Ischemic Stroke Induced Area Postrema Syndrome With Intractable Nausea, Vomiting, and Hiccups
Abstract
The area postrema (AP) is a small, circumventricular organ located in the dorsal medulla and is characterized by an anastomosed capillary network with no blood-brain barrier. It contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting, which is activated by noxious stimuli in the blood. Lesions to the AP produce a clinical syndrome referred to as area postrema syndrome (APS), which is characterized by intractable nausea, vomiting, and hiccups. APS manifests frequently as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), where antibodies attack aquaporin-4 receptors, which are found in abundance in the AP. Its vascular supply is delivered by the anterior spinal artery or, at times, by small vessel branches of the vertebral artery itself.
Ischemic stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States; however, APS due to ischemic stroke has rarely been described. We present a case of a 62-year-old male with ischemic stroke in the cerebellum and brainstem, which produced intractable APS due to extension within his AP. He was treated with metoclopramide 10 mg four times daily and ondansetron 8 mg every eight hours, which relieved his symptoms. Recognizing that the patient’s intractable nausea and vomiting was attributable to AP involvement was valuable in limiting further extraneous workup and focusing on our medical management. Ischemic stroke should be considered in the differential for APS. Given the size of the AP, thin-cut high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI is warranted in patients with clinical APS. Recognizing that intractable nausea and vomiting may be attributable to stroke is valuable in mitigating extraneous and ineffective medical management. The patient case we describe in our report further outlines these findings.
Notes
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Human Ethics
Consent was obtained by all participants in this study
References
- 1. Area postrema syndrome: a short history of a pearl in demyelinating diseasesCamara-Lemarroy CR, Burton JM. Mult Scler. 2019;25:325.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 2. Mirza M, M Das J. StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Neuroanatomy, area postrema. [PubMed]
- 3. Circumventricular organ capillariesGross Gross, PM PM. Prog Brain Res. 1992;91:219.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 4. The area postrema: a brain monitor and integrator of systemic autonomic statePrice CJ, Hoyda TD, Ferguson AV. Neuroscientist. 2008;14:182.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 5. MacDougall MR, Sharma S. StatPearls [Internet] Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Physiology, chemoreceptor trigger zone. [PubMed]
- 6. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: acute, preventive, and symptomaticKessler RA, Mealy MA, Levy M. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2016;18:2.[Google Scholar]
- 7. Area postrema syndrome: frequency, criteria, and severity in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Shosha E, Dubey D, Palace J, et al. Neurology. 2018;91:1642.
- 8. An unusual cause of isolated vomitingSchlaeger R, Sollberger M. Neurology. 2010;75:1303.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 9. An unusual cause of isolated vomitingWang TJ, Lee NY, Young RJ. Neurology. 2011;78:72–73.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 10. Chronic emesis due to compression of the area postrema by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: resolution following microvascular decompressionMortazavi MM, Tubbs RS, Harmon D, Oakes WJ. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;6:583–585.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
- 11. Area postrema syndrome secondary to lupus neuroinflammationVassallo J. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56:340.[PubMed][Google Scholar]