Chemical Constitute and Larvicidal Activity of Fractions of Ajuga chamaecistus tomentella Plant against Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi
Abstract
Backgrand:
The genus Ajuga, belongs to Lamiaceae family, is one of the exclusive subspecies in the flora of Iran. The plants of this genus are used traditionally for treatment of joints pain, gout, jaundice, and as insecticide.
Methods:
larvicidal activity of methanol 80% extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate obtained from aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus subspecies tomentella against malaria vector An. stephensi was evaluated. Phytochemical study of active fraction was analyzed using column chromatography and spectroscopy.
Results:
According to the results, among different fractions, hexane fraction has the most larvicidal activity with mortality rate of 100% in concentration of 102 ppm and LC50 of 95.66ppm. The structure of compound 1, main phytoecdysteroid compound separated from hexane fraction, was determined to be ajugalide-E.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that the hexane fraction of Ajuga chamaecistus subsp tomentella could be used as a natural and biodegradable insecticide.
Introduction
Mosquitoes are the main vector in transmission of malaria that is still a major endemic disease in foci located in south and southeast of Iran. These areas include the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan and Kerman. Among all species of Anopheles recognized in Iran, 8 of them are considered as malaria vectors including: An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. dthali, An. fluviatilis, An. superpictus, An. pulcherrimus, An. sacharovi, and An. Maculipenni (Doosti et al. 2006). Malaria control is an important goal in developing tropical countries. Mosquito controls, using synthetic chemical insecticides have adverse effects on the environment and also cause growing of insecticide resistance in arthropods (Edrissian 2006, Khanavi et al. 2011). Plants, rich in bioactive phytochemicals, have been investigated as a source of alternative agents for control of mosquitoes. Several extract and essential oil of certain plants showed toxic effect against some public health pests (Hadjiakhoondi et al. 2003, Vatandoost et al. 2004, Hadjiakhoondi et al. 2006, Govindarajan et al. 2011, Sedaghat et al. 2011).
The genus Ajuga (Lamiaceae) with common name of Bugle is found in China, Korea, Japan and throughout Europe. Five species of this annual and perennial genus are found in Iran. Ajuga chamaecistus contains several exclusive subspecies, including A. chamaecistus subspecies tomentella (Mozaffarian et al. 2007). Some species belonging to this genus are used in traditional medicine of different countries in the world. Moreover in Iranian traditional medicine, the genus Ajuga (Kamaphytus, Jaadeh) has been used for treatment of joint pain, gout, and jaundice and as insecticide (Naghibi et al. 2005, Jorjani 2012). Several biological studies have been performed on many species of this genus which have confirmed their ethno pharmacological properties such as hypoglycemic (Hilaly et al. 2002), anti-inflammatory (Gautam et al. 2011), anabolic, analgesic, anti-arthritis, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cardiotonic (Israili et al. 2009), treatment of joint diseases (Ono et al. 2009), and their application as anti-malarial (Kuria et al. 2001). Antifeedant activity of Ajuga iva and Ajuga pseudoiva extract and their active compounds against larvae of Sodoptera littoralis (Egyptian cotton leafworm) have been shown in some literatures (Bondì et al. 2000, Ben Jannet 2000, Ben Jannet et al. 2001).
Prior to this study, some phytochemicals such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, cyasterone, ajugalactone, makisterone A, and 24-dehydroprecyasterone (phytoecdysteroids), 8-acetylharpagide (iridoid), cis- and trans-melilotoside, lavandulifolioside, leonoside B, and martynoside (phenylethanoid glycosides), were identified from diethyl ether and n-butanolic fractions of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella. Cytotoxicity evaluation of some fractions of this plant showed the cytotoxicity of hexane fraction against normal and cancer cell lines (Sadati et al. 2012 a, b).
The aim of this study was to evaluate larvicidal activity of a methanol 80% extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate obtained from aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus subsp tomentella against malaria vector An. stephensi. Furthermore, we performed a phytochemical investigation on the hexane fraction to identify the main components.
Materials and Methods
Plant material
Aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp tomentella were collected from Tehran, Iran, in June 2008 and verified by Prof GH Amin. A voucher specimen (THE-6697) has been deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Preparation of total extract and fractions
The air-dried and ground plants of A. chamaecistus ssp tomentella (250g) were extracted with methanol 80% at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a dark brown extract. The extract (30g) was loaded on Silica gel (mesh 230–400) column and eluted with 250mL of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol 80%, separately. Finally the whole collected fractions were dried by the rotary evaporator and then by a vacuum oven.
Preparing stock solutions
Primary tests were performed to determine the concentration of stock solutions. According to the results, the concentration of 320 ppm, 160ppm, 2560ppm, was determined for total extract, hexane fraction and methanol fraction respectively. Next, the stock solutions were serially diluted to obtain logarithmic concentrations of solution for the test. For better solubility, DMSO was used as the solvent for hexane fraction and methanol for total extract and methanol fraction. These two solvent are completely safe for larvae as it proved in controls.
Larvicidal assays
Larvicidal activity assays of Ajuga chamaecistus subsp tomentella on the larvae of An. stephensi were performed on the basis of WHO protocol. The insectary condition was 30±1 °C, 60±5% relative humidity and 10:14, dark: light periods. The mosquitoes were collected from malarious areas of Iran and then maintained at the Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public health, Tehran University Medical Sciences. 1ml of prepared solution was mixed thoroughly with 224ml water in 400ml glass beakers. 25ml water containing 25 late instar larvae was slowly added. Four replicates maintained for each concentration. A control was set for all series of tests (1 ml of solvent was used instead of 1 ml of extract). Mortality was counted after 24 h recovery period. LC50 (lethal concentration to cause 50% mortality in the population) and LC90 (lethal concentration to cause 90% mortality in the population) were determined by the use of regression line employed by Finney (Finney 1971, WHO 2014).
Chromatography
The hexane fraction (4g) was selected for phytochemical studies. Thus, it was chromatographed on silica gel (mesh 230–400) eluting with a gradient of chloroform-methanol (9–1) to 100% methanol to afford 4 fractions. Fraction 2 was purified with a few amount of methanol and compound 1 (36.5 mg) was obtained.
General experimental procedures
1H- and 13C-NMR were measured in CDCL3 solution on a Bruker Avance spectrometer (500MHz, TMS as internal standard) for compounds 1. FT-IR spectra determined using a Nicolet 550-A spectrometer (KBr disks). Column chromatography was acchived on Silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh, Merck) and RP-18 (Merck).
Spectroscopic data
Ajugalide-E (1): White amorphous powder, FT-IR νmax cm−1: 3237, 2953, 1735, 1689, 1248, 1029. 1H and 13C NMR (CDCL3), see Table 2.
Results
Larvicidal activity of the methanol 80% extract and partition fractions of hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate obtained from aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus tomentella against malaria vector An. stephensi was examined in different concentrations. According to the results presented in Fig. 1, the regression line was plotted for each extract and LC50 was calculated. Among the extracts, hexane fraction showed the most larvicidal effect with LC50 value of 95.66 ppm. LC50 for total extract and methanolic 80% fraction was 117.72 and 954.19ppm respectively. Also, other statistical parameters were calculated (Table 1, Fig. 1).
Comparison of regression lines and equations of and total extract two fractions of Ajuga chamaepitys subspecies tomentella against larvae of Anopheles stephensi
| Extracts | A | b ± SE | LC50 (ppm) ± 95%C.L. | LC90 (ppm) ± 95%C.L. | λ2 (heterogeneity) | λ2 table (df) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total extract | −5.6408 | 2.7238 ± 0.252 | 103.6986 117.7283 133.4075 | 285.1837 309.0209 455.8304 | 10.704 * | 13.345 (2) | 0.01 |
| Hexane fraction | −8.3002 | 4.1820 ± 0.199 | 88.5023 95.6640 105.6703 | 170.0557 195.5219 236.1008 | 16.614 * | 13.345 (2) | 0.01 |
| Methanolic 80% fraction | −16.0984 | 5.4028 ± 0.643 | 848.9428 954.1945 1071.6982 | 1420.8157 1647.5819 2045.8799 | 5.002 * | 9.210 (2) | 0.01 |
*No heterogeneity
Isolated compounds 1, 2 from the hexane fraction of total methanolic extract of aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp tomentella were identified by comparison of their NMR (1H-, 13C-NMR) data with those reported in the literature. 1H and 13C NMR data of these compounds run in CDCL3 reported for the first time. δH and δC (ppm) of compound 1 was noted in Table 2. The isolated compound 1 (Fig. 2) were identified as ecdysteroids, ajugalide-E in comparison with the literature (Chan et al. 2005).
Chemical structure of Ajugalide-E (1), isolated from hexane fraction of Ajuga chamaepitys subspecies tomentella
1H NMR and 13C NMR data of Ajugalide E (500 MHz in CDCL3)
| position | δH | δC |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1.98 (td) | |
| 3 | 2.80(dd) | 55.71 |
| 7 | 5.25(brs) | 122.9 |
| 8 | - | 144.0 |
| 13 | - | 47.92 |
| 14 | - | 81.34 |
| 18 | 0.88(s) | 17.6 |
| 19 | 0.72(s) | 18.5 |
| 21 | 1.10(s) | 20.7 |
| 22 | 4.47(t) | 75.95 |
| 26 | - | 184.7 |
| 27 | 0.91(d) | 15.8 |
| 29 | 0.84(d) | |
| OAC | 2.02(s) | 171.4 |
Discussion
The larvicidal activity of several plant extracts and phytochemicals against mosquito larvae has been established. In a study reported by Sharma, et al. (2004) petroleum-ether extract of Ajuga remota was the most effective extract with LC50 values of 0.033% after 24 hours and 0.029% after 48 hours of treatment against the larvae of An. stephensi (Sharma et al. 2004). Govindarajan et al. (2011) have reported that benzene extract of E. coronaria showed the highest larvicidal effect on the larvae of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus with the LC50 and LC90 values were 79.08, 89.59, and 96.15 ppm and 150.47, 166.04, and 174.10 ppm, respectively (Edrissian GhH 2006). Manjari et al. (2014) indicated that acetone leaf extracts of Clausena dentata showed the larval mortality against the fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50= 0.150278mg/ml, LC90= 7.302613mg/ml), A. aegypti (LC50= 0.169495 mg/ml, LC90= 1.10034mg/ml), and An. stephensi (LC50=0.045684 mg/ml, LC90= 0.045684mg/ml) (Manjari et al. 2014). In this study hexane fraction of methanolic extract of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp tomentella showed the most larvicida activity against An. stephensi larvae. In order to find the active ingredient of effective fraction, hexane fraction was chromatographed on silica gel and RP-18 resulted in isolation and identification of two phytoecdysteroid epimers, Ajugalide-E and 22-acetylcyasterone. In plants of genus Ajuga, a variety of phytoecdysteroids have been identified among them, 20-hydroxyecdysone (β-ecdysone) and cyasterone are the most abundant (Ramazanov et al. 2005). This group of natural products produces a wide range of pharmacological activities in mammals including adaptogenic, anabolic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunoprotective, wound-healing, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities (Sadati et al. 2012 b). Phytoecdysteroids, present in many plants, are analogues of insect moulting hormone (ecdysteroids) that control insect growth, development, and reproduction (Rharrabe et al. 2010). Toxicity of some ecdysone agonists on larvae of three mosquito species, Ae. aegypti, An. gombiae, and Cx. quinquefasciatus have been stablished (Beckage et al. 2004). Nyamoita et al. (2013) investigated that four phytoecdysteroids isolated from aceton extract of Vitex Schiliebenii showed potent toxic effect against larvae of An. gambiae (Nyamoita et al. 2013). According to the result of this study the hexane fraction of total methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella exhibited the most toxicity on An. stephensi larvae than the other fractions. In previous study two major ecdysteroid in addition to three minor ones identified from this plant (Sadati et al. 2012b). Thin layer chromatography of the hexane fraction showed two main compounds and analyzing of this fraction resulted in isolation and identification of a phytoecdysteroid, ajugalide-E. Comparison of our result with other reports indicated that the hexane extract of the studied plant was effective to control An. stephensi. Further analysis of hexane fraction to isolate the active component for larval control resulted in identifying the major phytoecdysteroid compound. Based on our results it can be concluded that phytoecdysteroids are interesting molecules that can be considered as natural and biodegradable insecticide.
Conclusion
More investigation is required to assess the larvicidal activity of the product at the field situation.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to appreciate very much for kind collaboration of all staff of department of medical Entomology and Vector Control.
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