Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of extracts from endemic medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Côte d'Ivoire

Jeanne Koffi

Kigbafori Silué

Dominique Tano

Trésor Dable

William Yavo

Supplementary file 1 contains Figs. S1-S2.

Click here for additional data file.^{(275K, pdf)}

^{Institut National de Sante Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire}

^{Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoir}

^{Corresponding author: Jeanne Akissi Koffi, Email:}moc.liamg@4ennaejissika

Received 2019 Aug 13; Revised 2019 Oct 30; Accepted 2019 Nov 4.

This work is published by BioImpacts as an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is bi-10-151-g002.jpg

Introduction:Plasmodium falciparum strains had been increasingly resistant to commonly used molecules including artemisinin. It is therefore urges to find new therapeutic alternatives.

Methods: In this study, the antiplasmodial activity of 21 extracts obtained from seven plants of the Anthocleista djalonensis, Cochlospermum planchonii, Harungana madagascariensis, Hoslundia opposita, Mangifera indica, Margaritaria discoidea and Pericopsis laxiflora of the Ivorian pharmacopoeia was evaluated on the chloroquine sensitive (NF54) and multi-resistant (K1) reference strains and on clinical isolates as well. The technique used was the microtiter method based on fluorescence reading with SYBR Green.

Results: The aqueous extract of the bark of H. madagascariensis and methanolic extracts of P. laxiflora showed the best antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ values of 6.16 µg/mL and 7.44 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, extracts of M. indica showed a very moderate activity with IC₅₀ values between 15 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL (5<IC₅₀<50 µg/mL) on the same strains of P. falciparum. Only the aqueous extract of A. djalonensis had IC₅₀ values greater than 50 µg/mL. The phytochemical analysis showed a strong presence of polyphenols and alkaloids in extracts with a cumulative rate of 90.47% and 95.23%, respectively.

Conclusion: The results obtained were also justified by the composition of these plants, which have several secondary metabolites involved in the treatment of malaria. The antiplasmodial properties of these plants could partially justify their use in malaria treatment. Further studies on these extracts are needed to manufacture a stable galenic formulation for the development of an improved traditional medicine.

Keywords: Traditional pharmacopoeia, Antiplasmodial activity, Côte d'Ivoire, P. falciparum

Abstract

Study plants.

+: Presence; -: Absence; Aq: Aqueous extract; EthOH: Ethanolic extract; MeOH: Methanolic extract; B. Indima: Bark of M. indica ; B. Laper: Bark of P. laxiflora ; L. Dismar: Leaves of M. discoidea ; B. Madhar: Bark of H. madagascariensis ; L. Placo: Leaves of C. planchonii ; L. Djantho: Leaves of A. djalonensis ; D: Dragendorff; B: Bouchardat, Gal : Gallique, Cat : Catechique

Aq: Aqueous extract; EthOH: Ethanolic extract; MeOH: Methanolic extract; B.: Barks; L.: Leaves; IC₅₀ = inhibition concentration at 50.

Aq: Aqueous extract; EthOH: Ethanolic extract; MeOH: Methanolic extract; B. Indima: Bark of M. indica ; B. Laper: Bark of P. laxiflora ; L. Dismar: Leaves of M. discoidea ; B. Madhar: Bark of H. madagascariensis ; L. Placo: Leaves of C. planchonii ; L. Djantho: Leaves of A. djalonensis ; IC₅₀ = inhibition concentration at 50; Is: Isolate

Click here for additional data file.^{(275K, pdf)}

References

1. OMS. Rapport sur le paludisme dans le monde 2018. Le rapport de cette année en un clin d’œil. p. 210.
2. OMS. Rapport sur le paludisme dans le monde 2017. Aide-mémoire N° 94.
3. Wen-Hui Pan, Xin-Ya Xu, Ni Shi, Siu Wai Tsangand Hong-Jie ZhangAntimalarial Activity of Plant Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:14–8. doi: 10.3390/ijms19051382.] [[Google Scholar]
4. Mbouna CDJ, Kouipou RMT, Keumoe R, Tchokouaha LRY, Fokou PVT, Tali BMT. et al. Potent antiplasmodial extracts and fractions fromTerminalia mantaly And Terminalia superba. Malar J. 2018;17:142–9P. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2298-1.] [
5. OMS6ème Journée mondiale de lutte contre le paludisme en Côte d'Ivoire, 2013.
6. Programme National de Lutte contre le PaludismeLe paludisme en Côte d’Ivoire; 2014; 2.
7. Cheeseman IH, Miller BA, Nair S, Nkhoma S, Tan A, Tan JC. et al. A major genome region under lying artemisinin resistance in malaria. Sci. 2012;336:79–82. doi: 10.1126/science.1215966.] [
8. Dondorp AM, Nostern F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J. et al. Artemisinin resistant in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455–67. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808859.] [
9. Pradines B, Dormoia J, Briolanta S, Bogreaua H, Rogiera CLa résistance aux antipaludiques. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires. 2010;422:51–61.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
10. Tchacondo T, Karou DS, Batawila K, Agban A, Ouro-Bang’na K, Anani KT. et al. Herbal remedies and their adverse effects in tem tribe traditional medicine in Togo. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8:45–60. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60522.] [
11. Wright CWTraditional antimalarials and the development of novel antimalarial drugs. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100:67–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.012.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
12. Bla KB, Trebissou JND, Bidie AP, Assi YJ, Zirihi GNJDÉtude ethnopharmacologique des plantes antipaludiques utilisées chez les Baoulé-N’Gban de Toumodi dans le Centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 2015;85:7775–83. doi: 10.4314/jab.v85i1.4.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
13. Kipré GR, Offoumou MR, Silué KD, Bouablé GM, Zirihi GNEnquête ethnopharmacologique des plantes antipaludiques dans le département d’Agboville, sud-est de la Cote d’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 2017;109:10618–29.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
14. Zirihi GN, Kra AKM, Guédé-Guina FÉvaluation de l’activité antifongique Microglossa Pirifolia (Larmarck, O Kuntze) (Asteraceae) "PYMI" sur la croissance in vitro de Candida albicans. Revue de Médecine et Pharmacie- African. 2003;17:11–8.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
15. Zihiri NG, N’Guessan K, Etien TD, Grellier PEthnopharmacological study of plants used to treat malaria in traditional medecine, by Bete populationsof Issia (Côte d’Ivoire) J Pharmcol Sci Res. 2010;2:216–27.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
16. Bidie AP, N’guessan B, Yapo AF, N’guessan JD, Djaman AJActivités antioxydantes de dix plantes médicinales de la pharmacopée ivoirienne. Sci Nat. 2011;8:1–11.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
17. Békro YA, Mamyrbekova JA, Boua BB, Tra Bi FH, Ehilé EEÉtude ethnobotanique et screening phytochimique de Caesalpinia benthamiana (Baill) Herend et Zarucchi (Caesalpiniaceae) Sci Nat. 2007;4:217–25. doi: 10.4314/scinat.v4i2.42146.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
18. Trager W, Jensen JBHuman malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science. 1976;193:673–5. doi: 10.1126/science.781840.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
19. Le Nagard H, Vincent C, Mentre F, Le Bra JOnline analysis of in vitro resistance to antimalarial drugs through nonlinear regression. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2011;104:10–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.08.003.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
20. Kumar PR, Lalramnghinglova HIndia with Special Reference to an Indo-Burma Hotspot Region. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 2011;9:379–420. doi: 10.17348/era.9.0.379-420.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
21. Kumbukana LB, Mbuyi M, Wome BEtat et perspectives de la recherche sur les plantes médicinales à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Kisangani. Annales de la faculté des sciences de l’Université de Kisangani. 1990;5:69–76.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
22. Koudoro YA, Dedomè LSOY, Mahudro Y, Agbangnan DCP, Tchobo FP, Alitonou GA. et al. Caractérisation chimique, activités antiradicalaire et antibactérienne des extraits de l’écorce de racine de Cochlospermum planchoni du Bénin. Int J Innov Appl Stud. 2014;7:1582–94.[PubMed]
23. Ouattara Q, Kouamé D, Tiebre MS, Kouadio YJC, N’Guessan KEBiodiversité végétale et valeur d’usage en zone soudanienne de la Côte d’Ivoire. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2016;10:1122–38. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v10i3.18.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
24. Offoumou MR, Kipre GR, Kigbafori DS, Djaman AJ, Zirihi GN, N’Guessan KEAntiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts Jatropha Curcas, Parkia Bicolor Et Vernonia Amygdalinathree Traditional Plants of Ivorian Pharmacopeia. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2018;7:1497–501.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
25. Omoregie ES, Osagie AUEffect of J tanjorensis leaves supplement on the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, vitamins and lipid peroxidation in rats. J Food Biochem. 2011;35:409–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00392.x.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
26. Posner GH, Wang D, Cumming JN, Oh CH, French AN, Bodley AL. et al. Further evidence supporting the importance of and the restrictions on a carbon-centered radical for high antimalarial activity of 1, 2, 4- trioxanes like artemisinin. J Med Chem. 1995;38:2273–5. doi: 10.1021/jm00013a001.] [[PubMed]
27. Mojarrab M, Shiravand A, Delazar A Heshmati AFEvaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity of different extracts of Artemisia aucheri Boiss and A armeniaca L and fractions of the most potent extracts. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:825370. doi: 10.1155/2014/825370.] [[Google Scholar]
28. Attemene SDD, Beourou S, Tuo K, Gnondjui AA, Konate A, Toure AO. et al. Antiplasmodial activity of two medicinal plants against clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparumand Plasmodiumbergheiinfected mice. J Parasit Dis. 2018;42:68–76. doi: 10.1007/s12639-017-0966-7.] [
29. Jansen O, Tits M, Angenot L, Nicolas JP, De Mol P, Nikiema JB. et al. Anti-plasmodial activity of Dicoma tomentosa (Asteraceae) and identification of urospermal A-15- O-acetate as the main active compound. Malar J. 2012;11:1–9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-289.] [
30. Bero J, Frederich M, Quetin-Leclercq JAntimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61:1401–33. doi: 10.1211/jpp/61.11.0001.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
31. Bero J, Quetin-Leclercq JNatural products published in 2009 from plants traditionnaly used to treat malaria. Planta Med. 2011;77:631–40. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1250405.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
32. Camacho CM, Del R, Croft SL, Philipson JDNatural products as sources of antiprotozoal drugs. Curr Opin Anti-Infective Investigational Drugs. 2000;2:47–62.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
33. Nassirou RS, Ibrahim M, Moussa I, Mahamadou B, Ilagouma AT, Abdoulaye A. et al. Evaluation in vitro de l’activité antiplasmodiale d’extraitsde plantes issues de la pharmacopée traditionnelle du Niger: Sebastiania chamaelea (L) Müll Arg, Euphorbia hirta L, Cassia occidentalis L et Cassia nigricans (Vahl) Greene. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 2015;10:498–505. doi: 10.4314/jab.v89i1.8.[PubMed]
34. Okpekon T, Yolou S, Gleye C, Roblot F, Loiseau P, Bories C. et al. Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90:91–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.029.] [[PubMed]
35. Zirihi GN, Grellier P, Guédé-Guina F, Bodo BIsolation, characterisation and antiplasmodial activity of steroidal alkaloids from Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf. Bioorg Med Chem Let. 2005;15:2637–40. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.021.] [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
36. Abiodun O, Gbotosho G, Ajaiyeoba E, Happi T, Falade M, Wittlin S. et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity assessment of some plants from Nigerian ethnomedicine. Pharm Biol. 2011;49:9–14. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2010.490224.] [[PubMed]
37. Lenta BN, Ngouela S, Boyom FF, Tantangmo F, Tchouya GRF, Tsamo E. et al. Anti-plasmodial Activity of Some Constituents of the Root Bark of Harungana madagascariensis L AM (Hypericaceae) Chem Pharm Bull. 2007;55:464–7. doi: 10.1248/cpb.55.464.] [[PubMed]