Int J Ophthalmol 10(10): 1604-1610

The impact of combined oral contraceptives on ocular tissues: a review of ocular effects

Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Correspondence to: Marilita M. Moschos. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 6, Ikarias street, Ekali 14578, Athens, Greece. rf.oohay@atiliramsohcsom

Received 2016 Apr 23; Accepted 2017 Jul 10.

Abstract

The aim of this manuscript is to review the action and adverse effects of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on ocular tissues. The percentage of unwanted pregnancies and the subsequent abortions make contraception crucial worldwide. Over 100 million women around the world use common contraceptive methods, including intrauterine devices, combined estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives, as well as progestin only preparations (oral contraceptives, implants or injections). COCs are widely used for contraception, but they are also indicated in menorrhagia, endometriosis, acne and hirsutism, fibroid uterus and premenstrual syndrome. However, they have been associated with high rates of cardiovascular events, venous thromboembolic disease, ischemic strokes and breast cancer. The incidence of COCs-related ocular complications is estimated to be 1 in 230 000, including dry eye symptoms, corneal edema, lens opacities and retinal neuro-ophthalmologic or vascular complications. We may infer that the serious ocular complications of COCs can be prevented by eliminating the estrogen dosage and choosing third-generation progestins. In any case, doctors should take into consideration the systemic and ocular history of the patients before selecting any method of contraception.

Keywords: adverse effects, ocular complications, oral contraceptives

Abstract

Acknowledgments

The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper and they have contributed significantly to this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest: Moschos M, None; Nitoda E, None.

Acknowledgments

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