Psychological morbidities and fatigue in patients with confirmed COVID-19 during disease outbreak: prevalence and associated biopsychosocial risk factors

Rongfeng Qi

Wei Chen

Saiduo Liu

Paul Thompson

Wesley Surento+6 authors

^{Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.}

^{Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.}

^{Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuanxi Road, No 109, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.}

^{Departments of Infectious Disease, Wenzhou Central Hospital, 32 West Jiangbin Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.}

^{Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA.}

^{Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.}

Contributed by ^{Rongfeng Qi and Wei Chen contributed equally to this work.}

^{Correspondence to: Guang Ming Lu, M.D., Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210002, China; Xiangao Jiang, M.D., Department of Infectious Disease, Wenzhou Central Hospital, 32 West Jiangbin Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China. Tel#: 86-25-80860185. Fax#: 86-25-84804659.}moc.361.piv@gnimgnaugul.rjc, moc.361@863oagnaix.

It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Footnotes

DISCLOSURE

All authors declare no competing interests. PMT received a research grant from Biogen, Inc., (Boston, USA), for research unrelated to this manuscript.

REFERENCES

References

1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8): 727–33.
2. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(18): 1708–20.
3. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(3): 228–9.
4. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(4): 300–2.
5. Gardner PJ, Moallef P. Psychological impact on SARS survivors: Critical review of the English language literature. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 2015; 56(1): 123–35. [PubMed]
6. Batawi S, Tarazan N, Al-Raddadi R, et al. Quality of life reported by survivors after hospitalization for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17(1): 101.
7. Kim HC, Yoo SY, Lee BH, Lee SH, Shin HS. Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15(4): 355–60.
8. Chua SE, Cheung V, McAlonan GM, et al. Stress and psychological impact on SARS patients during the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49(6): 385–90. [[PubMed]
9. Chan AO, Huak CY. Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occup Med (Lond) 2004; 54(3): 190–6.
10. Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169(22): 2142–7. [[PubMed]
11. Ran L, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu W, Zhang L, Tan X. Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers with Corona Virus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Designated Hospital of Wuhan in China. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
12. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun 2020.
13. Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Trauma Stress 2005; 18(1): 39–42.
14. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 1997; 27(1): 191–7. [[PubMed]
15. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T. The PTSD checklist—civilian version (PCL-C). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD; 1994. [PubMed]
16. Zung WW. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971; 12(6): 371–9. [[PubMed]
17. Zung WW. A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965; 12: 63–70. [[PubMed]
18. Chalder T, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T, et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J Psychosom Res 1993; 37(2): 147–53. [[PubMed]
19. Cheng Y, Liu C, Mao C, Qian J, Liu K, Ke G. Social support plays a role in depression in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-section study in a Chinese cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 14(1): 43–5. [[PubMed]
20. Jiang X-R, Du J-J, Dong R-Y. Coping style, job burnout and mental health of university teachers of the millennial generation. Journal of Mathemmatical Science and Technology Education, 13 (7) 2017: 3379–92. [PubMed]
21. Makowska Z, Merecz D, Moscicka A, Kolasa W. The validity of general health questionnaires, GHQ-12 and GHQ-28, in mental health studies of working people. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2002; 15(4): 353–62. [[PubMed]
22. Chae EJ, Seo JB, Jang YM, et al. Dual-energy CT for assessment of the severity of acute pulmonary embolism: pulmonary perfusion defect score compared with CT angiographic obstruction score and right ventricular/left ventricular diameter ratio. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194(3): 604–10. [[PubMed]
23. Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6(3): 211–24. [[PubMed]
24. Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31(4): 318–26.
25. Cheng SK, Wong CW, Tsang J, Wong KC. Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Psychol Med 2004; 34(7): 1187–95. [[PubMed]
26. Wing YK, Leung CM. Mental health impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a prospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18Suppl 3: 24–7. [[PubMed]
27. Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, Miller TW. Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. J 16 Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66(3): 586–90. [[PubMed]
28. Hong X, Currier GW, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zhou W, Wei J. Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: a 4-year follow-up study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31(6): 546–54.
29. Kwek SK, Chew WM, Ong KC, et al. Quality of life and psychological status in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome at 3 months postdischarge. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60(5): 513–9.
30. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395(10227): 912–20.
31. Siu JY. The SARS-associated stigma of SARS victims in the post-SARS era of Hong Kong. Qual Health Res 2008; 18(6): 729–38. [[PubMed]
32. Tomsis Y, Gelkopf M, Yerushalmi H, Zipori Y. Different coping strategies influence the development of PTSD among first-time mothers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31(10): 1304–10. [[PubMed]
33. McPherson S, Hale R, Richardson P, Obholzer A. Stress and coping in accident and emergency senior house officers. Emerg Med J 2003; 20(3): 230–1.
34. Norris FH, Kaniasty K. Received and perceived social support in times of stress: a test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996; 71(3): 498–511. [[PubMed]
35. Dai W, Chen L, Tan H, et al. Association between social support and recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder after flood: a 13–14 year follow-up study in Hunan, China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16: 194.