Thionins are a family of antimicrobial peptides. We performed in silico expression analyses of the 44 rice (Oryza sativa L.) thionins (OsTHIONs). Modulated expression levels of OsTHIONs under different treatments suggest their involvement in many processes, including biotic, abiotic and nutritional stress responses, and in hormone signaling. OsTHION15 (LOC_Os06g32600) was selected for further characterization based on several in silico analyses. OsTHION15 in O. sativa L. ssp. indica 'KDML 105' was expressed in all of the tissues/organs examined, including germinating seeds, leaves and roots of seedlings and mature plants, and inflorescences. To investigate the antimicrobial activity of OsTHION15, we produced a recombinant peptide in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami (DE3). The recombinant OsTHION15 exhibited inhibitory activities toward rice pathogenic bacteria, such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pectobacterium carotovorum pv. atroseptica, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 112.6 and 14.1 µg ml-1, respectively. A significant hyphal growth inhibition was also observed towards Fusarium oxysporum ssp. cubense and Helminthosporium oryzae. In addition, we demonstrated the in planta antibacterial activity of this peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana against Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines. These activities suggest the possible application of OsTHION15 in plant disease control.