woods on Guana Island. Occurring on sandy soil under Coccoloba uvifera.

Typus. British Virgin Isles, Guana Island, North Bay woods, N18°28′42″ W64°34′, 24 Oct. 1997, D.J. Lodge (holotype GUA-104 (CFMR), ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK046851","term_id":"1490011677","term_text":"MK046851"}}MK046851, MycoBank MB831225).

Notes — Lactifluus guanensis belongs to L. subg. Gymnocarpi, which is supported by molecular data (ITS phylogeny: see Supplementary Fig. FP1018), as well as by morphological characters, such as the absence of true pleurolamprocystidia and a brownish colour reaction of the latex and/or the context when exposed to air. Lactifluus guanensis is part of an unnamed section (Clade 1; Clade 9 in De Crop et al. 2017), a section which contains exclusively Neotropical species, mostly species from the Antilles. Morphologically this species has similar characters to the other species in this section (e.g., L.murinipes, L.nebulosus, L.putidus), such as dull basidiocarp colours, brown staining of the latex and context, unpleasant smell and spore ornamentation consisting of isolated warts.

There is only one other Lactifluus species known from the Greater Antilles or associated with Coccolobo uvifera. Lactarius coccolobae* closely resembles Lactifluus guanensis. However, L. coccolobae has more narrow basidia (8–9.5 μm wide), slightly shorter spores (7.2–9(–10.8) μm long), lower spore ornamentation (up to 0.3 μm) and a gelatinised pileipellis (Miller et al. 2000). On the other hand, Lactifluus guanensis is easily distinguishable from Lactifluus species from the Lesser Antilles, notably due to the often amyloid plage, the absence of macrocystidia and the lamprotrichoderm structure of the pileipellis consisting of thick-walled elements. Only L. caribaeus also lacks macrocystidia and has a trichodermial pileipellis, but differs by the distinctly smaller and more globose spores (6.6–7.6–8.5 × 5.8–6.3–6.8 μm (Q = 1.06–1.20–1.35)) with inamyloid plage, and by the thin-walled terminal elements of the pileipellis.

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Lactifluus guanensis: basidiospores; basidia; pileipellis terminal elements. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Colour illustrations. Guana Island, British Virgin Isles. Basidiocarp of Lactifluus guanensis (holotype GUA-104); pileipellis; basidia; basidiospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; e-mail:}se.csu@anepaled.luas

^{ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, 39012 Santander, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@odaravla.olbap

Etymology. The epithet refers to the place where it was found (Illa de Cortegada, Parque Nacional Marítimo-Terrestre de las Islas Atlánticas, Galicia, Spain).

Classification — Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes.

Apothecia gregarious, from 0.5–4 mm diam, first slightly concave and then flattened, irregularly disc-shaped, umbilicated or depressed, sessile, centrally attached to the substrate. Hyme-nium smooth, wavy, gibbous, yellowish grey when fresh and orange-ochre when dry, with the external and central parts dark grey. Asci cylindrical-clavate 80–120 × 12–18 μm, 8-spored, with a conical apex and a base gradually narrowed into a medium-sized stalk with croziers, showing no reaction to IKI (Lugol’s solution), and turning only slightly yellowish in KOH (no ionomidotic reaction). Paraphyses distinctly dimorphic, either cylindrical, inflated (molliform), or slightly broadened at the apex, with refractive vacuolar bodies at the top. In addition, the paraphyses extend beyond the asci. Ascospores elliptical with rounded ends, measuring 15–18 × 5.5–7 μm, with 1–2 small (< 1 μm) guttules at the poles. Ectal excipulum consisting of a brownish texture globose at the base, and globose elements in the surface. The margin lacks conspicuous protruding cells. The medullary tissue consists of gelatinized hyphae. Subicular hyphae sparse, hyaline and thick-walled. All observations made on fresh specimens.

Distribution — Currently known only from the type location in north-western Spain.

Phylogeny — The analysis of ITS and 28S rDNA suggests that the sample from Cortegada is related with the monophyletic Vibrissea-Loramyces clade (Wang et al. 2006, Hustad & Miller 2011, Han et al. 2014) of the Mollisiaceae s.lat. According to the family concepts proposed by Johnston et al. (2019), M.cortegadensis belongs to the clade of families Mollisiaceae, Loramycetaceae and Vibrisseaceae, which could be merged into the oldest name Mollisiaceae.

Typus. Spain, Galicia, Pontevedra, Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia, Illa de Cortegada, N42°36′59.65″ W8°46′59.22″, 9.4 m asl, a group of ascomata at the tip of a dead attached twig of Quercus robur, 27 Apr. 2016, S. De la Peña-Lastra (holotype MSS906, ITS and 28S/LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN129025","term_id":"1697232313","term_text":"MN129025"}}MN129025 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN129020","term_id":"1697232297","term_text":"MN129020"}}MN129020, MycoBank MB831739).

Notes — Mollisia cortegadensis is characterised by its two types of paraphyses: slightly broadened at their tips and others strongly swollen, but all of them have conspicuous refractive vacuolar bodies that stain in cresyl blue. In addition, the fungus is drought-tolerant suggested by the dry photo and the inamyloid asci. Mollisia spectabilis has similar spore dimensions about 8–14 × 2.8–3.5 μm, but those of M. cortegadensis can be as long as 18 μm. In addition, M. cortegadensis is drought-tolerant and growing in clusters in the apical part of small decorticated branches of Quercus robur, while M. spectabilis grows on rotten leaves of Q. robur or underneath rotten Quercus logs (Kirschstein 1938). Other species similar to M. spectabilis such as M. elegantior and M. olivascens can be found in the same locality, but they have different spore dimensions and lack the orange ochre tones when dry (Richter & Baral 2008, Le Gal & Mangenot 1958). The putative phylogenetic relationship with M. ligni and M. minutella is only supported by a few shared ecological or morphological trait, since M. ligni has ascospores 6–10 × 2–3 μm, cylindrical paraphyses with low refractive vacuoles (Karsten 1873) and M. minutella, which is sometimes considered a synonym of M. cinerea, has ascospores 7–14 × 2.5–3 μm and the apices of asci stain blue in IKI (Karsten 1871).

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Colour illustrations. Location where M. cortegadensis was collected on Cortegada Island. Fresh apothecia; dry apothecia; elements of the hymenium; spores (two of them in IKI at the bottom); paraphyses, hymenium in KOH; ascus in IKI (-); ascus in water, base of an ascus showing the crozier, paraphyses; detail of paraphyses in cresyl blue, ectal excipulum; medullary excipulum; medullary excipulum in KOH, medullary excipulum in NH₄OH; ascome margin; marginal cells; flanks. Scale bars = 50 μm (apothecia, ascus in water and medullary excipulum in KOH), 20 μm (other structures).

50 % majority rule ITS-28S rDNA consensus phylogram of several lineages in the Mollisioid clade (Johnston et al. 2019), including families Mollisiaceae, Loramycetaceae and Vibrisseaceae obtained in MrBayes from 1 650 sampled trees. Nodes were annotated if supported by ≥ 0.95 Bayesian PP (left) or ≥ 70 % ML BP (right). Non-significant support values are exceptionally represented inside parentheses.

^{Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team, Bioscience and Biotechnology for Agriculture, BIOTEC, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;e-mail:}ht.ro.cetoib@nejaj, ht.ro.cetoib@iatanasat & ht.ro.cetoib@aht.ayannod

Etymology. Named after the location where the species was collected, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.

Classification — Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes.

Stromata variable in number, solitary to three, 20–30 mm tall and 2–3 mm wide. Rhizoids flexuous, c. 2 cm long, arising from the head of cicada nymphs living underground. Fertile part distinctly terminal, globose, pinkish red, sterile stroma beneath the fertile part cylindrical, pale pink. Ascomata perithecial, completely immersed, ovoid, (590–)615–675(–700) × (200–)216–263(–300) μm. Asci cylindrical, (237.5–)252–326(–337.5) × 5–5.8(–6) μm with cap, 5 × 5 μm. Ascospores filiform, (300–)314–353(–360) × 1.5–2 μm readily breaking into 32 part-spores, (7–)9–11.5(–13) × 1.5–2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies developed from germinating ascospores. The ascospores germinated within 24 h on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies relatively slow-growing, attaining a diameter of 5 mm in 30 d at 25 °C, dark brown with cream edges. Colonies produce brown synnemata after 1 mo with a pruinose area bearing conidiogenous cells and conidia. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hirsutella-like, (5.5–)6.4–8.6(–11) × 2–2.7(–3) μm. Conidia hyaline, fusiform, smooth-walled, (3–)3.7–4.9(–5.5) × (1–)1.5–2.3(–3) μm.

Typus. Thailand, Khon Kaen Province, Khon Kaen Field Crop Research Center, 16.484′N 102.831′E, on Hemiptera (cicada nymph) underground, 27 May 2016, W. Noisripoom, S. Wongkanoun & A. Klaysuban (holotype {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"BBH45360","term_id":"1775963348","term_text":"BBH45360"}}BBH45360, culture ex-type BCC81462, SSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK632126","term_id":"1784991545","term_text":"MK632126"}}MK632126, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK632075","term_id":"1784991489","term_text":"MK632075"}}MK632075, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK632168","term_id":"1784991623","term_text":"MK632168"}}MK632168 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK632157","term_id":"1784991601","term_text":"MK632157"}}MK632157, MycoBank MB830259).

Notes — Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis produces ascomata on the terminal part of the stroma. Their hosts are cicada nymphs that can be found buried in soil. This species was only found in Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center, Khon Kaen Province during the rainy season. It is nested in a clade together with O. longissima and O. sobolifera (Sung et al. 2007). It shares similarity with O. longissima in the colour of the fertile part. However, in O. longissima and also in O. sobolifera, the shape of the fertile part is clavate with a pointed end. Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis produces broadly ellipsoidal fertile heads and ovoid perithecia but in O. sobolifera the fertile head is cream, not red, and the perithecia are stouter (500–600 × 220–260) compared to O. khonkaenensis. It shares similarities with O.heteropoda in the ovoid shape of the fertile area (Sung et al. 2007). However, it differs in the colour of the fertile head, which is mustard yellow to dark brown in O. heteropoda, and the perithecia are ampullaceous, completely immersed, 610–660 μm long, around 210 μm wide.

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Colour illustrations. Type locality – a small plot in Khon Kaen Field Crop Research Center. Fungus on cicada nymph producing three stromata; ovoid perithecia; asci; ascospore; part-spores; obverse and reverse of colonies on PDA; hirsutella-like asexual morph on PDA. Scale bars = 10 mm (plate culture), 7 mm (stromata), 110 μm (perithecia), 30 μm (asci and ascospore), 10 μm (part-spores), 8 μm (hirsutella-like asexual morph on PDA).

Phylogenetic reconstruction using the Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maxi-mum Likelihood (ML) (RAxML v. 8.2.10, Stamatakis 2006) multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal small and large subunits (SSU and LSU), the largest and second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2) and elongation factor 1-α (TEF) revealed that Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis is closely related to O. sobolifera and O. longissima. Molecular data of these specimens formed a separate clade from other species of Ophiocordyceps with full bootstrap support (100 %), thus a new species Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis is introduced.

^{Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria; and Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research Council – Plant Health and Protection, P. Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.pu.ibaf@eigasiv.suboc

^{Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research Council – Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa; e-mail:}az.cirga.cra@IgnoR

Etymology. Latin, cuddlyae, named after Cuddly the Dachshund; this species was isolated from her dog food.

Classification — Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.

Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 20–45 × 2–3 μm; vesicle 5–6 μm wide; phialides ampulliform, 10–20 per vesicle, 8–10 × 2–3 μm (9 ± 0.7 × 2.6 ± 0.2); conidia smooth-walled, ellipsoid, often almost appearing cylindrical, 2–3 × 2.5–2 μm (2.5 ± 0.2 × 1.8 ± 0.2), average length/width = 0.73, n = 54.

Culture characteristics (25 °C, 7 d) — On Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA): Colonies low, radially and concentrically sulcate, raised centrally; margins low, narrow (1 mm), entire; mycelia white to inconspicuously yellow to orange; texture floccose; sporulation very sparse, conidia en masse not determined; soluble pigments absent; exudates clear to orange; reverse orange to reddish orange (6A7–7A7; colour code based on Kornerup & Wanscher (1967)), orange (5A6), pale yellow (2A3). On malt extract agar (MEA): Colonies low, plain, raised centrally; margins low, wide (3 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous and floccose; sporulation sparse to moderately dense, conidia en masse greyish green (25B3–26B3); soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse greyish orange (5B6), greyish green (30B4–C4), yellowish white (2A2). On yeast extract sucrose agar (YES): Colonies moderately deep, radially and concentrically sulcate, sunken centrally; margins low, wide (2–3 mm), entire; mycelia white, inconspicuously yellow at centre; texture floccose; sporulation sparse, conidia en masse greenish white (25A2); soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange (6A7), brownish orange (5C3), pale yellow (3A3). On dichloran 18 % glycerol agar (DG18): Colonies low, radially sulcate, raised centrally; margins low, narrow (1 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation sparse to moderately dense, conidia en masse greenish white (25A2); soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange (5A5), light yellow (3A5). On creatine sucrose agar (CREA): Colonies weak growth, no acid production. Colony diam (in mm): CYA 24–26; CYA 30 °C 31–33; CYA 37 °C 19–21; CYA with 5 % NaCl 19–20; MEAbl 21–23; DG18 24–25; YES 30–32; oatmeal agar 28–30; CREA 12–14.

Typus. South Africa, Gauteng Province, Pretoria, from dog food, Feb. 2019, coll. I. Rong, isol. C.M. Visagie (holotype PREM 623302, cultures ex-type PPRI 26355 = CMV016A6, LSU, ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN388754","term_id":"1732216885","term_text":"MN388754"}}MN388754, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951942","term_id":"1793627264","term_text":"MK951942"}}MK951942, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951835","term_id":"1793626284","term_text":"MK951835"}}MK951835, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951908","term_id":"1793626924","term_text":"MK951908"}}MK951908 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN418450","term_id":"1789164474","term_text":"MN418450"}}MN418450, MycoBank MB832433).

Notes — A BLAST search against an ex-type reference sequence dataset placed the new species in Penicillium sect. Charlesia (Visagie et al. 2014). A multigene phylogeny based on ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2 resolves Penicillium cuddlyae as sister to P. chermesinum, P. indicum and the recently described P. lunae (Crous et al. 2019a). All four genes distinguish these species. Morphologically, P. lunae is the only of the three that can grow on CYA at 37 °C. Compared to P. chermesinum and P. indicum, the new species generally shows more restricted growth (especially on CYA) (Pitt 1980, Peterson et al. 2005). Microscopically they are very similar except for P. cuddlyae and P. lunae producing longer phialides (up to 10 μm vs 7–8 μm) (Pitt 1980). Penicillium cuddlyae produces ellipsoid conidia compared to the subglobose to broadly ellipsoid conidia of P.lunae.

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Colour illustrations. Dog food pellets. Colonies on CYA and MEA; colony texture on MEA; conidiophores; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Combined phylogeny of representative Penicillium species from sections Charlesia and Cinnamopurpurea based on ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2. Aligned datasets were analysed in IQ-tree v. 1.6.8. Bootstrap support values (≥ 80 %) are given above branches. The new species is indicated by bold text, ^{= ex-type strain. GenBank accession numbers are given in a smaller font after the culture accession number (ITS = green,}BenA = blue, CaM = red, RPB2 = purple). The tree is rooted to P. alfredii.

^{Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil; Faculdades Integradas de Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@edardnaenilkcaj

^{Cristiane Nascimento Figueiredo & Harrison Guimarães Souza, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil; e-mail:}rb.ude.brfu@hcabramhp, moc.liamg@ooderieugifenaitsirc & moc.liamg@sgh.nossirah

^{Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; e-mail:}rb.alfu.pfd@azuos.egroj

Etymology. reconvexovelosoi, named in honour of the artist Caetano Veloso, an icon of Brazilian culture in the struggle for freedom of expression mainly during the military dictatorship.

Classification — Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.

Conidiophores monoverticillate. Stipes smooth to finely rough walled, 27–172 × 1.5–3.0 μm, sometimes vesicilate, 2–5 × 3–6 μm. Phialides ampulliform, 7–11 × 2–3 μm. Conidia finely roughened, ellipsoidal to subglobose, 2–2.5 × 2–3 μm. Mycelial coilings sometimes observed.

Culture characteristics — Colony diam (7 d, in mm): Czapek Yeast Autolysate agar (CYA) 28–29; CYA 30 °C 15–18; CYA 37 °C no growth; MEAbl 26–27; Yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) 21–23; Dichloran 18 % Glycerol agar (DG18) 27–29; Czapek Yeast Autolysate agar with 5 % NaCl (CYAS) 22–25; Oatmeal agar (OA) 28–30; Czapek’s agar (CZ) 25–27; Creatine sucrose agar (CREA) 12–15, weak acid production.CYA, 25 °C: Colonies deep, concentrically sulcate, crateriform; margins low, wide, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation moderate, conidia en masse white to light grey (1A1–D1) (Kornerup & Wanscher 1978); exudate light yellow, soluble pigment light brown; reverse greyish yellow to light orange (4B4–6A4) at centre and light orange (5A5) at margin. MEAbl, 25 °C: Colonies low, slightly raised in the centre, margins low, narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation moderate; conidia en masse white to olive grey (1A1–E2); exudate absent, soluble pigment golden yellow; reverse greyish yellow (3B5). YES, 25 °C: Colonies deep, radially and concentrically sulcate, crateriform, margins low, narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse white to light grey (1A1–D1); exudate absent, soluble pigment golden yellow; reverse greyish orange (5B4) light yellow (4A5) at margin. DG18, 25 °C: Colonies low, raised in the centre, margins low, narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation moderate; conidia en masse grey (3B1–C1); exudate absent, soluble pigment brilliant yellow; reverse greyish yellow (3B5). CYAS, 25 °C: Colonies radially and concentrically sulcate, crateriform, margins low, narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation sparse, conidia en masse yellowish white to grey (1A2–C1); exudate absent, soluble pigment light brown; reverse greyish yellow to reddish orange (4B6–7A8) at centre light orange (5A5) at margin. OA, 25 °C: Colonies low, plane; margins low, narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; pale yellow sclerotia present; conidia en masse olive grey (2D2); exudate clear, soluble pigment golden yellow. CZ, 25 °C: Colonies low, plane; margins low, wide, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation sparse, conidia en masse pale grey (1B1); exudate absent, soluble pigment light brown; reverse pale orange (6A3) at centre and light brown (6D6) at margin.

Typus. Brazil, Bahia, in leaf litter from the Guaibim sandbank, S13°18′ W38°57′, 20 Aug. 2012, V. de J. Nunes (holotype HURB 18575 (dried culture on MEA); culture ex-type CCDCA 11500 = 45, LSU, BenA and CaM sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN497417","term_id":"1789814415","term_text":"MN497417"}}MN497417, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN497418","term_id":"1789814417","term_text":"MN497418"}}MN497418 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN503515","term_id":"1750463055","term_text":"MN503515"}}MN503515, MycoBank MB 832747).

Notes — Penicillium reconvexovelosoi is phylogenetically related to P. mellis (Barbosa et al. 2018), both included in the section Sclerotiora. Penicillium mellis grows faster than P. reconvexovelosoi on CYA 30 °C (33–35 mm) and YES (34–36) and grows slower on OA (24–25), DG18 (24–25) and CREA (10–11). Penicillium reconvexovelosoi does not grow on CYA 37 °C, but P. mellis grows (2–4 mm). Penicillium reconvexovelosoi may produce a soluble light brown pigment on CYA and weak acid production on CREA, but P. mellis does not produce soluble pigments in CYA and neither acid on CREA. Penicillium reconvexovelosoi has longer stipes than P. mellis (25–40 × 2–3.5 μm) and produces mycelial coils, but these structures were not reported for P. mellis. All macroscopic and microscopic measurements were done twice, independently, for isolate CCDCA 11500.

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Colour illustrations. Leaf litter at Guaibim environmental protection area located in Bahia, Brazil. Seven-day-old colonies growing at 25 °C, top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEAbl, YES and OA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEAbl, YES and obverse CREA, conidiophores, conidia and coiling of mycelia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Maximum likelihood tree obtained by phylogenetic analysis of the combined BenA and CaM sequences from Penicillium reconvexovelosoi and phylogenetically related species in section Sclerotiora performed in MEGA v. 6.06 software employing K2+G+I model with 1 000 bootstrap re-samplings. Bootstrap support values (BS > 80 %) are presented at the nodes. Penicillium levitum NRRL 705^{was used as outgroup. The new species is presented in}bold font (^{= ex-type). GenBank accession numbers are given between square brackets (}CaM = green, BenA = blue).

^{Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, RUS-197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia;e-mail:}ur.narnib@avehsylam_e & ur.narnib@avehsylam_v

Etymology. The epithet reflects very small, diminutive size of basidiocarps.

Classification — Pluteaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiocarp tiny. Pileus 9 mm diam, infundibular with concave centre; margin serrated, not striated, slightly undulating; not hygrophanous; surface squamulose, covered with small erect dark brown squamules, densely located at centre and scarce towards margin with white context exhibited between them, and the pattern of the squamules arrangement gives the impression of mottle. Lamellae free, fairly distant, ventricose, white becoming pink, with serrulated, concolorous edges. Stipe 10 × 1–1.5 mm, cylindrical, somewhat broadening towards base, but without basal bulb, whitish or with light ochraceous shades, slightly pruinose. Context in pileus and stipe white. Smell and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores 5.3–6.2 × 5–5.8 μm (L_av = 5.7, W_av = 5.3), Q = 1.00–1.16, Q* = 1.08, globose to subglobose; thick-walled; hyaline in KOH, with one large or numerous small guttules. Basidia 19–33 × 7.5–8.5 μm, 4-spored, broadly clavate with a medial constriction at maturity. Cheilocystidia rather numerous to abundant, forming sterile layer at the lamella edge, 36–83 × 9–15 μm, mainly clavate or narrowly utriform, rare almost cylindrical, pedicellate (with short to long pedicels), most of them with slimy apical caps or apical drops; slightly thick-walled; hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis, made up of ascending bundles of narrowly fusiform or cylindrical thickwalled elements, with intracellular brown pigment, 70–170 × 10–14 μm. Stipitipellis a cutis, made up of long, cylindrical, hyaline hyphae, 4–10 μm wide. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined.

Habitat & Distribution — Solitary, on fallen branch of deciduous tree, in mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest. So far known only from type locality.

Typus. Russia, Primorye Territory, Land of the Leopard National Park, watershed of Ananievka and Gryaznaya rivers, mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest (with Abies holophylla, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus cordata, Tilia mandshurica and Acer spp.), on fallen branch of deciduous tree, 2 Sept. 2011, V. Malysheva (holotype LE 312868, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982288","term_id":"1673111006","term_text":"MK982288"}}MK982288 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982304","term_id":"1673111022","term_text":"MK982304"}}MK982304, MycoBank MB831298).

Notes — Pluteus liliputianus is characterised by tiny basidiocarps, squamulose dark brown pileus with a peculiar arrangement pattern of squamules, pileipellis organised as a trichoderm with long fusiform terminal elements, absence of pleuro- and caulocystidia, and globose or subglobose basidiospores. Based on its pileipellis structure P. liliputianus is placed in sect. Celluloderma.

This new species resembles P. hispidulus, P. exiguus, P. karstedtiae, P. hispidulopsis and P. spurius by its macroscopic features but can be distinguished from them due to microscopic characters.

Pluteus liliputianus can be distinguished from the first three species listed mainly by the cheilocystidia shape, as well as shape and size of basidiospores (Vellinga 1990). It differs from P. karstedtiae by having a smaller basidiocarp, differently coloured pileus with more distinct squamation and non-striate margin, larger cheilocystidia, and the pileipellis structure (Menolli et al. 2015). Pluteus hispidulopsis is distinguished by the structure of its pileus surface and colouration, smaller basidiospores (5–5.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm), the presence of pleurocystidia and the pileipellis organised as a cutis (Menolli et al. 2015). Pluteus spurius, another species distributed in the same territory and described herein, is characterised by larger basidiocarps, differently shaped cheilocystidia, pileipellis a cutis, and the presence of caulocystidia.

In the phylogenetic analyses, the sequence of P. liliputianus forms an individual branch which is placed close to the group of P. hispidulus.

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Colour illustrations. Russia, Land of the Leopard National Park, mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest. Basidiocarp; basidiospores; pileipellis; cheilocystidia; basidia (all from holotype). Scale bars = 5 mm (basidiocarp), 10 μm (microscopic structures).

Best tree from the ML analysis of the nrITS dataset for Pluteus hispidulus and allied taxa with P. thomsonii as outgroup, generated on RAxML server v. 0.9.0. Bootstrap support values and Posterior probability (BS/PP) are given above the branches. All tips are labelled with taxon name and GenBank accession number. The newly generated sequences are in bold.

^{Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, RUS-197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail:}ur.narnib@avehsylam_e & ur.narnib@avehsylam_v

Etymology. Name reflects the similarity of the newly described species with a group of closely related taxa and the possibility of confusion when definition is based only on macroscopic features.

Classification — Pluteaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiocarp small. Pileus 10–18 mm diam, at first hemispherical, later applanate and becoming concave, without umbo; margin even, not striated, slightly undulating; not hygrophanous; surface fibrillose-squamulose, covered with small greyish brown or ash brown squamules, densely located at centre, and adpressed fibrils becoming sparse towards margin with white context exhibited between them. Lamellae free, fairly distant, ventricose, white becoming pink, with serrulated, concolorous edges. Stipe 15‒25 × 1‒2.5 mm, cylindrical, somewhat broadening towards base, but without basal bulb, whitish or with light ochraceous shades, slightly pruinose and longitudinally fibrillose. Context in pileus and stipe white. Smell and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores (5.2–)5.5–6.5(–7) × (4.8–)5–5.6(–6.4) μm (L_av = 5.9, W_av = 5.3), Q = 1.00–1.22, Q* = 1.10, globose to subglobose; thick-walled; hyaline in KOH, with one large or numerous small guttules. Basidia 20–35 × 7–8.5 μm, 4-spored, broadly clavate with a medial constriction at maturity. Cheilocystidia rather numerous to abundant, forming sterile layer at the lamella edge, 30‒54 × 9.5‒15(–17) μm, mainly lageniform, inflated-lageniform or fusiform, rarely utriform or clavate, with short pedicels and often with subglobose apex; thin-walled; hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis, made up of slightly thick-walled hyphae, 10–12 μm wide, with intracellular brown pigment; transforming into a trichoderm at centre of pileus, with bundles of fusiform, usually septate, terminal elements more than 100 μm long and 12‒22 μm wide. Stipitipellis a cutis, made up of long, cylindrical, hyaline hyphae, 4–8 μm wide. Caulocystidia present in all parts of stipe, scarce, in bundles, cylindrical or fusiform, 50‒120 × 8‒10(–14) μm; thin- or slightly thick-walled; hyaline. Clamp connections absent in all parts examined.

Habitat & Distribution — Solitary, on decaying deciduous wood or soil, in floodplain broadleaf or mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests. Known from two localities in the Russian Far East.

Typus. Russia, Primorye Territory, Kedrovaya Pad’ Biosphere Nature Reserve, floodplain of Kedrovaya River, broadleaf forest, on decaying wood of deciduous tree, 4 Sept. 2011, V. Malysheva (holotype LE 312866; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982290","term_id":"1673111008","term_text":"MK982290"}}MK982290 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982303","term_id":"1673111021","term_text":"MK982303"}}MK982303, MycoBank MB831299).

Additional material examined. Russia, Primorye Territory, vicinities of Vladivostok, Ocean Ridge, mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest (Abies holophylla, Pinus koraiensis, Juglans mandshurica, Acer spp.), on soil, 9 Sept. 2013, E. Malysheva (LE 312869, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982289","term_id":"1673111007","term_text":"MK982289"}}MK982289 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK982302","term_id":"1673111020","term_text":"MK982302"}}MK982302).

Notes — Pluteus spurius is characterised by small-sized basidiocarps, with greyish brown coloured and fibrillose-squamulose pileus, serrulated edges of lamellae, pileipellis as a cutis with long fusiform terminal elements, absence of pleurocystidia, numerous caulocystidia, and globose or subglobose basidiospores. Based on its pileipellis structure P. spurius is placed in sect. Celluloderma.

Pluteus spurius is morphologically close to P. hispidulus var. hispidulus, P. hispidulus var. cephalocystis, P. exiguus, P. karstedtiae and P. hispidulopsis in terms of basidiocarp size, squamulose pileus of similar colouration, and pileipellis structure, but can be distinguished from them due to other microscopic features (for detailed discussion: see Additional data below).

The molecular data (generated nrITS sequences) confirmed the morphological differences between all species discussed and supported the recognition of Pluteus spurius as a separate taxon (see phylogenetic tree on the page with Pluteus liliputianus description = FP1023).

Colour illustrations. Russia, Kedrovaya Pad’ Biosphere Nature Reserve. Basidiocarp; basidiospores; pileipellis; cheilocystidia; basidia (all from holotype). Scale bars = 5 mm (basidiocarp), 10 μm (microscopic structures).

Additional data

Pluteus spurius can be distinguished from P. hispidulus var. hispidulus by the cheilocystidia shape, slightly smaller (vs (5.2–)6–8(–8.5) × (4–)5–6 μm), globose or subglobose basidiospores and the presence of caulocystidia (Vellinga 1990).
Pluteus hispidulus var. cephalocystis differs by ellipsoid basidiospores (Vellinga 1990) and the absence of caulocystidia (Malysheva et al. 2016).
Pluteus exiguus differs in the shape of cheilocystidia, ellipsoid or slightly amygdaliform basidiospores, and pileipellis organized as a trichoderm (Vellinga 1990).
Pluteus karstedtiae is distinguished by sulcate-striate margin of pileus, rare cheilocystidia of slightly different shape, and the absence of caulocystidia (Menolli et al. 2015). In the phylogenetic analyses, the sequences of P. karstedtiae, including one from the holotype, form a sister clade to Pluteus spurius.
Pluteus hispidulopsis differs in the fringed margin of pileus, smaller basidiospores (5–5.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm), the presence of pleurocystidia, differently shaped cheilocystidia and the absence of caulocystidia (Menolli et al. 2015).

^{Spreeuwenhoek 12, 1820 Steenokkerzeel, Belgium; e-mail:}moc.liamg@reenetyuhcsedleinad

^{Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad Docente de Botánica), Universidad de Alcalá, E–28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:,}se.hau@pookyeh.lehcim & se.hau@onerom.leirbag

^{ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, 39012 Santander, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@odaravla.olbap

Etymology. Name reflects the unusual morphology of its spores.

Classification — Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.

Cap 9–23 mm broad and 6–13 mm high, convex to conical convex, flattened convex at maturity, with umbo, ochre-brown, hygrophanous, striate when moist, first drying at the margin that adopts a beige straw colour, leaving the central area with a darker ochre colour, finally light beige ochre colour. Veil fugacious, consisting of white appressed fibrils at margin of pileus, connecting the upper part of stipe, soon evanescent, leaving remnants on the edge of some gills near the stipe. Gills subventricose, adnate, more or less dark blackish greyish coloured, with white edge, but coloured brown in its half near the margin of the cap; lamellulae present. Stem 30–50 × 1.5–3 mm, cylindrical, slightly widened at the base, white to whitish, some with pale creamy ochre tones especially in the lower two thirds. Odour not distinctive. Spores (9.6–)10.3–12.3(–13.3) × (5.9–)6.3–7.8(–8.1) μm, av. 10.9–11.6 × 6.7–7.1; Q_av 1.6, ellipsoid and ovoid in frontal view and even a little rounded, asymmetric and amygdaliform in side-view, smooth, germ pore distinct, central, 1–1.5 μm, hilar appendix very tiny, base sometimes truncate giving a subtriangular look in frontal view, dark brown, not opaque, very granular, containing most often one large oil drop. Basidia 4-spored, rarely 2-spored, (21.9–)23.4–29.4(–31) × (10.2–)11.6–13.5(–15.1) μm, av. 26.5 × 12.6 μm, clavate, hyaline with intracellular content. Pleurocystidia (39.5–)43.7–66.7(–77.3) × (9.5–)10.4–17.4(–19.4) μm, numerous, mostly lageniform with a long neck, some of them shorter (sub)utriform, ventricose or clavate, apex obtuse, very rarely forked, most often widely pedicellate, always thin-walled, hyaline, some of them covered with mucoid droplets or granular deposits which gradually disappear in exsiccate. The importance of these deposits will have to be reassessed after examination of new fresh specimens. Cheilocystidia (23.6–)30.6–43(–55) × (8.2–)9.3–12.4(–14.1) μm, very numerous and densely packed, hyaline, sublageniform, ventricose, clavate, subutriform, often polymorphic, always thin-walled, apex obtuse, sometimes subcapitate, rarely forked. At the half of the lamella-edge close to the cap margin thin-walled cheilocystidia become scattered, fewer in number, intermixed with many clavate marginal cells (= paracystidia), some of them thick-walled and brown coloured. Veil fibrillose, consisting of elongated and septate hyaline hyphae with inflated endings. Clamp connections present.

Habitat & Distribution — Gregarious on nitrified calcareous loamy soil among grasses under Conium maculatum, Foeniculum vulgare with Urtica urens. So far only known from Spain and Hungary.

Typus. Spain, Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, El Gurugú, on nitrified calcareous loamy soil, among grass with Conium maculatum and Urtica urens, 2 Dec. 2016, G. Moreno & M. Heykoop (holotype AH 33724, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966497","term_id":"1243019363","term_text":"MF966497"}}MF966497 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN190260","term_id":"1706843606","term_text":"MN190260"}}MN190260, MycoBank MB832058).

Notes — Psathyrella ovispora is characterised by the unusual if not unique appearance of its spores which vary from ellipsoid to ovoid, with base sometimes truncate giving a subtriangular look in frontal view, asymmetric and amygdaliform in side-view, containing most often one large oil drop. Other characters are the small to medium sized basidiomata and its gregarious fruiting on calcareous nitrified soils.

Psathyrella ovispora was erroneously identified by us as P. fusca (Heykoop et al. 2017). A morphological re-evaluation of our material, comparing it with abundant samples of P. tephrophylla (= P. fusca), has showed that it corresponds to a new species. Moreover, our former cladogram (Heykoop et al. 2017), due to poor sampling, showed a unique P. fusca clade. However, new sequences of P. tephrophylla generated a cladogram (see Supplementary Fig. FP1025-2) in which two very distinct clades can be differentiated, i.e., P. tephrophylla clade A corresponding to P. tephrophylla s.str., and P. tephrophylla clade B corresponding to P. ovispora. The material included by Nagy et al. (2011) in their study as P. fusca is conspecific with P. ovispora.

The commonly used name Psathyrella fusca (Schumach.) A. Pearson is illegitimate, and must be rejected, since its basionym Agaricus fuscus Schumach. 1803 is a later homonym of A. fuscus Schaeff. 1774, A. fuscus Batsch 1783 and many others. Therefore, the correct name for Psathyrella fusca s.str. is P. tephrophylla. This nomenclatural problem will be discussed by one of us (Deschuyteneer) in a future paper.

Psathyrella ovispora shares with P. tephrophylla similar cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. However, it differs from the latter by its very different spores, the much smaller basidiomata, by fruiting in a different habitat and by being genetically different. Due to its very wide spores P. ovispora keys out (key B) as P. magnispora in Örstadius et al. (2015). Psathyrella ovispora, however, differs from P. magnispora by its slightly larger basidiomata, the differently shaped spores and cystidia. Besides, P. magnispora is completely different genetically and constitutes the very distinct and monospecific magnispora clade, whereas P. ovispora belongs to the pygmaea clade (Örstadius et al. 2015)

Colour illustrations. Spain, Alcalá de Henares, El Gurugú, nitrified calcareous loamy grasslands with Conium maculatum where the holotype was collected. Basidiomata; pleurocystidia; spores under LM; smooth spores under SEM (from the holotype). Scale bars = 1 cm (basidiomata), 10 μm (pleuro-cystidia and spores under LM), 2 μm (spores under SEM).

^{Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad Docente de Botánica), Universidad de Alcalá, E–28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; e-mail:}se.hau@pookyeh.lehcim, se.hau@onerom.leirbag & rc.ca.denu@hatamm

^{ALVALAB, La Rochela 47, 39012 Santander, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@odaravla.olbap

Etymology. Named for Dr Alfio Piva, former Director of the INBio and ex vice-president of the Republic of Costa Rica, recognising his contribution to the conservation of biodiversity.

Classification — Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes.

Cap 30–35 mm broad, applanate to slightly convex, surface fibrillose with appressed fibrils, coffee milky brown coloured. Margin deflexed, hygrophanous, striate when moist. Context of pileus 1 mm thick, 2 mm at centre, concolorous to surface. Veil forming a fibrillose annulus in the upper half of the stipe. Gills up to 5 mm broad, (sub)ventricose, adnate, smooth, coffee brown coloured, lamella-edge white; lamellulae present. Stem 50–55 × 4 mm, cylindrical, central, equal, some of them curved, hollow, fibrillose, yellow coffee coloured in the upper part, whitish in the lower part, with some dark brown fibrils at the apex and equipped with a fibrillose ring. Odour and taste not recorded. Spores (8.5–)9.5–11 × 5–6 μm, av. 9.9 × 5.5 (one collection); Q_av 1.79, ellipsoid to phaseoliform, smooth, with small apical germ pore (difficult to see), in NH₄OH (10 %) pale brown to orange brown. Basidia 4-spored, 22–30 × 9 μm, clavate, hyaline. Pleurocystidia 68–90(–100) × 15–27 μm, numerous, lageniform to ventricose-fusoid or fusiform, most of them with wall thickened 1–1.5 μm along entire length, often thickest at apex (up to 4 μm), yellowish refractive, very few thin-walled; apex of most cells encrusted with a cap of crystals and/or crystalline granular material. Cheilocystidia 38–50 × 12–14 μm, very abundant, lageniform to fusoid-ventricose, fusiform or even utriform, with walls thickened but thinner than those of pleurocystidia (rarely thin-walled), yellowish refractive, some of them colourless. Hymenophoral trama in NH₄OH (10 %) consisting of hyaline thin-walled hyphae, 2–5 μm diam, without encrustations. Clamp connections present.

Habitat & Distribution — Caespitose on woody debris. So far only known from Costa Rica.

Typus. Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Parque Nacional de Guanacaste, Rincón de La Vieja, Sector Santa María, Sendero del León, 800–900 m, 10:45:48.0520N–85:18:41.9040W, on wood, 13 Mar. 1996, M. Mata 360 (holotype INB0003481172, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966507","term_id":"1243019373","term_text":"MF966507"}}MF966507 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN161533","term_id":"1700454814","term_text":"MN161533"}}MN161533, isotype AH 49110, MycoBank MB831899).

Additional materials examined. Psathyrella cloverae: USA, Texas, Hidalgo County, Mission, scattered on the ground, June, year unknown, E. Clover, holotype MICH 11902 (E. Clover 2129), ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966417","term_id":"1243012363","term_text":"MF966417"}}MF966417. – Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Arenal, Zona Protegida Arenal-Monteverde, A.C Arenal, R.B. Nuboso Santa Elena, Sendero Caño Negro, 900–1000 m; 10:21:17.8908 N–84:46:11.2907 W, on woody debris, 16 Feb. 2000, I. López, INB0003407719 (I.López 1112), ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966508","term_id":"1243019374","term_text":"MF966508"}}MF966508; Puntarenas, Osa, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Sendero Espaveles, 0–100 m; 8:29:21.9637N–83:35:13.9191W, on trunks, 9 May 2003, E. Fletes, INB0003718172 (E. Fletes 5101), ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966510","term_id":"1243019376","term_text":"MF966510"}}MF966510; Puntarenas, Osa, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Sendero Espaveles, 0–100 m; 8:29:21.9637N–83:35:13.9191W, on trunks, 12 May 2001, E. Fletes, INB0003752257 (E. Fletes 2376), ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF966509","term_id":"1243019375","term_text":"MF966509"}}MF966509.

Notes — Psathyrella pivae is characterised by its fibrillose ring, abundant and very long thick-walled pleurocystidia and by growing caespitose on woody debris.

In our ITS phylogeny (see below) Psathyrella pivae belongs to the pygmaea clade (Örstadius et al. 2015) in which it is significantly related to P. olympiana. Within this monophyletic assemblage P. pivae forms a subclade together with P. pygmaea, P. cloverae and P. olympiana, all of them sharing the presence of more or less thick-walled pleuro- and cheilocystidia, apically covered with a crown of crystals and/or crystalline granular material. This clade has been included by Kits van Waveren (1985) in sect. Spadiceae. However, according to Larsson & Örstadius (2008), Vasutová et al. (2008), Nagy et al. (2013) and Örstadius et al. (2015), sect. Spadiceae turned out to be a polyphyletic taxon including species from two different genera, viz. Psathyrella and Homophron, since the presence of muricate pleurocystidia evolved independently at least in three different clades.

Because of the muricate pleurocystidia and the presence of veil Psathyrella pivae keys out in Kits van Waveren’s monograph (1985) close to P. olympiana. Psathyrella pivae, however, differs from P. olympiana genetically and by the presence of a fibrillose annulus, larger spores and much longer pleurocystidia (up to 100 μm in length). Psathyrella pivae is a species with abundant fibrillose veil recalling macroscopically a Stropharia species, and as such it was tentatively identified in the field. Kits van Waveren (1985) included in his monograph P. olympiana f. amstelodamensis, characterised by its strongly developed veil but mentioning “in all other respects this form is identical with P. olympiana”. Moreover, the illustrations of his f. amstelodamensis do not show any annulus on the stipe.

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Colour illustrations. Costa Rica, Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja, where the holotype was collected (photo Mauricio Torres). Basidiomata; cystidia and spores under LM and SEM (all from the holotype). Scale bars = 1 cm (basidiomata), 10 μm (microscopic elements under LM), 5 μm (cystidia under SEM), 2 μm (spores under SEM).

50 % majority rule ITS-28S rDNA consensus phylogram of the /pygmaea clade of Psathyrella (as delimited in Örstadius et al. 2015), with P. magnispora as outgroup. It was obtained in MrBayes from 3 900 sampled trees. Values next to nodes represent Bayesian PP and Maximum Likelihood BP. Only nodes supported by > 0.95 PP or > 70 % BP were annotated. Several clades around P. panaeoloides and P. abieticola were condensed (black triangle), and the rooting branch was reduced for publishing.

^{Department of Biology, 205 East Campus Science Center, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA; e-mail:}moc.liamg@25zilybba, moc.liamg@usp.htyms.sirhc & ude.nevahkcol@notrevob

^{Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; e-mail:}ude.elpmet@llawesjb

Etymology. Named after Daniel Lindner from the United States Forest Service for his significant contributions to the modern taxonomy of Pseudogymnoascus and his contributions to White-nose Syndrome research.

Classification — Pseudeurotiaceae, incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes.

On Sabouraud dextrose acidified with 120 μL 85 % lactic acid for optimal pigment production: Conidia borne singly at the tips, globose to obovate, smooth, with one abscission scar 2.8–4.1 (3.5, n = 30) μm in length. Intercalary conidia with two abscission scars, globose to truncate, measuring 3–4 (3.5, n = 10) μm in length. On oatmeal salt sediment agar: Ascomata gymnothecial, solitary, globose, measuring 181–311 (220, n = 20) μm diam; greyish orange (5B6; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978); developing rapidly and ripening within 10 d at 25 °C (12 h white fluorescent light / 12 h dark). Ascomatal initials coiled to irregular; peridium is a gymnothecium composed of textura intricata, the peridial hyphae darkly pigmented brownish yellow (5C7), smooth to minutely roughened with distinct appendages measuring 5.1–10.1 (7.6, n = 10) × 1.92–3.24 (2.5, n = 10) μm. Asci globose to ovoid, 8-spored, 5.4–8 (6.7, n = 84) × 3–6.1 (4.7, n = 84) μm in size. Ascospores aseptate, fusoid, smooth, greyish orange (5B6); 2.6–4 (3.2, n = 216) × 1.6–3 (2.1, n = 216) μm in size.

Culture characteristics — (12 h white fluorescent light / 12 h dark at 25 °C): Colonies at first yellow-orange to dark orange (4A7/8–5A8), in age changing to brown-orange to brown (6C8–6E8) after 10 d.

Typus. USA, Pennsylvania, Blair County, Canoe Creek State Park, Canoe Creek Hartman Mine, from sediment, 2017, B. Overton LHU 158 (holotype in Cornell University Plant Pathology Herbarium (CUP-070714), ITS, RBP2 and TEF-1α sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN542212","term_id":"1757999509","term_text":"MN542212"}}MN542212, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541384","term_id":"1783140536","term_text":"MN541384"}}MN541384 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541383","term_id":"1783140515","term_text":"MN541383"}}MN541383, MycoBank MB832750).

Notes — Morphological analyses suggest that P. lindneri, and P. bhattii could be sister taxa. They are similar in the morphological characteristics of gymnothecial ascomata production and colony colouration. Samson (1972) described P. bhattii as being characterised by yellow ascomata and the absence of distinct peridial appendages. However, P. lindneri can be distinguished from P. bhattii based on conidiogenesis (P. bhattii does not produce conidia) and the presence of distinct peridial appendages. Minnis & Lindner (2013), were the first to study many Pseudogymnoascus taxa using modern phylogenetic methods using a multigene approach. In their work, they identified multiple clades of Pseudogymnoascus. The new species described here is identical in the three genes studied to the same three genes from Minnis & Lindner’s 02NH05 isolate deposited in GenBank. Isolate 02NH05 up until this point has remained an undescribed homothallic species since the publication of their work. This work is the first to unite morphological characters used by Samson (1972) with molecular data.

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Colour illustrations. Background photo of Canoe Creek Hartman Mine, Canoe Creek State Park. Fluorescence image of nuclei in conidia on SAB; asci and peridial hyphae on oatmeal agar; ascomatal initials on oatmeal agar at 10 d; ascospores on oatmeal agar; gymnothecia on oatmeal agar; colony back colour on SAB at 10 d. Scale bar = 100 μm (gymnothecia), 5 μm (all others).

Phylogenetic placement of Pseudogymnoascus lindneri on a maximum parsimony tree with maximum likelihood/maximum parsimony bootstrap support values, generated from the concatenated dataset of three loci (rDNA, TEF and RPB2) using PAUP v. 4.0a build 166 (Swofford 2003). The parsimony analysis generated a single most parsimonious tree via strict consensus. A maximum likelihood analysis was completed using GARLI v. 2.01 (Zwickl 2006) on the CiPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010). We generated a consensus tree from a single replicate ML analysis with 1 000 bootstrap pseudo-replications. The General Time Reversible (GTR) evolutionary model was used with estimate selected for the proportion of invariant sites, and gamma distribution as the model of rate heterogeneity. Bootstrap support values located at nodes are: Maximum Likelihood/Maximum Parsimony. Alignment and tree(s) in TreeBASE (study 25145).

^{Department of Biology, 205 East Campus Science Center, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA; e-mail:}moc.liamg@25zilybba, moc.liamg@usp.htyms.sirhc & ude.nevahkcol@notrevob

^{Department of Biology, 1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA; e-mail:}ude.elpmet@llawesjb

Etymology. Named after Gregory G. Turner from the Pennsylvania Game Commission for his many contributions to the study and conservation of hibernating bats affected by White-nose Syndrome, a wildlife disease caused by the invasive fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans.

Classification — Pseudeurotiaceae, incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes.

On Sabouraud dextrose acidified with 120 μL 85 % lactic acid for optimal pigment production: Conidia borne singly at the tips, globose to obovate, smooth, with one abscission scar 2.5–4.3 (3.3, n = 30) μm in length. Intercalary conidia with two abscission scars, globose to truncate, measuring 3–5.5 (3.8, n = 30) μm in length. On oatmeal salt sediment agar: Ascomata gymnothecial, solitary, globose, measuring 103–263 (173, n = 20) μm diam; greyish orange (5B6; Kornerup & Wanscher 1978); developing rapidly and ripening within 10 d at 25 °C, (12 h white fluorescent light / 12 h dark). Ascomatal initials coiled to irregular; peridium is a gymnothecium composed of textura intricata, the peridial hyphae darkly pigmented brownish yellow (5C7), smooth to minutely roughened with distinct appendages measuring 4.6–11.4 (7.0, n = 10) × 2.2–2.8 (2.4, n = 10) μm. Asci globose to ovoid, 8-spored, 5–7.7 (6.5, n = 84) × 3.2–6 (4.6, n = 84) μm in size. Ascospores aseptate, fusoid, smooth, greyish orange (5B6); 2.9–4.8 (3.5, n = 216) × 1.8–2.9 (2.1, n = 216) μm in size.

Culture characteristics — (12 h white fluorescent light / 12 h dark at 25 °C): Colonies at first pastel yellow to light yellow (3A3–5), in age changing to reddish golden to brown-orange (6C7–8) after 10 d.

Typus. USA, Pennsylvania, Clearfield County, Sabula railroad tunnel, from sediment, 2017, Dr. Barrie Overton LHU 121 (holotype in Cornell University Plant Pathology Herbarium (CUP-070715), ITS, RBP2 and TEF-1α sequences {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN542213","term_id":"1757999507","term_text":"MN542213"}}MN542213, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541380","term_id":"1783140455","term_text":"MN541380"}}MN541380 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541379","term_id":"1783140434","term_text":"MN541379"}}MN541379; MycoBank MB832738).

Additional material examined. USA, Pennsylvania, Blair County, Canoe Creek State Park, Canoe Creek Hartman Mine, from sediment, 2016, Dr. Barrie Overton, paratype LHU Ps5 in Cornell University Plant Pathology Herbarium (CUP-070716), ITS, RBP2 and TEF-1α sequences {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN542214","term_id":"1757999508","term_text":"MN542214"}}MN542214, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541382","term_id":"1783140497","term_text":"MN541382"}}MN541382 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN541381","term_id":"1783140475","term_text":"MN541381"}}MN541381.

Notes — Morphological analyses suggest that P. turneri, P.lindneri and P. bhattii could be sister taxa. They are similar in the morphological characteristics of gymnothecial ascomata production and colony colouration. Samson (1972) described P. bhattii as being characterised by yellow ascomata and the absence of distinct peridial appendages. However, P. turneri can be distinguished from P. bhattii based on conidiogenesis (P. bhattii does not produce conidia) and the presence of distinct peridial appendages. Pseudogymnoascus turneri can be distinguished from P. lindneri based on ascospore dimensions (P. lindneri ascospores are smaller in size: 2.6–4 × 1.6–3 (3.2 × 2.1 μm, n = 216) and gymnothecial dimensions (P. lindneri gymnothecia are larger, 181–311 μm diam (220, n = 20). Minnis & Lindner (2013) were the first to analyse many Pseudogymnoascus taxa using modern phylogenetic methods using a multigene approach. In their work, they identified multiple clades of Pseudogymnoascus. The new species described here is identical in the three genes analysed to the same three genes from Minnis & Lindner’s 23342-1-I1 isolate. Isolate 23342-1-I1 has remained an undescribed homothallic species since the publication of their work. In addition to the morphological differences elucidated between P. turneri and P. lindneri, there is strong bootstrap support separating these species based on a three-gene-phylogeny. This work is the first to unite the morphological characters used by Samson (1972) with molecular data.

For phylogenetic tree see FP 1027.

Colour illustrations. Background photo of Sabula Railroad Tunnel, Pennsylvania, USA. Conidia on SAB; ascospores on oatmeal agar; SEM image of asci and peridial hyphae from oatmeal agar; DIC image of asci and peridial hyphae on oatmeal agar; colony back colour on SAB at 10 d; gymnothecia on oatmeal agar; ascomatal initials on oatmeal agar at 10 d. Scale bar = 100 μm (gymnotheicia), 10 μm (SEM image), 5 μm (all others).

^{Department of Plant Pathology, 2527 Fifield Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA; e-mail:}ude.lfu@htimselffurt

^{Department of Biology, Fresno State University, 2555 East San Ramon Ave, Fresno CA 93740, USA; e-mail:}ude.onserfusc@cijuma

^{Viale Sonata, Lake Worth, FL 33467, USA; e-mail:}moc.kooltuo@nilob.j

^{170 Live Oak Circle, Saint Marys, GA 31558, USA; e-mail:}ten.sdt@1bnala

Etymology. The epithet sclerotiorum is in reference to the subterranean orange sclerotia formed by this species.

Classification — Boletaceae, Boletales, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina.

Basidiomata epigeous, pileate, pileus 4–10 cm wide, hemispheric at first, becoming convex to broadly convex at maturity, surface dry, dull or somewhat shiny, matted-subtomentose, pinkish red to rose-red or purplish red, sometimes with olive tints, becoming dull rose-pink to brownish pink in age, slowly staining blackish blue when bruised, margin bright yellow, often persistent, incurved at first, with a narrow band of sterile tissue; pileipellis tastes slightly acidic, immediately staining grey then fading to orange with red areas bleached with KOH, slowly staining weakly orange with NH₄OH, and olive-grey with FeSO₄. Context pale yellow, sometimes with a pinkish tinge under the pileipellis, staining blue when exposed, sometimes weakly and erratically, staining pale orange with KOH, negative with NH₄OH on yellow areas, and bleaching blue areas, FeSO₄ staining context faintly bluish grey, odour not distinctive, taste acidic. Hymenophore bright yellow at first, becoming dull yellow then brownish yellow at maturity, staining blue when bruised, slightly depressed near the stipe in age, pores angular to irregular, 2–3 per mm, tubes 6–15 mm deep, yellow, staining blue then brown when bruised. Stipe 4.5–9 cm long, 1–2 cm thick, enlarged downward or nearly equal, solid, surface dry, longitudinally striate, yellow at apex, red on lower portion, with conspicuous red to reddish brown punctae over a yellow ground colour, staining blue when handled or bruised, sometimes slowly, lacking reticulation or sometimes reticulate on upper portion, reticulation yellow at the apex and reddish below, often with white basal mycelium and yellow rhizomorphs sometimes with orange sclerotia, context brighter and deeper yellow than in the pileus, reddish brown around larval tunnels, staining bluish green, sometimes slowly and erratically. Spores olive-brown in fresh deposit, (12–)14–16(–18) × 4–6 μm, n = 20, av. = 15.15 × 4.99 μm, Q = 3.05, subfusoid to fusiform, hyaline to pale brownish yellow, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia 24–28 × 6.5–11 μm, clavate, 4-sterigmate, hyaline, lacking dextrinoid contents in Melzer’s. Hymenial cystidia not observed. Hymenophoral trama boletoid, with lateral elements 4.5–10 μm, moderately divergent, hyaline to pale greyish yellow in KOH, pale greyish yellow in Melzer’s. Pileus trama hyphae loosely interwoven, hyaline in KOH, pale ochraceous in Melzer’s, inamyloid, 5–17.5 μm wide, thin-walled, smooth. Pileipellis a suberect trichodermium that becomes a cutis of tangled and interwoven cylindrical hyphae, with red contents in water, hyaline in KOH, with dingy ochraceous contents in Melzer’s, inamyloid, 5–9 μm wide, immediately staining orange with KOH, staining slowly and weakly orange with NH₄OH, and staining pale olive-grey or negative with FeSO₄. Stipitipellis hymeniform with clavate elements 5–13 μm wide, subparallel to interwoven, pinkish red to red in water, ochre in KOH, and yellow-brown to reddish brown in Melzer’s, with scattered clavate caulocystidia. Stipe trama parallel, vertically oriented, cylindrical, hyaline, inamyloid, with scattered oleiferous elements. Clamp connections absent.

Habitat & Distribution — Scattered or in groups, often on sandy soil, with species of Quercus, summer to fall (July-November), eastern USA from Massachusetts to Florida.

Typus. USA, Florida, Putnam County, Ordway-Swisher Biological Station, c. 50 m asl, in oak-dominated forest, 14 June 2017, L. Kaminsky (holotype FLAS-F-60908, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH016883","term_id":"1353875558","term_text":"MH016883"}}MH016883, MycoBank MB830772).

Paratypus. USA, Tennessee, Anderson County, Oak Ridge, beneath Quercus, 21 Aug. 2015, H. Hitchcock, ARB1260 (FLAS-F-60333, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF098659","term_id":"1191692273","term_text":"MF098659"}}MF098659, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF614166","term_id":"1407919105","term_text":"MF614166"}}MF614166, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF614168","term_id":"1407919260","term_text":"MF614168"}}MF614168, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF614169","term_id":"1407919262","term_text":"MF614169"}}MF614169 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF614165","term_id":"1407918798","term_text":"MF614165"}}MF614165).

Notes — Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum is characterised by the red pileus with a distinctive yellow margin, yellow hymenophore that stains blue when bruised, yellow and red stipe with conspicuous red to reddish brown punctae over a yellow ground colour, often with white basal mycelium and yellow rhizomorphs and an association with oaks. Among similar species Boletus rubissimus also has a pinkish red to rose-red pileus with a bright yellow margin and a similarly coloured stipe, but it has different macrochemical reactions and smaller spores, 9–11 × 3–4.5 μm. Hortiboletus rubellus has reddish orange context in the lower stipe, tubes that split lengthwise when torn, and smaller spores, 10–13 × 4–5 μm. Pulchroboletus rubricitrinus has a similarly coloured pileus that lacks a bright yellow margin, has a more yellow, longitudinally striate stipe streaked with red, and has different macrochemical reactions. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in the Western USA with conifers, has a dark purplish red to reddish brown pileus, a yellow pore surface and context that does not stain blue. Xerocomus morrisii has a brown pileus, yellow context that does not stain blue, a yellow pore surface that becomes brownish orange to brick-red in age, and a punctate stipe. Hemileccinum subglabripes has an ochre to reddish brown pileus, a yellow pore surface that does not stain blue, and red to reddish brown punctae on its stipe. Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum is also distinct based on molecular characters. BLAST searches based on ITS rDNA did not match closely with any known boletes. The most closely related named taxa in GenBank are P. roseoalbidus, P. rubricitrinus, Boletus smithii and Gasteroboletus vividus. However, sequences of these taxa were < 91 % similar across the ITS. ITS sequences provide important insight into the ecology of this new species because they match a sequence from orange sclerotia collected beneath oaks in Massachusetts (Smith & Pfister 2009). Sclerotia of ectomycorrhizal fungi are rarely reported in the literature (Smith et al. 2015) but several other species of ectomycorrhizal Boletales have been shown to form sclerotia, including B. rubropunctus (Smith & Pfister 2009) and Leccinum holopus (Müller & Agerer 1990).

Colour illustrations. Quercus-dominated forest at the Ordway-Swisher Biological Reserve where Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum is found during wet periods in summer and fall. Basidiomata of specimen FLAS-F-60908; orange sclerotia of P. sclerotiorum (MES-260) from oak woodland; pale brownish basidiospores in KOH. Scale bars = 1 cm (basidiomata), 3 mm (sclerotia), 5 μm (basidiospores).

^{Department of Botany, University of Punjab, Quaid e Azam campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; e-mail:}moc.liamg@narikazzanum & moc.liamg@dilahknard

^{Center for Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan; e-mail:}moc.liamg@ynatob.dianuj

^{Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84523, Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail:}ks.abvas@kicmada.rimovals & moc.liamg@nobac.valsorim

Etymology. The name refers to the probable host tree, Quercus floribunda (synonym Q. dilatata).

Classification — Russulaceae, Russulales, Agaricomycetes.

Pileus medium-sized, 45–60 mm diam, semi-globose, convex, centrally slightly depressed when mature; margin incurved, tuberculate-striate when mature; surface relatively shiny also when dry, smooth near the margin, rugulose and pitted at the centre, near the margin brown-red to orange-red sometimes discolouring to pale orange; towards the centre orange, yellow-brown to reddish brown. Lamellae relatively dense, adnate-emarginate, first white, becoming pale yellow; lamellulae very rare, furcations frequent near the stipe, edge even and becoming red-brown, spotted when old or after handling. Stipe 40–65 × 5–12 mm, obclavate, central, longitudinally striate, on white background with yellow-brown to brown flush or spots, especially in central part and near the base, without pinkish shades. Context white, unchanging, compact. Spores (10.3–)10.9–12.3(–13.4) × (8.8–)9.7–11(–11.7) μm, av. 11.6 × 10.4 μm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q = (1.04–)1.07–1.19(–1.28), av. Q = 1.13; ornamentation of large, distant to moderately distant (3–5(–7) in a 3 μm diam circle) amyloid spines, (1.2–)1.3–1.9(–2.2) μm high, occasionally to frequently fused in branched or unbranched long chains, radially oriented from suprahilar spot ((0–)1–3(–4) fusions in the circle), connected by dispersed fine line connections (0–1(–3) in the circle); suprahilar spot large, amyloid, irregular in shape. Basidia (47–)51.5–62(–67) × (14–)16–20.5(–22) μm, av. 56.8 × 18.2 μm, 2–4-spored, broadly clavate, sometimes pedicellate; basidiola first cylindrical or ellipsoid, then clavate, 4.5–11 μm wide. Hymenial cystidia on lamellar sides dispersed, 450–600/mm^{, (75.5–)82.5–107(–125) × (12–)15.5–20.5(–22) μm, av. 94.4 × 17.9 μm, fusiform or rarely clavate, often pedicellate, walls thin or sometimes slightly thickened (0.5–1 μm), apically obtuse or acute and occasionally with 4–12 μm long appendage; contents heteromorphous, crystalline-banded, turning red-brown to almost black in sulfovanillin; abundant near the lamellae edges, (63.5–)73.5–99(–115) × (7–)9–13(–16) μm, av. 86.4 × 10.6 μm, narrower and more frequently clavate and appendiculate. Lamellae edges fertile; marginal cells not well differentiated, 11–20 × 4–5 μm, cylindrical or clavate.}Pileipellis orthochromatic in Cresyl blue, not sharply delimited from the underlying context, 130–190 μm deep, strongly gelatinised throughout, covered by often disconnected, 50–60 μm deep extra gelatinous matter. Acid-resistant incrustations absent. Hyphal terminations in pileipellis near the pileus margin frequently branched, often slightly flexuous, thin-walled; terminal cells (10–)20.5–42.5(–60) × 2–3.5(–5) μm, av. 31.6 × 3 μm, mainly cylindrical, apically often slightly attenuated; subterminal cells equally wide and sometimes shorter, usually branched. Hyphal terminations near the pileus centre narrower and more flexuous, terminal cells (15–)21.5–38.5(–45) × (1.5–)2–3(–3.5) μm, av. 30 × 2.5 μm. Pileocystidia near the pileus margin very abundant, 1–3(–4)-celled, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, thin-walled, terminal cells (12–)25–62(–87) × (3–)4–6.5(–10.5) μm, av. 43.5 × 5.1 μm, mainly cylindrical or clavate, apically mainly obtuse, contents heteromorphous, mainly banded, occasionally also granulose, weakly turning greyish in sulfovanillin. Pileocystidia near the pileus centre similar, terminal cells (14.5–)29.5–72.5(–105) × (3.5–)4–7(–10) μm, av. 51 × 5.5 μm. Cystidioid hyphae in subpellis and context dispersed, contents heteromorphous-banded.

Typus. Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Malakand division, Swat district, Upper Shawar, alt. 1300 m, on the floor of Quercus floribunda dominated forest mixed with a few pines, 29 July 2018, Z. Ullah BS59 (holotype LAH 36219, ITS, LSU, mtSSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053395","term_id":"1680746615","term_text":"MN053395"}}MN053395, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN513043","term_id":"1751390834","term_text":"MN513043"}}MN513043, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053397","term_id":"1680746617","term_text":"MN053397"}}MN053397 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053389","term_id":"1789145088","term_text":"MN053389"}}MN053389, MycoBank MB831387).

Additional material examined. Pakistan, Upper Shawar, Malakand division, Swat district, Upper Shawar, alt. 1300 m, on the floor of Quercus floribunda dominated forest mixed with a few pines, 29 July 2018, Z. Ullah BS80 (LAH 36220, ITS, LSU, mtSSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053391","term_id":"1680746611","term_text":"MN053391"}}MN053391, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN513043","term_id":"1751390834","term_text":"MN513043"}}MN513043, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053396","term_id":"1680746616","term_text":"MN053396"}}MN053396 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN053390","term_id":"1789145090","term_text":"MN053390"}}MN053390).

Notes — The type ITS sequence has the closest GenBank BLAST match (98.7 %) with an unidentified Russula from China (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JQ991794","term_id":"397560656","term_text":"JQ991794"}}JQ991794) and the most similar sequences identified to species are those of R. tengii (95.6 %) and R. dryadicola (95.6 %). Our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS, rpb2 and mtSSU clearly places R. quercus-floribundae in the R. globispora lineage as sister of two sequences of unidentified Russula from China (for the phylogenetic tree, see Supplementary Fig. FP1030). They form a well-supported clade with R. abbottabadensis from Pakistan and R. heilongjiangensis from China. All Asian species share features typical for the R.globispora lineage: brownish yellow spots on basidiomata, red and soon discolouring pilei and large spores with prominent spines. Russula dryadicola, R. globispora and R. tengii differ in isolated spines of spore ornamentation that do not form chains (Caboň et al. 2019). Russula heilongjiangensis has similar spore ornamentation but has narrower hymenial cystidia on lamellae sides (Li et al. 2018). Russula quercus-floribundae has, together with sequestrate species R. mediterraneensis and R. mattiroloana, the largest spores within the lineage, often exceeding 11 μm (Vidal et al. 2019).

Colour illustrations. Background: Quercus floribunda dominated forest in Upper Shawar (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan) where the holotype was collected. Bottom row: basidiomata of collection LAH 36220 (left) and the type collection (right). Line drawings (top row, all from the holotype). Right: pileocystidia near the pileus centre (left) and near the pileus margin (centre), hyphal terminations near the pileus centre (right top) and near the pileus margin (right bottom). Left: basidia (left top), basidiola (centre top), hymenial cystidia near the lamellae edges (right top) and lamellae sides (left bottom), marginal cells (centre) and spores (right bottom). Scale bars = 10 mm (basidiomes), 5 μm (spores), 10 μm (all other microscopic structures).

^{State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; e-mail:}nc.ca.mi@gnafuil & nc.ca.mi@liac

Etymology. Named after the habitat of this fungus, occurring in a cave.

Classification — Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Ascomata brown to dark brown, solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose, semi-immersed, usually covered by aerial mycelia, erumpent. Peridium hyaline to pale brown, 12–20 μm wide, with 3–5 layers, walls of textura angularis. Asci cylindrical to cylindrical-clavate, 8-spored, wall easy to dissolve and invisible. Ascospores hyaline, fusoid-ellipsoidal with rounded ends, 3-septate and constricted at the first and second septa, the second cell from apex wider than other cells, 17–28.5 × 3.5–6 μm (av. = 22.4 ± 2.8 × 4.6 ± 0.5 μm). Asexual morph: Conidiophores hyaline, branched, often reduced to conidiogenous cells lining in the inner cavity. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, ovoid, ampulliform or subcylindrical, aseptate, 5–7.5 × 2–6 μm (av. = 6.3 ± 0.7 × 3.8 ± 1 μm). Conidia aseptate, hyaline, granular to guttulate, surface smooth or roughened, variable in shape and size, globose, ellipsoid or irregularly, 3–16.5 × 2.5–10.5 μm (av. = 7.4 ± 3.8 × 5.4 ± 2.1 μm).

Culture characteristics — On potato dextrose agar, flat with lobate edge, buff, sometimes olivaceous at the edge, reverse buff, reaching 27–30 mm diam after 10 d at 25 °C. On malt extract agar, flat with undulate edge, front and reverse buff, reaching 17–18 mm diam after 10 d at 25 °C.

Typus. China, Guizhou Province, Suiyang, Shuanghe Cave National Geopark, unnamed Karst cave, from carbonatite, 8 May 2015, Z.F. Zhang (holotype HMAS 248085, ex-type culture CGMCC 3.19526 = LC7511 = R150, LSU, ITS, tub2, tef-1α and gapdh sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK511965","term_id":"1572796770","term_text":"MK511965"}}MK511965, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK511944","term_id":"1572796749","term_text":"MK511944"}}MK511944, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK525032","term_id":"1720286568","term_text":"MK525032"}}MK525032, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK525105","term_id":"1720286714","term_text":"MK525105"}}MK525105 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK525066","term_id":"1720286636","term_text":"MK525066"}}MK525066, MycoBank MB829901).

Notes — The oligotrophic fungus S. caverna was isolated from carbonatite using 1/2 000 PDA and silica agar (Jiang et al. 2017), and this is the first report of a Setophoma species from a Karst cave. It differs from other Setophoma species, in that the peridium of S. caverna is hyaline, and its ascus wall was difficult to observe, which is probably due to its adaptation to the cave habitat. It is closely related with the tea plant associated species S. longinqua (Liu et al. 2019b), but with low sequence similarity (95 % on ITS, 92 % on tef-1α and 90 % on tub2). Morphologically, they could be easily distinguished from each other by the conidial shape and dimensions (globose or ellipsoid, 3–16.5 × 2.5–10.5 μm in S. caverna vs cylindrical or subcylindrical, 4–5.5 × 1.5–2 μm in S. longinqua).

Colour illustrations. Karst cave where the type was collected. Colony on PDA; ascomata; vertical section of ascomata; ascus and ascospores; conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada; e-mail:}ac.adanac@2yennat.yeoj

^{Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; e-mail:}ac.notelrac@trefies.htiek

Etymology. Refers to the oblong conidia that distinguish this species from the related S. resinae.

Classification — Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes.

Ascomata not observed. Conidiomata mononematous or synnematous and arising from dark brown, well-developed subiculum. Synnemata scattered or gregarious, up to about 2 mm tall, dark brown to black, often splayed at the base but with a compact cylindrical stipe c. 60–80 μm wide, and a compact, dry, ellipsoidal conidial head c. 300 × 150 μm. Hyphae of stipe brown to dark brown, strictly parallel in the main part of the stipe, infrequently branched, with some anastomoses between adjacent hyphae, frequently septate, cells about 10–22 μm long, somewhat interwoven and rough-walled towards the base and (2.5–)3.5–5 μm wide, walls 0.5–1 μm thick, uneven in outline, smooth-walled and 2–3 μm wide in the main body of the stipe. Conidiogenous cells terminal or in pairs at the ends of the stipe hyphae, cylindrical and very similar in size to the conidia, but with a truncate base the same width as the stipe hyphae, 10–13 × 3.5–4.5 μm, or intercalary and arising as a lateral extension about 7–10.5 × 3.5 μm from a shorter stipe hyphal cell, lacking a basal septum. Conidia in sparingly branched acropetal chains, oblong-ellipsoidal to almost fusiform, (8.5–)11.5–15(–18.5) × (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) μm (length: n = 126, av. = 13.2 μm, SD = 1.9 μm, SE = 0.17 μm, 95 % CI = 0.33; width: n = 126, av. = 3.5 μm, SD = 0.4 μm, SE = 0.04 μm, 95 % CI = 0.07), brown, mostly aseptate, fewer than 5 % of the conidia with a ± central septum, with lateral walls 0.5–1 μm thick, with no visible secession scars, connection almost a point to a flat area about 1.5 μm wide, smooth-walled, sometimes adjacent conidia anastomosing; ramoconidia infrequent, 11–15.5 × 3.5–4 μm, usually with just two emerging chains, conidial chains appressed and more or less parallel.

Culture characteristics — Colonies after 4 wk at 20 °C on malt extract agar restricted, coal-black, brittle and wrinkled. Synnemata not produced.

Typus. Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte County, Campobello Island, Roosevelt Campobello International Park, Fox Farm Trail, 44.849288, -66.966173, on resin on self-pruned branch stub of Picea rubens (Pinaceae), 26 Sept. 2016, J.B. Tanney (holotype DAOM 867433, culture ex-type DAOMC 251618, culture ex-paratype DAOMC 241619; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN114116","term_id":"1694598646","term_text":"MN114116"}}MN114116 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN114118","term_id":"1694598775","term_text":"MN114118"}}MN114118, MycoBank MB831660).

Notes — Sorocybe oblongispora differs from the type species, S. resinae, by its longer, narrower conidia (mostly 11.5–15 × 3–4 μm vs 5.5‒11 × 2.5‒3.5 μm in S. resinae) and ramoconidia (11–15.5 × 3.5–4 μm vs 7‒12 × 4‒7 um). Both appear to be restricted to conifer resin, where they produce conspicuous synnemata and a less conspicuous mononematous morph. In North America, S. oblongispora occurs on the east coast of Canada on Picea rubens, and S. resinae in the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the USA on Abies, Picea, and Pseudotsuga spp. Sorocybe resinae was described from resin of Picea abies in Sweden, and is also known from Abies and Larix elsewhere in Europe; it is unclear whether the morphologically identical western North American and European fungi are the same phylogenetic species (Seifert et al. 2007). The other two species, S.indica with slimy conidia (Pratibha et al. 2005) and the poorly-known S. tenella (Hughes 1958), seem unlikely to belong in Sorocybe as now circumscribed.

Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequences confirm that S. oblongispora DAOMC 251618 and S. resinae DAOM 239134 are congeneric (ITS: GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU030275","term_id":"156069288","term_text":"EU030275"}}EU030275; Identities = 479/499 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %); LSU: GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU030277","term_id":"156069292","term_text":"EU030277"}}EU030277; Identities = 867/874 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Our LSU phylogeny places S.oblongispora and S. resinae in a strongly-supported clade sister to Ceratosporella novae-zelandiae (incertae sedis), potentially a long-branch attraction artefact, a sequence misidentified as Lasallia pustulata (Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales), and Endococcus fusigera (incertae sedis). This well-supported (PP = 0.97) clade is in turn sister to Verrucaria (Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales). Based on an NCBI GenBank BLASTn query of the S. oblongispora DAOMC 251618 ITS sequence, the closest related taxon after S. resinae is Endococcus fusigera (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ645262","term_id":"229904969","term_text":"FJ645262"}}FJ645262; Identities = 652/748 (87 %), 22 gaps (2 %)).

Seifert et al. (2007) placed S. resinae sister to Capronia villosa (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales) from an ITS phylogeny (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU030275","term_id":"156069288","term_text":"EU030275"}}EU030275; Identities = 418/492 (85 %), 3 gaps (3 %)). We cannot confidently place Sorocybe in a family using the available reference sequences and Vu et al.’s (2019) rDNA taxonomic threshold values as a guide, but tentatively maintain this classification of Sorocybe within Herpotrichiellaceae pending further investigation.

Sorocybe oblongispora was commonly found in New Brunswick, Canada on Picea rubens resin flows associated with self-pruned branch stubs or wounds. The resin was older and blackish in colour from the proliferation of mycelia from S. oblongispora and an unidentified sooty mould (Capnodiales). Sorocybe oblongispora co-occurred with other resinicolous fungi including Eustilbum aureum, Claussenomyces olivaceus, Lachnellula resinaria, Sarea difformis, S. resinae, and hysteriaceous species. Resinicolous fungi have been little studied in recent years and the known species are poorly represented by public DNA sequences. This recent discovery of Chaenothecopsis claydenii and now S.oblongispora highlights the undiscovered resinicolous fungal diversity of the Acadian forests of eastern Canada.

Colour illustrations. Campobello Island, NB, Canada (photo R. Smith). From left to right (DAOM 867433: synnemata on Picea rubens resin, conidial head, mononematous conidiophore, conidia with examples of anastomosis. Scale bars = 100 μm (synnemata), 10 μm (all others).

^{Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Calle del Duero, 12, 37185 Villamayor (Salamanca), Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@illecnorabodraccir

^{CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK; e-mail:}gro.ibac@afac.g

^{Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil; e-mail:}rb.psu@serahnil.ataner, rb.psu@ruelfuobsiaht & rb.psu@alossamn

Etymology. Named in honour of the Italian mycologist Giovanni Vannacci, for his important contributions to the study of fungi.

Classification — Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes.

Hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, septate, 1.3–4 μm wide onto potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Conidiomata pycnidial, black, unilocular, globose to subglobose, solitary or confluent, glabrous, superficial in the culture medium, 152.1–198.7 μm diam. Ostiole single and central, slightly papillate to papillate and occasionally rostrate. Pycnidial wall pseudoparenchymatous. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, 6.7–13.3 × 2–2.7 μm. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoidal to cylindrical with rounded ends, aseptate, with two polar guttules after ageing, 3.4–6.4 × 2–2.7 μm. Appressoria sepia, obovoid to ovoid, truncate, entire or undulate edges, 2.9–6.6 × 3.2–9.1 μm. Sexual morph unknown.

Culture characteristics — On PDA: colonies circular, flattened, reaching 64–66 mm diam after 6 d under 12 h photoperiod and 25 °C, margin entire, aerial mycelium sparse. Colonies surface with concentric circles fusco-black, violet-slate, vinaceus-grey and pale vinaceus-grey (from centre to edge), reverse fusco-black according to Rayner’s colour chart (Rayner 1970). On synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA): colonies circular, flattened, reaching 65–67 mm diam after 6 d under 12 h photoperiod and 25 °C, margin entire, aerial mycelium sparse, surface grey-sepia in the centre and pale mouse grey at the edge, reverse grey-sepia. No pycnidia were observed on SNA.

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Typus. Brazil, S13°18′46,7″ W56°02′33,4″ (Sinop, MT), from pod of soybean (Glycine max), cultivar M8766RR, 2016, F. Rogério (holotype IMI 507030, cultures ex-type LFN0148 = IMI 507030, ITS, LSU, tub2, tef1, act, rpb2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK519453","term_id":"1732260922","term_text":"MK519453"}}MK519453, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK519452","term_id":"1732260921","term_text":"MK519452"}}MK519452, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK519454","term_id":"1732260923","term_text":"MK519454"}}MK519454, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK519455","term_id":"1732260925","term_text":"MK519455"}}MK519455, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN534890","term_id":"1789814423","term_text":"MN534890"}}MN534890 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN534891","term_id":"1789814425","term_text":"MN534891"}}MN534891, MycoBank MB831973).

Notes — Stagonosporopsis vannaccii was isolated from anthracnose symptoms on pods of soybean in central Brazil in 2017. Pathogenicity was proved through seed inoculation in accordance with Costa et al. (2003) on different soybean cultivars. Inoculated seeds of BMX Bônus 8579 IPRO and M6210 IPRO cultivars had the germination reduced by 50 % and 70 %, respectively, and gave rise to plantlets with damping-off symptoms. Based on the similarity of symptoms, it is very likely that the disease caused by S. vannaccii in soybean is being confused with damping-off caused by Colletotrichum spp. in the field. Further studies should show the real importance of this disease to the soybean crop. Stagonosporopsis spp. has been reported causing diseases in other cultures in Brazil, such as S. caricae in Carica papaya (Aveskamp et al. 2010, Vivas et al. 2014) and S. cucurbitacearum in Luffa cylindrica (Silva et al. 2013b), and also in other countries, such as S. tanaceti, S. chrysanthemi and S. inoxydabilis in Asteraceae in Australia (Vaghefi et al. 2012), S. cucurbitacearum in Cucumis melo in Thailand (Nuangmek et al. 2018) and S. cucurbitacearum, S.citrulli and S. caricae in Cucurbita species (Stewart et al. 2015).

Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the LSU sequence is Allophoma minor strain CBS 315.83 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU238106.1","term_id":"294987027","term_text":"GU238106.1"}}GU238106.1; Identities = 1 326/1 327 (99.9 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the ITS sequence are Stagonosporopsis trachelii isolate NJ1-2 and strain CBS 384.68 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH062183.2","term_id":"1490555669","term_text":"MH062183.2"}}MH062183.2 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU237856.1","term_id":"294346507","term_text":"GU237856.1"}}GU237856.1, respectively; Identities = 471/475 (99.2 %), no gaps). The closest hits using the tub2 sequence are S. ligulicola strain SWJ-6 and strain NB-5 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ868169.1","term_id":"675304885","term_text":"KJ868169.1"}}KJ868169.1 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ868168.1","term_id":"675304883","term_text":"KJ868168.1"}}KJ868168.1, respectively; Identities = 321/333 (96.44 %), 2 gaps (0.3 %)) and S.inoxydabilis strain CBS 425.90 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU237693.1","term_id":"294346330","term_text":"GU237693.1"}}GU237693.1; Identities = 321/333 (96.44 %), 2 gaps (0.3 %)). The closest hit using the tef-1α sequence is Neodidymella thailandicum strain MFLUCC 11-0140 (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MG520938.1","term_id":"1365616534","term_text":"MG520938.1"}}MG520938.1; Identities = 884/902 (98.0 %), no gaps).

Phylogenetic tree of Stagonosporopsis spp. obtained with MrBayes v. 3.2.7 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) inferred from the concatenated LSU (1340 bp), ITS (481 bp), tub2 (363 bp), rpb2 (596 bp) and act (314) sequence alignment. The tree is rooted to Neoascochyta paspali CBS 560.81. PP values > 0.50 are shown above or below the branches while thicker branches indicate PP values of 1. Sequences used are those reported in Marin-Felix et al. (2019).

Colour illustrations. Piracicaba, Brazil, soybean plants. Colony on PDA and SNA after 6 d at 25 ± 1 °C; conidiomata pycnidia under the dissecting microscope; conidiogenous cells; conidia and appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.

^{Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, and Biosystematics Division, Agricultural Research Council – Plant Health and Protection, P. Bag X134, Queenswood, Pretoria 0121, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.pu.ibaf@eigasiv.suboc

^{Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; e-mail:}az.ca.pu.ibaf@eigasivzamliy.namiren

Etymology. Latin, clemensii, named after Clemens Kiessig of Barberton Mines who assisted with sample collections inside goldmine shaft.

Classification — Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.

Conidiophores biverticillate, sometimes subterminal branched; stipes smooth walled, 150–520 × 3–4 μm; branches 12–35 μm; metulae 4–8 per stipe, 10.5–13(–16) × 3–4 μm; phialides acerose, 4–6 per metula, 10–12(–13) × 2.5–3 μm (11.4 ± 0.8 × 2.8 ± 0.2); average length metula/phialide 1.1; conidia smooth walled, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 2–3(–5) × 2–2.5(–3.5) μm (2.6 ± 0.1 × 2.2 ± 0.1), av. width/length = 0.8, n = 70.

Culture characteristics (25 °C, 7 d) — On Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA): Colonies low, plain, raised centrally, having an olive (2F5; colour code based on Kornerup & Wanscher (1967)) to olive grey (2E2) colour; margins low, narrow (1 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation very sparse, conidia en masse not determined; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse black to olive brown (4F3–6). On malt extract agar (MEA): Colonies low, plain, raised centrally; margins low, wide (3 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous and floccose; sporulation moderately dense, conidia en masse greyish green (25D5–E5), dull green (27E4); soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse greyish yellow (2B4), greyish green (30C3–4), yellowish white (2A2). On yeast extract sucrose agar (YES): Colonies moderately deep, plain, slightly sunken centrally, having a greyish colour; margins low, narrow (1 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse, conidia en masse turquoise grey (24E2); soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse brownish grey (5F2–6F2), brownish orange (5C3). On dichloran 18 % glycerol agar (DG18): Colonies low to moderately deep, plain, raised centrally; margins low, narrow (1 mm), entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation absent, conidia en masse not determined; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellowish white (3A2). On creatine sucrose agar (CREA): Colonies weak growth, no acid production. Colony diam (in mm): CYA 5–8; CYA 30 °C 3–5; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA with 5 % NaCl 4–5; MEAbl 30–31; DG18 6–8; YES 6–7; oatmeal agar (OA) 10–11; CREA 6–7.

Typus. South Africa, Mpumalanga, Barberton, from rotting wood in goldmine, Nov. 2018, coll. C.M. Visagie & C. Kiessig, isol. C.M. Visagie (holotype PREM 62301, cultures ex-type PPRI 26753 = CMV016A4, LSU, ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN388753","term_id":"1732216883","term_text":"MN388753"}}MN388753, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951940","term_id":"1793627262","term_text":"MK951940"}}MK951940, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951833","term_id":"1793626280","term_text":"MK951833"}}MK951833, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK951906","term_id":"1793626920","term_text":"MK951906"}}MK951906 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN418451","term_id":"1789164476","term_text":"MN418451"}}MN418451; MycoBank MB832488).

Notes — A BLAST search against an ex-type reference sequence dataset placed the new species in Talaromyces sect. Trachyspermi (Yilmaz et al. 2014). A multigene phylogeny based on ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2 resolves T. clemensii as sister to T. diversus. All four genes distinguish between these species. Morphologically, both species are distinguished by poor growth on CYA. Talaromyces clemensii is distinguished from T. diversus by its inability of growth on CYA at 37 °C, and more restricted growth on OA (10–11 vs 25–40 mm).

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Colour illustrations. Collecting rotting wood in goldmine shaft. Colonies on CYA and MEA; colony texture on MEA; conidiophores; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Combined phylogeny of Talaromyces sect Trachyspermi based on ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2. Aligned datasets were analysed in IQ-tree v. 1.6.8. Bootstrap support values (≥ 80 %) are given above branches. The new species is indicated by bold orange text, ^{= ex-type strain. GenBank accession numbers are shown in a smaller font next to the culture accession number (ITS = green,}BenA = blue, CaM = red, RPB2 = purple). The tree is rooted to T. islandicus.

^{Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; e-mail:}zc.manzes@ignuforcimNA

^{Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4 and Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; e˗mail:}zc.sac.demoib@cevs.lerak, zc.manzes@ranelkSadnaF & zc.manzes@kiralokvalsorim

^{Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; e˗mail:}zc.inuc.rutan@avotabuk

Etymology. Named according to the geographical origin of investigated isolates.

Classification — Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes.

On malt extract agar (MEA). Conidiophores biverticillate-symmetrical, stipe smooth, 144–151 × 4.7 μm, under penicillus with spathulate widening. Metulae cylindrical, smooth, 4–5 in compact terminal whorls, 17.6 × 3.9–4.7 μm. Phialides ampulliform-acerose, 3–4 in whorls, 12–14.4 × 3.6(–4.8) μm. Conidia elliptical, rough˗walled, 3.1–3.9 × 2.3 μm.

Culture characteristics — (in the dark, 25 °C after 7 d): Colonies on malt extract agar (MEA) synnematal, colony margins brilliant yellow (ISCC–NBS No. 83) with very low acerose synnemata coloured also brilliant yellow, colony centre (15 mm diam) with distinct acerose synnemata up to 6–8 mm high, turn to greyish olive green (No. 127), some with yellowish tops, no exudate, no soluble pigment, reverse vivid yellow (No. 82) to strong orange yellow (No. 68). Colonies on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA) synnematal, synnemata short, brilliant to moderate yellow (No. 83, 87), 1 mm to 2–3 mm high in colony centre and greyish greenish yellow (No. 105) to light greyish olive (No. 109) with 4–5 mm yellowish grey (No. 93) centre and 2 mm submerged colony margin, soluble pigment vivid reddish orange (No. 34) to deep reddish orange (No. 38), reverse deep reddish brown (No. 44) with paler margins. Colonies on Czapek-Dox agar (CZA) synnematal with low synnemata, greyish greenish yellow (No. 105) on margin to greyish olive green (No. 127) with paler tops in the centre, no exudate, delicate to strong (5–8 mm ring) soluble pigment vivid reddish orange (No. 34) missing in any colonies, reverse dark reddish brown (No. 44). Colonies on Czapek yeast autolysate agar with 20 % sucrose (CY20S) plane, low lanose with 1–5 mm submerged margins, acerose synnemata production sporadic, 1–2 mm high, pale yellow (No. 89), more abundant in 10–12 mm centre, where are 5–6 mm high, greyish olive (No. 110) with pale yellow (No. 89) tops, lanose parts of colonies light brown (No. 57) to brownish orange (No. 54), no exudate, no soluble pigment, reverse light brown (No. 57) to brownish orange (No. 54) with darker 3–5 mm centre and pale orange yellow (No. 73) margins and strong orange (No. 50) borderline between submerged and lanose parts. Colonies on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) plane, velutinous˗granulose turning distinctly synnematous, sporulation light greyish olive (No. 109), no exudate, no acid production, but pure production of deep reddish orange (No. 38) soluble pigment in some colonies, reverse deep reddish brown (No. 44). No growth at 37 °C.

Typus. Guatemala, Semuc Champey on the Cahabòn river, under small overhang of limestone, ex soil from tropical forest using the soil dilution plate method, 2017, K. Švec (holotype PRM 952195, culture ex˗type CCF 6215, ITS, tub2, CaM and RPB2 sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN322789","term_id":"1723849229","term_text":"MN322789"}}MN322789, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN329687","term_id":"1789814409","term_text":"MN329687"}}MN329687,{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN329688","term_id":"1789814411","term_text":"MN329688"}}MN329688 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN329689","term_id":"1789814413","term_text":"MN329689"}}MN329689, MycoBank MB832313).

Additional material examined. Guatemala, Semuc Champey on the Cahabòn river, under small overhang of limestone, ex soil from tropical forest using the soil dilution plate method, 2017, K. Švec, GUA2˗1 (= CCF 6214), GUA2˗3 and GUA2˗4.

Notes — Isolate GUA2˗1 (CCF 6214, PRM 952196) is phenotypically different (brilliant yellow to brilliant greenish yellow pigmentation of colonies on BWA and MEA, synnemata 80–100 μm high, no or pure production of soluble pigment on CYA and CZA, big reddish droplets on CZA in 14 d (on the contrary in the ex-type isolate, deep reddish orange (No. 41) soluble pigment with distinct abundant occurrence in colony environs and reddish black (No. 24 reverse were found), very good growth and sporulation as well as massive acid production on CREA). However, the molecular analyses of all tested genes (ITS, tub2, CaM and RPB2) revealed them to be identical.

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Colour illustrations. Pools in the Cahabòn river in Semuc Champey, Guatemala. Seven-day-old colonies on CYA, MEA, CZA and CREA (column left); conidiophore and conidia (light microscopy) and SEM photography of conidia; columns on the right – colonies of CCF 6215 and CCF 6214 isolates on beer-wort agar (7 d), CZA and CREA (14 d). Scale bars = 20, 10 and 5 μm.

Phylogenetic tree depicting the position of Talaromyces guatemalensis within the section Trachyspermi. The tree was inferred in IQ-TREE v. 1.6.5 from a concatenated alignment of DNA sequences from the ITS region of rDNA and partial genes of β-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2. Models of evolution for each partition were calculated in jModeltest v. 2.1.7.

^{Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain}; e-mail: moc.ainamafurt@oinotna, se.mu@rna & se.mu@etroma

^{Asociación Micológica Zamorana, 49080 Zamora, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamtoh@orebacoedivotof

^{C/Severo Daza 31, 41820 Carrión de los Céspedes (Sevilla), Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@8791nomdj

Etymology. In accordance with the habitat (coastal dunes).

Classification — Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes.

Ascomata hypogeous to partially emergent at maturity, 2–5 cm in size, globose to subglobose, sometimes gibbous or lobed, often with tapered, sterile short base with a thick mycelial cord, cream colour at first, becoming lilac to pale lavender, then ochre brown with black spots, smooth, rough to tuberculate at full maturity. Peridium 150–500 μm thick, whitish in cross section, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose cells, 40–90 μm diam, thin-walled, hyaline, yellowish and angular to oblong in the outermost layers. Gleba solid, fleshy, succulent, whitish with small pale grey pockets at first, soon becoming lilac, then brown, maturing to dark grey to black pockets of fertile tissue separated by whitish, sterile veins. Spermatic odour. Acidic, unpleasant taste. Asci inamyloid, subglobose, sessile or short-stipitate, 60–85 × 50–70 μm, walls 1–2 μm thick, with 6–8 irregularly disposed spores, randomly arranged in fertile pockets. Ascospores globose, (18–)18.5–19.5(–20.5) μm diam (av. = 19 μm) including ornamentation, (13–)13.5–15(–16.5) μm (av. = 14 μm) without ornamentation, hyaline, smooth and uni-guttulate at first, by maturity yellow ochre and ornamented with cylindrical, conical spines with occasional uncinate tips, blunt, separate, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm long, 1–2 μm wide at the base.

Ecology & Distribution — Terfezia dunensis grows in coastal sand dunes, acidic soils, associated with Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius, from January to March.

Typus. Spain, Huelva, Almonte, in sandy soil with Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius, Mar. 2019, D. Luque (holotype MUB Fung-968, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN438324","term_id":"1736993042","term_text":"MN438324"}}MN438324, MycoBank MB831972).

Additional materials examined. Spain, Huelva, Almonte, in sandy soil with Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius, Jan. 2019, D. Luque, MUB Fung-967, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN438323","term_id":"1736993041","term_text":"MN438323"}}MN438323; in sandy soil with Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius, Mar. 2019, D. Luque, MUB Fung-969, ITS sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN438325","term_id":"1736993043","term_text":"MN438325"}}MN438325.

Notes — Terfezia dunensis is a spiny-spored Terfezia species characterised by its acidic coastal dune habitat, associated with Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius, lilac colours of peridium and gleba and spermatic odour. It differs from all other spiny-spored species by its habitat and lilac colour, that is unique in the genus Terfezia. Terfezia cistophila and T. albida have spermatic odour but different habitat, colour and spores (Bordallo et al. 2013, 2015). Moreover, the new taxon is distinguished from all Terfezia spp. in its ITS nrDNA sequence.

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Colour illustrations. Spain, Almonte (Huelva), coastal dune in National Park of Doñana. Ascocarps; mature ascospores; Halimium halimifolium and Cistus salvifolius plants. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS sequences, using RAxML-HPC v. 8 (Stamatakis 2014) on XSEDE in the CIPRES science gateway (Miller et al. 2010). GTR + G selected as model of evolution for analysis. Bootstrap support values (≥ 70 %) are indicated at the nodes. Cazia{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY830852","term_id":"56544497","term_text":"AY830852"}}AY830852, Peziza{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JX414200","term_id":"399610926","term_text":"JX414200"}}JX414200, Tirmania{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"JF908769","term_id":"344333710","term_text":"JF908769"}}JF908769 and Tirmania{"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"FJ197820","term_id":"207298807","term_text":"FJ197820"}}FJ197820 were used as outgroups. The scale bar indicates the expected changes per site.

^{Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; e-mail:}tp.au@gmfm & tp.au@sevla.rutra

Etymology. Named after the environment where the species was collected, namely an estuary.

Classification — Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes.

Mycelium on synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) smooth, hyaline with aerial hyphae. Chlamydospores infrequent. Conidiation starting after 7 d, short effuse and predominantly in small pustules 1–2 mm diam formed mostly in the middle plate. Conidiophores variable, irregular. Phialides solitary or divergent, (7.7–)13.7(–20.1) × (1.9–)2.5(–3.2) μm (n = 50). Conidia ellipsoid to oblong, green, rough, (4.4–)6.1(–7.4) × (2.6–)3.4(–4.4) μm (n = 100).

Culture characteristics — Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C. No growth at 35 °C in potato dextrose agar (PDA), corn meal agar (CMA) and SNA. Colony radius after 2 wk: on PDA, colonies have 75 mm at 25, 20 and 15 °C; 15 mm at 10 °C and 3 mm at 30 °C; colony circular, dense, margin wavy, surface whitish, abundant aerial hyphae, absent autolytic excretions, conidiation pustules and diffusing pigment, odour indistinct, reverse turning slightly yellowish. On CMA, colonies have 75 mm at 25, 20 and 15 °C; 26 mm at 10 °C and 2 mm at 30 °C; colony circular, hyaline, dense, aerial hyphae scant, absent autolytic excretions and diffusing pigment, odour indistinct, conidiation pustules mainly in periphery, green or grey-green. On SNA, colonies have 75 mm at 25, 20 and 15 °C; 6 mm at 10 °C and 3 mm at 30 °C; colony circular, hyaline, dense, with some aerial hyphae from the middle, absent autolytic excretions and diffusing pigment, odour indistinct, conidiation pustules green beginning to form in the centre.

Typus. Portugal, Ria de Aveiro, from saline water, 2019, M. Gonçalves (holotype MUM H-19.05, a dried culture sporulating cultures; ex-holotype living culture MUM 19.05 = CMG 1, ITS, tef1-α and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK770830","term_id":"1786553545","term_text":"MK770830"}}MK770830, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK770831","term_id":"1786553587","term_text":"MK770831"}}MK770831 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN535286","term_id":"1755864330","term_text":"MN535286"}}MN535286, MycoBank MB830732).

Notes — Phylogenetic analysis of Trichoderma species based on the ITS and tef1-α genes provides highest resolution for identification of species of the genus, particularly in the distinction of species within the Viride clade (Jaklitsch et al. 2006, Samuels et al. 2006). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Trichoderma koningii (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KY788329","term_id":"1164686499","term_text":"KY788329"}}KY788329; Identities = 568/570 (99 %), no gaps), Trichoderma koningiopsis (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF116301","term_id":"1194446019","term_text":"MF116301"}}MF116301; Identities = 567/570 (99 %), no gaps) and Trichoderma sp. (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP172544","term_id":"783015991","term_text":"KP172544"}}KP172544; Identities = 567/570 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the tef1-α sequence had highest similarity to Trichoderma paraviridescens (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF782846","term_id":"1433417909","term_text":"MF782846"}}MF782846; Identities = 608/646 (94 %), 18 gaps (2 %)), Trichoderma trixiae (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MF782847","term_id":"1433417911","term_text":"MF782847"}}MF782847; Identities = 605/646 (94 %), 21 gaps (3 %)) and Trichoderma vinosum (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ841719","term_id":"111610658","term_text":"DQ841719"}}DQ841719; Identities = 587/624 (94 %), 22 gaps (3 %)). Alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE (TB2:{"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S24289","term_id":"109566","term_text":"pir||S24289"}}S24289).

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Phylogenetic relationships of some Trichoderma species clade Viride based on combined ITS and tef1-α sequence data and inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method under the Kimura 2-parameter model (MEGA7 v.7.0). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site and rooted to Trichoderma harzianum (CBS 226.95). Bootstrap support values (> 50 %) are shown at the nodes. Ex-type strains are in bold and the isolate from the current study is in blue.

Colour illustrations. Estuary Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). Colony after 2 wk at 25 °C on PDA, CMA and SNA; conidiation pustules, phialides and conidia on SNA. Scale bars 10 μm (middle), 2.5 μm (right).

^{Laboratorio de Investigacion, San Vicente Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; e-mail:}se.mu@olladrob.nailujnauj

Etymology. The epithet refers to Lucentum, the old Roman name for the city of Alicante (Spain), the locality where this species was found.

Classification — Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes.

Ascomata hypogeous, very small globose, round, regular, < 1 cm diam in size. Exoperidium tomentose white to light cream and endoperidium pseudoparenchymatic (< 100 μm). Gleba hyaline, vitrea; forming neither isolated locules nor continuous labyrinthine loculated gleba. Asci clavate, containing mostly two spores. Ascospores globose to citriform (40–60 μm), by maturity ocher and ornamented with reticulum, mostly pentagonal or hexagonal, cells 3 μm high.

Habitat, Distribution & Season — Accompanying Terfezia claveryi, T. crassiverrucosa, and other desert truffles. Grows in calcareous, alkaline soils from eastern Spain, associated with Cistaceae plants: Helianthemum violaceum, H. almeriense, H.syriacum, Fumana thymifolia, etc. Collected in spring (Apr.–June).

Notes — Tuber lucentum is distinguished from T. gennadii and T. lacunosum based on its very small ascomata, its gleba lacking isolated locules or continuous labyrinthine locules, and ITS sequence identity.

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Colour illustrations. Habitat with Helianthemum violaceum, H. syriacum and Fumana thymifolia. Ascocarps; gleba and mature ascospores (stain Acidic Fuchsina).

The evolutionary history of 22 taxa was inferred using the Maximum Parsimony and the Neighbour-Joining methods. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 500 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analysed. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50 % bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The MP tree was obtained using the Close-Neighbour-Interchange algorithm with search level 3. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (Complete Deletion option). There were a total of 487 positions in the final dataset, out of which 114 were parsimony informative. Maximum Parsimony and the Neighbour-Joining were similar in bootstrap support. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA 4.

^{Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Str. 2, RUS-197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia / Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam; e-mail:}ur.narnib@avozoroMO & ur.narnib@vopoPE

^{Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 119234, 1, 12 Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow, Russia / Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam / Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklouho-Maclay Str., 117198, Moscow, Russia; e-mail:}ur.usm.oib.liam@avordnaxela

Etymology. The epithet vulpinus (Latin for ‘of or belonging to a fox’) refers to the reddish brown colour of the basidiomata, like fox fur.

Classification — Boletaceae, Boletales, Agaricomycetes.

Basidiomata small to medium sized, boletoid. Pileus 25‒60 mm diam, hemispherical to convex; reddish brown to orange brown (6C7–8, Kornerup & Wanscher 1978); surface dry, firstly completely fibrillose or tomentose, in mature covered with fibrillose reddish brown squamules on the paler background; the pileus margin slightly extending and does not embrace the apex of the stipe. Hymenophore tubular, adnate-emarginate, depressed around apex of stipe, 4–10 mm thick, whitish to creme (4A2–3), unchanging in colour when bruised, pinkish from spores in maturity; pores rounded to angular, 1–2/mm, with slightly fringed edge; tubes concolorous with the hymenophore surface. Spore print brownish pink. Stipe 40–90 × 5–10 mm, cylindrical, usually significantly broadened up to 20 mm in the basal part, concolorous with the pileal surface; slightly pubescent in the upper part, white tomentose near the stem base. Context white in pileus, unchanging, pinkish or turning pink in the stem. Smell faint, taste bitter. Basidiospores (12–)13–15(–16) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) μm, Q = (2.1–)2.4–2.8(–3.1), fusoid, subfusoid and inequilateral in side view with weak suprahilar depression, narrowly oblong to subfusoid in ventral view, yellowish to brownish yellow in KOH, smooth. Basidia 25–31 × 9–12 μm, 4-spored, sometimes 2-spored, clavate. Cheilocystidia 56–77 × 8–11 μm, forming a sterile edge, cylindrical, septate, thin-walled, consist of 2–3 cells, with terminal cells 25–38 × 7–12 μm. Pleurocystidia 38–65 × 6–9 μm, cylindrical, fusiform, subfusoid to narrowly lageniform, thin-walled, sparse. Hymenophoral trama divergent, boletoid. Pileipellis a trichoderm, made up of interwoven cylindrical hyphae 2.5–4 μm wide with narrowly clavate or fusiform terminal cells, 29–75 × 6–16 μm, sometimes with thickened walls in the apex; pigment incrusting, in some hyphae zebra-striped (-verrucose) and additionally pale intracellular. Pileal trama composed of interwoven hyphae 3.5–5.5 μm wide. Stipitipellis hymeniform. Caulocystidia 41–84 × 9–12 μm, as cylindrical, septate hairs with clavate or sometimes rostrate terminal cells. Clamp connections absent.

Habit, Habitat & Distribution — In groups on soil and dead wood in primary tropical middle to upper montane evergreen mixed forests. Known from Vietnam.

Typus. Vietnam, Lam Dong Province, Lac Duong District, Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, vicinities of Giang Ly, 12.18061°N, 108.68442°E, 1 500 m alt., on soil and dead wood in middle montane mixed forest with the participation of Pinus kempfii, P. dalatensis, 25 May 2014, O.V. Morozova (holotype {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315544","term_id":"820060513","term_text":"LE315544"}}LE315544, ITS, tef1α and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN511177","term_id":"1751153579","term_text":"MN511177"}}MN511177, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN597966","term_id":"1790964733","term_text":"MN597966"}}MN597966 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MN511170","term_id":"1751153572","term_text":"MN511170"}}MN511170, MycoBank MB832742).

Notes — The genus Veloporphyrellus was originally described based on V. pantoleucus from Costa Rica (Gómez & Singer 1984). It is characterised by the whitish to pink tubular hymenophore, the pinkish to brownish pink spore print, the smooth, elongate to fusiform basidiospores, trichodermial pileipellis and the extending membranous veil remnants on the pileus margin which often embraces the apex of the stipe (Wu et al. 2016). Li et al. (2014) considered the genus as monophyletic. However, in the work of Wu et al. (2016) its monophyly was questioned because species of this genus nested into two clades. Considering the morphological similarities and following latest work (Wu et al. 2016) we treat our new species as Veloporphyrellus until further data are available.

The closest species is V. gracilioides, from which the new species differs by the brighter reddish- or orange-brown colour of the basidiomata and less developed pileus margin. Due to macromorphology V. vulpinus resembles Austroboletus gracilis, with the exception of the non-reticulate stipe surface. But like other Austroboletus species A. gracilis possesses ornamented pitted spores, while the spores of Veloporphyrellus are smooth.

Colour illustrations. Vietnam, Lam Dong Prov., Lac Duong Dist., Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park, vicinities of Giang Ly, middle montane mixed forest with the participation of Pinus kempfii. Spores; SEM photos of spores; cheilocystidia; pileipellis; pleurocystidia; caulocystidia; basidiomata in situ (all from holotype); cross section of the basidioma (from {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LE315547","term_id":"820060516","term_text":"LE315547"}}LE315547). Scale bars = 1 cm (basidiomata), 10 μm (microstructures).

^{Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain; e-mail:}moc.liamg@ateirrutilebasi, tac.vru@eneg.apesoj & tac.vru@saicrag.ainad

Etymology. Referring to the fungus growing on submerged plant debris.

Classification — Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth-walled 2–5 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores mononematous, growing laterally on hyphae, micronematous, reduced to a conidiogenous cell, or macronematous, erect, unbranched, more rarely branched, subcylindrical, pale olivaceous, smooth-walled, up to 30 μm long. Conidiogenous cells terminal, polyblastic, with up to three denticle-like conidiogenous loci, smooth-walled, pale olivaceous, 11–24 × 2–4 μm, forming conidia in simple or branched acropetal chains. Ramoconidia 0(–1)-septate, cylindrical, with truncate base, up to three terminal or subterminal conidiogenous loci, smooth-walled, pale olivaceous, 13–24 × 2–4 μm. Conidia fusiform, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 0(–2)-septate, pale olivaceous, smooth-walled, 7–15 × 3–4(–5) μm. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics at 25 °C in 2 wk — Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) reaching 9 mm diam, grey (4F1), velvety, umbonate, aerial mycelium scarce, regular margin; reverse black. On potato carrot agar (PCA) reaching 8–10 mm, brownish grey (4F2), velvety, flat, aerial mycelium scarce, regular margin; reverse black. On oatmeal agar (OA) reaching 8–10 mm diam, grey (4F1), velvety, flat, aerial mycelium scarce, regular margin; reverse dark brown (6F8).

Cardinal temperature for growth — Minimum 5 °C, optimum 20 °C, maximum 25 °C.

Typus. Spain, Segovia, Riaza, on submerged plant debris, May 2018, I. Iturrieta-González, V. Magaña-Dueñas & D. García (holotype CBS H-24081, cultures ex-type FMR 17405; ITS and LSU sequences GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR536046","term_id":"1717781881","term_text":"LR536046"}}LR536046 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LR536048","term_id":"1717781882","term_text":"LR536048"}}LR536048, MycoBank MB831789).

Notes — Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the LSU sequence of Venturia submersa showed a similarity of 99.77 % (857/859) with the sequence of V. barriae (CBS 621.84, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035431","term_id":"157325627","term_text":"EU035431"}}EU035431) and of 99.42 % (854/859) with that of V. hystrioides (CBS 117727, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035459","term_id":"157325655","term_text":"EU035459"}}EU035459); while the ITS sequence was 96.44 % (488/506) similar with that of the latter species (CBS 117727, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035459","term_id":"157325655","term_text":"EU035459"}}EU035459) and 95.46 % (484/507) with V. barriae (CBS 621.84, GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU035431","term_id":"157325627","term_text":"EU035431"}}EU035431). The phylogenetic reconstruction using ITS barcodes of different accepted Venturia species, including the type V. inaequalis, showed that the new species was located in an unsupported clade together with V. barriae, V. hystrioides, V. inopina, V. populina, V. tremulae and V. saliciperda, being closely related with the former two species. Venturia barriae, formerly Fusicladium fagi, and V. hystrioides, formerly Capronia hystrioides, were described from decaying leaves of Fagus sylvatica and from scar of cherry fruit, respectively (Dugan et al. 1995, Crous et al. 2007c, Rossman et al. 2015). Morphologically, our new species differs from V. barriae in having longer conidiophores (up to 30 μm long vs up to 15 μm long in V. barriae), commonly aseptate and shorter conidia (7–15 μm vs up to 40 μm in V. barriae), and slower growth on PDA after 4 wk in darkness (23 mm in V. submersa vs 50 mm at 25 °C in V. barriae). Venturia hystrioides differs from V.submersa in the absence of macronematous conidiophores, larger ramoconidia (up to 30 μm long) with more septa (0–3), and by its more rapid growth on PDA and OA (reaching 40 mm after 2 wk at 25 °C in dark) (Crous et al. 2007c).

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Colour illustrations. Riaza, Segovia, Spain. Colony sporulating on PCA after 2 wk at 25 °C; conidiophores and conidia after 10 d. Scale bars 10 mm (colony), 10 μm (microscopic structures).

Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the analysis of ITS sequences of the genus Venturia. The alignment included 502 bp and was performed with ClustalW. Both the alignment and tree for ML were constructed with MEGA v. 6 software (Tamura et al. 2013) and Bayesian Inference (BI) approaches under MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). Kimura 2-parameters with Gamma distribution (K2+G) was used as the best nucleotide substitution model for ML and Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano with Gamma distribution (HKY+G) for BI. Bootstrap support values for ML greater than 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.95 are given near nodes. The new species proposed in this study is indicated in bold face. A superscript ^{denotes ex-type cultures.}

^{All-Russian collection of microorganisms (VKM), IBPM RAS, prospect Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; e-mail:}ur.lod@ien, ur.lod@kag, moc.liamg@oknelisavvo & moc.liamg@mkvoms

Etymology. Named after Antarctica, where the fungus was collected.

Classification — Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes.

Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth to warty, hyaline to pale olivaceous, 1–4 μm wide hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, arising from superficial mycelium, macronematous, subcylindrical, straight to slightly curved, subcylindrical throughout, 30–100 × 2.5–4.5 μm, 0–6-septate, medium to dark brown, paler towards the apex, smooth, wall ≤ 0.75 μm diam, penicillate apex formed by a terminal conidiogenous cell giving rise to a single set of ramoconidia. Conidiogenous cells terminal, rarely intercalary integrated, subcylindrical, straight to curved, 8–30 × 2.5–4.5 μm, pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, with several (–10) terminal and intercalary conidiogenous loci, thickened and darkened, scars protuberant, 1–1.5 μm diam. Conidia in short (–5), dense penicillate, acropetal chains, ramoconidia subcylindrical, with 1–3 terminal loci, olivaceous brown, smooth, 11–12.5 × 3.5–4.5(–5) μm; secondary conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, (7–)8.5–10(–11) × (3.5–)4–5.5(–6) μm, hila not thickened or almost so to somewhat thickened and darkened, not refractive, 1 μm diam.

Culture characteristics — (in the dark, PDA, 25 °C after 1 mo). Colonies olivaceous grey, dense, aerial mycelium abundant, felty to woolly, growth regular, low convex with an elevated colony centre, sometimes forming few large prominent exudates, reverse iron-grey, margin almost colourless, regular, colonies fertile; colonies reaching 20–22 mm diam (at 25 °C), 26–29 mm diam (at 20 °C), 20–21 mm diam (at 15 °C), 2–3 mm diam (at 5 °C), no growth (at 30 °C).

Typus. Antarctica, Russkaya Station (S74°45′48″ W136°47′47″, altitude 76 m), hole A8/08, depth 1.3–1.4 m, isolated from permafrost, N. Ivanushkina (holotype VKM H-0001, ex-type culture VKM F-4540, SSU/ITS/LSU sequence GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MK770828.1","term_id":"1609536802","term_text":"MK770828.1"}}MK770828.1, MycoBank MB830584).

Notes — Apenidiella antarctica is the second member of the genus Apenidiella (Crous et al. 2007a, Quaedvlieg et al. 2014). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Apenidiella strumelloidea (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_145090.1","term_id":"1124136640","term_text":"NR_145090.1"}}NR_145090.1; Identities = 547/564 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Cercosporella dolichandrae (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NR_156282.1","term_id":"1385000007","term_text":"NR_156282.1"}}NR_156282.1; Identities = 489/574 (85 %), 32 gaps (5 %)), Hortaea thailandica (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU214637.1","term_id":"284159050","term_text":"GU214637.1"}}GU214637.1; Identities = 491/578 (85 %), 26 gaps (4 %)). Closest hits using the partial LSU sequence are Apenidiella strumelloidea (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU019277.1","term_id":"157277329","term_text":"EU019277.1"}}EU019277.1; Identities = 800/805 (99 %), no gaps), Microcyclospora tardicrescens (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH875507.1","term_id":"1473262563","term_text":"MH875507.1"}}MH875507.1; Identities = 778/806 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), M. pomicola (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH875506.1","term_id":"1473262562","term_text":"MH875506.1"}}MH875506.1 with the same statistics), and Microcyclospora malicola (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"MH875503.1","term_id":"1473262559","term_text":"MH875503.1"}}MH875503.1; Identities = 775/806 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the contiguous tandem ITS plus LSU (including D1-D3 domains) sequence are Apenidiella strumelloidea (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU019277.1","term_id":"157277329","term_text":"EU019277.1"}}EU019277.1; Identities = 1345/1367 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Eupenidiella venezuelensis (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"EU019277.1","term_id":"157277329","term_text":"EU019277.1"}}EU019277.1; Identities = 1228/1351 (91 %), 29 gaps (2 %)), Teratoramularia kirschneriana (GenBank {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GU214669.1","term_id":"284159082","term_text":"GU214669.1"}}GU214669.1; Identities = 1210/1343 (90 %), 26 gaps (1 %)). Apenidiella antarctica differs morphologically from A. strumelloidea VKM F-2534^{(= CBS 114484}^{) in having numerous loci aggregated or spread over the whole conidiogenous cell, short and little branched conidial chains, and wider, not curved conidia.}

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Colour illustrations. David Gilichinsky at the Russkaya Station in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, busy sampling via the dry drilling technique. Colonies on PDA; conidiophores and conidiogenous cells; conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS+LSU sequences performed with MEGA-X (Kumar et al. 2018) using the Kimura 2-parameter model. Bootstrap support values (500 replicates) are shown at the nodes. The new species described in this study is marked with the black circle, where as white ones mark the known members of Teratosphaeriaceae, white squares mark Mycosphaerellaceae and triangles mark Cladosporiaceae. Saccharata capensis represents the outgroup. The alignment and tree are deposited in TreeBASE ({"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"S24413","term_id":"478686","term_text":"pir||S24413"}}S24413).