Background: Case-based surveillance of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimates the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 8 US states.

Methods: Using data from the Nationwide Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0-17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. We calculated and compared cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection extrapolated from population-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, cumulative COVID-19 case reports since March 2020, and infection-to-case ratios among persons of all ages and children aged 0-17 years for each state.

Results: Of 41 583 residual serum specimens tested, children aged 0-4, 5-11, and 12-17 years accounted for 1619 (3.9%), 10 507 (25.3%), and 29 457 (70.8%), respectively. Median SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children increased from 8% (range, 6%-20%) in August 2020 to 37% (range, 26%-44%) in May 2021. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases in May 2021 ranged by state from 4.7-8.9 among children and adolescents to 2.2-3.9 for all ages combined.

Conclusions: Through May 2021 in selected states, the majority of children with serum specimens included in serosurveys did not have evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 more than among all ages. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; infection; pediatric; seroprevalence; surveillance.

Data-intensive applications are becoming commonplace in all science disciplines. They are comprised of a rich set of sub-domains such as data engineering, deep learning, and machine learning. These applications are built around efficient data abstractions and operators that suit the applications of different domains. Often lack of a clear definition of data structures and operators in the field has led to other implementations that do not work well together. The HPTMT architecture that we proposed recently, identifies a set of data structures, operators, and an execution model for creating rich data applications that links all aspects of data engineering and data science together efficiently. This paper elaborates and illustrates this architecture using an end-to-end application with deep learning and data engineering parts working together. Our analysis show that the proposed system architecture is better suited for high performance computing environments compared to the current big data processing systems. Furthermore our proposed system emphasizes the importance of efficient compact data structures such as Apache Arrow tabular data representation defined for high performance. Thus the system integration we proposed scales a sequential computation to a distributed computation retaining optimum performance along with highly usable application programming interface.

Keywords: Apache software foundation; cylon; deep learning; exascale and HPC systems; parallel computation.

Flavonoids and isoflavonoids in foods are attracting attention as they are significant antioxidant and phytoestrogenic compounds that are beneficial for human health. In this study, the edible pods of the underutilized desert legume Prosopis cineraria from Rajasthan, India were used to extract flavonoids. The pods from semi-arid zone showed the highest flavonoid content (432 mg Rutin hydrate/gm). UV spectrophotometric analysis was also done to characterize flavonoids. The flavonoids and isoflavonoids were further purified from semi-arid zone plants using column chromatography with Amberlite XAD7HP and Sephadex LH-20. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of medicinally valuable antioxidant flavonoids and isoflavonoids in the pods, viz. vitexin, puerarin, phloridzin, and daidzein. It was seen that the flavonoids/isoflavonoids are present in the selected legume in different forms i.e. pure aglycone, C-glycoside as well as O-glycoside. This finding makes P. cineraria an attractive source candidate for extraction of these nutraceuticals with a potential for development into functional food.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Desert legume; Flavonoid glycoside; Functional food; Isoflavonoid; Prosopis cineraria.

Background: While the clinical importance of cardiac troponin is well-known in type 1 myocardial infarction (MI), evidence on this topic in type 2 MI is limited. We assessed the clinical and prognostic implications of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTnT) concentrations in a large sample of patients with type 2 MI.

Methods: Retrospective registry-based cohort study (SWEDEHEART) including 4607 patients with type 2 MI and 43,405 patients with type 1 MI, used for comparisons. Patients with ST-elevation MI were excluded. Multivariable-adjusted regressions were applied to investigate the associations of hs-cTnT concentrations (highest measured value during each hospitalization) with clinical variables and prognosis during a median follow-up of up to 1.9 years.

Results: Hs-cTnT concentrations (median 264 [25th, 75th percentiles 112-654] ng/L) were significantly associated with various cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in type 2 non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) but only weakly with the underlying triggering condition. Most of these findings including the magnitude of hs-cTn release were similar to type 1 NSTEMI. Hs-cTnT (ln) independently predicted all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% confidence interval 1.09-1.17]) and major adverse events (hazard ratio 1.13 [95% confidence interval 1.10-1.17]) in type 2 NSTEMI, similar as for type 1 NSTEMI according to interaction analysis. The associations of hs-cTnT (ln) with poor prognosis tended to be stronger in type 2 NSTEMI patients without known cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions: Hs-cTnT concentrations independently predict adverse outcome in type 2 NSTEMI. The similarities to type 1 NSTEMI however, are striking and emphasize the difficulty to distinguish both MI types.

Keywords: CAD, Coronary artery disease; CVD, Cardiovascular disease; High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification; MAE, Major adverse events; MI, Myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; Risk prediction; SWEDEHEART, Swedish Web-system for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-based care in Heart disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies; TOTAL-AMI, Tailoring Of Treatment in All comers with Acute Myocardial Infarction; Type 2 myocardial infarction; cTn, Cardiac troponin; hs-cTnT, High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.

Robust flow measurement in multi-phase systems has extensive applications in understanding, design, and operation of complex environmental, energy and industrial processes. The nonlinearity and spatiotemporal variability of the interactions between different flow phases makes the multi-phase flow measurement a challenging task. Two Sliding Mode Observer (SMO) schemes are proposed in this study for the state estimation of a decentralized multi-phase flow measurement system. The developed observers are shown to be theoretically valid and numerically applicable for a real-life case study data. The multi-phase flow system considered in this paper can be described as two interconnected sub-systems including fluid and gas sub-systems, and two scenarios are considered in the design of the observers. The first scenario considers the interconnections as bounded disturbance (SMOD), while the second scenario considers the interconnections as an uncertainty (SMOU). Hence, the Sliding Mode Observers are adopted to mitigate the effects of disturbance in the system and uncertainties in the parameters. Numerical simulations are conducted using MATLAB and dynamic HYSYS simultaneously, using the data obtained from field-based multi-phase flow measurements. The results demonstrate the appropriateness and robustness of the proposed Sliding Mode Observer (SMO) for estimation of the multi-phase fluid specifications including the density, velocity, and the volume phases fraction in each subsystem. The analysis of the results highlights that the proposed model is computationally efficient with fast transient response, accurate tracking capability of the real process data, and very low steady-state error. This study shows that choosing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovsky function results in the asymptotic stability of the decentralized system and improves the performance of the proposed observers. Uncertainty analysis is conducted on the velocity estimation results obtained from the Sliding Observers. Overall, SMOU method shown better performance with RMSE of 0.24%, while RMSE of 0.46% was achieved for the SMOD. Comparison of the numerical results with the field-based flow measurement, as a benchmark, shows that although uncertainty in SMOU is approximately half of the uncertainty in SMOD, state estimation for both schemes was achieved in a finite time with high order of precision. It was shown that both observers developed in this study are well capable of estimating the multi-phase flow variables and states.

Keywords: Disturbance; Multi-phase flow measurement; Sliding Mode Observer; Uncertainty quantification.

Here, we analyse the behaviour of the higher order standardised moments of financial time series when we truncate a large data set into smaller and smaller subsets, referred to below as time windows. We look at the effect of the economic environment on the behaviour of higher order moments in these time windows. We observe two different scaling relations of higher order moments when the data sub sets' length decreases; one for longer time windows and another for the shorter time windows. These scaling relations drastically change when the time window encompasses a financial crisis. We also observe a qualitative change of higher order standardised moments compared to the gaussian values in response to a shrinking time window. Moreover, we model the observed scaling laws by analysing the hierarchy of rare events on higher order moments. We extend the analysis of the scaling relations to incorporate the effects these scaling relations have upon risk. We decompose the return series within these time windows and carry out a Value-at-Risk calculation. In doing so, we observe the manifestation of the scaling relations through the change in the Value-at-Risk level.

Keywords: Empirical data; Gaussian mixtures; Higher order standardised moments; Scaling relations; Value-at-risk.

Photosynthetic organisms possess a variety of mechanisms to achieve balance between absorbed light (source) and the capacity to metabolically utilize or dissipate this energy (sink). While regulatory processes that detect changes in metabolic status/balance are relatively well studied in plants, analogous pathways remain poorly characterized in photosynthetic microbes. Here, we explored systemic changes that result from alterations in carbon availability in the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 by taking advantage of an engineered strain where influx/efflux of a central carbon metabolite, sucrose, can be regulated experimentally. We observed that induction of a high-flux sucrose export pathway leads to depletion of internal carbon storage pools (glycogen) and concurrent increases in estimates of photosynthetic activity. Further, a proteome-wide analysis and fluorescence reporter-based analysis revealed that upregulated factors following the activation of the metabolic sink are concentrated on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) and auxiliary modules involved in Rubisco maturation. Carboxysome number and Rubisco activity also increased following engagement of sucrose secretion. Conversely, reversing the flux of sucrose by feeding exogenous sucrose through the heterologous transporter resulted in increased glycogen pools, decreased Rubisco abundance, and carboxysome reorganization. Our data suggest that Rubisco activity and organization are key variables connected to regulatory pathways involved in metabolic balancing in cyanobacteria.

Keywords: Rubisco; carbon concentration mechanism; carboxysome; cyanobacteria; proteomics; source-sink.

Purpose: Patient satisfaction in esthetic surgery often necessitates synergy between patient and physician goals. The authors aim to characterize patient questions before and after mentoplasty to reflect the patient perspective and enhance the physician-patient relationship.

Methods: Mentoplasty reviews were gathered from Realself.com using an automated web crawler. Questions were defined as preoperative or postoperative. Each question was reviewed and characterized by the authors into general categories to best reflect the overall theme of the question. A machine learning approach was utilized to create a list of the most common patient questions, asked both preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results: A total of 2,012 questions were collected. Of these, 1,708 (84.9%) and 304 (15.1%) preoperative and postoperative questions, respectively. The primary category for patients preoperatively was "eligibility for surgery" (86.3%), followed by "surgical techniques and logistics" (5.4%) and "cost" (5.4%). Of the postoperative questions, the most common questions were about "options to revise surgery" (44.1%), "symptoms after surgery" (27.0%), and "appearance" (26.3%). Our machine learning approach generated the 10 most common pre- and postoperative questions about mentoplasty. The majority of preoperative questions dealt with potential surgical indications, while most postoperative questions principally addressed appearance.

Conclusions: The majority of mentoplasty patient questions were preoperative and asked about eligibility of surgery. Our study also found a significant proportion of postoperative questions inquired about revision, suggesting a small but nontrivial subset of patients highly dissatisfied with their results. Our 10 most common preoperative and postoperative question handout can help better inform physicians about the patient perspective on mentoplasty throughout their surgical course. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Keywords: Facial plastic surgery; Mentoplasty; Patient questions; Social media.

Objective: To analyze the structure of the social network of people living with HIV and AIDS.

Method: Exploratory and descriptive research with a qualitative approach, developed through interviews with twenty-two people living with HIV and AIDS, from November to December 2019. For analysis, the theoretical-methodological framework of social network was used.

Results: The primary networks were of medium size and low density, formed by family members, relatives, friends, neighbors, and colleagues. The secondary networks were characterized by public, private, third sector institutions, workplaces, and by the informal network, which provided support according to the need for care.

Conclusion: The family was considered the center of the primary social network structure; however, weaknesses in these social relationships were evidenced. The family relational context of the person with HIV and AIDS was influenced by the secrecy of the diagnosis due to the fear of prejudice and discrimination for being HIV-positive. There was a predilection for the services of the secondary social network that took on the role of specific care for the disease.

The researcher's nature to search for better solar cells despite their performance issues has engendered efficient solar cells. The general idea behind solar cell design is similar for all the structures except for substance selection and the imposition of a morphological order, which greatly affects its performance. A solar panel comprised of particular self-designed solar cell structures are utilized to harness energy and convert optical signals to electrical signals. Research on solar cell design is crucial for future communication systems. The morphological order of different layers demonstrates the performance of solar cells. Some of the electron transport layers (ETLs) and the hole transport layers (HTLs) employ toxic substances that have detrimental environmental effects. We present a comparative analysis of perovskite solar cell (PSC) design and simulation using SCAPS software. With the integration of two different HTLs, Spiro-OMeTAD and CuI, the individual outcomes are effective. The results illustrate that the proposed design is efficient. Replacing the HTL with CuI also showed enough competitive results as compared to existing models. Present and future solar cell design research demonstrates its importance in optical wireless communication, free-space optical communication, light communication, and other communication systems.

High-numerical-aperture (NA) anamorphic extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the next-generation technology to achieve a 3 nm node and below. Current EUVL anamorphic projection objectives in publications are designed with small off-axis distance of the field of view (FOV). Further, the ray path of the illumination system will be obscured by the last mirror of the objective. In fact, as the NA increases, the diameter of the last mirror of the objective becomes larger. Thus, the off-axis distance of the FOV should be larger to ensure that the ray path of the illumination system is not obscured by the objective. It is well known that the design of an anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance is very challenging. In this paper, a high-NA anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance is designed. The value of the large off-axis distance that satisfies the unobscured constraint is first analyzed. Then an 8× demagnification isomorphic objective with large off-axis distance is designed by a grouping design process. Finally, the XY polynomial surface is adopted to achieve a 4× demagnification perpendicular to the scanning direction. This method is implemented to design a NA 0.55 anamorphic EUVL objective with large off-axis distance. The performance of the designed objective demonstrates that this design method is very effective and will provide a good structure of the objective for the illumination system design.

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, optical arrangement is evaluated for performing single-shot femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging in a 16-point grid (Grid-FLEET) with single-ended optical access. The optical arrangement includes a diffractive optical element beam splitter to produce a grid of laser beams in a simplified, flexible, and efficient manner for tracer-free multi-component molecular tagging velocimetry in a two-dimensional field. Analysis of the optical element with respect to beam forming is described, and Grid-FLEET measurements are evaluated relative to the precision of previously described single-point FLEET measurements using Lagrangian tracking for flow in a laminar jet and around a sharp corner. Utilizing a conventional 1-kHz laser source coupled to a high-speed intensified camera, it is also feasible to achieve measurement rates of 100 kHz or higher by mapping the Lagrangian grid to one or more Eulerian measurement points. The data further indicate that enhancement of the instantaneous vector fields and spatial velocity gradients can be analyzed to enhance the understanding of multi-dimensional flow physics in applications in which the use of tracers may be difficult and where multi-directional optical access may be limited.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been widely used in the aerospace industry and other fields, but its processing is still subject to many restrictions. A femtosecond laser helical drilling device is proposed. It can realize beam deflection and translation through a scanning galvanometer and a pair of lenses, respectively, and finally obtain the effect of beam oblique focusing. With the combination of a spiral scanning path and focus feed, the non-taper and high-quality drilling of materials can be realized. CFRP materials were processed through this method, and the influences of process parameters on the heat affected zone and machining taper were studied. The distribution and influence degree of the heat affected zone and the formation mechanism of the machining taper were analyzed. Finally, a high-quality straight hole processing effect of CFRP with up to a 9.7: 1 aspect ratio, less than 15 µm heat affected zone outside the hole, and no delamination in the hole was realized. This new drilling method is expected to further expand CFRP applications.

We present an on-chip photodetector integrated wavelength filter on a SiN-on-silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform in the 850 nm wavelength window. The wavelength filter is designed using an echelle grating with a distributed Bragg reflector as the grating reflectors. We present the design and experimental realization of a six-channel wavelength filter with a channel spacing of 10 nm. Experimentally, we achieve an insertion loss of 4.3 dB and an adjacent channel cross talk of 22 dB. We demonstrate a silicon nano-slab waveguide integrated metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector with a maximum responsivity of 0.56 A/W and dark current of 217 nA. Furthermore, we demonstrate the integration of the echelle grating with the detector and show the feasibility of a CMOS compatible SiN-on-SOI platform for various applications, including short-reach communication and sensing applications.

To the best of our knowledge, we present what we believe is a novel approach for fading noise reduction in distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). Rayleigh signals in multiple optical modes are collected by a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry system with a diversity detection scheme. An optimal weighted average algorithm is proposed to synthesize the phase demodulated from the Rayleigh signals, leading to the aggregate phase that presents acoustic signals with optimal fading noise reduction. The validity of the proposed approach is experimentally confirmed by comparison of the fading noise along a 12.8 km sensing fiber in a conventional DAS system and a DAS system that employs the proposed approach.

Measures of purity for 3D partially polarized fields, and in particular, the separation into circularly and linearly polarized contributions, are reexamined, and a new degree of total linear polarization introduced. Explicit expressions for the characteristic decomposition in terms of coherency matrix elements are presented, including the special case of an intrinsic coherency matrix. Parameterization of the coherency matrix in terms of ellipticity, and the directions of the ellipse normal and major axis are investigated. Phase consistency is discussed. A comprehensive collection of results regarding intrinsic polarization properties is presented.

We present an erratum to our recent work [Appl. Opt.60, 7844-7848 (2021)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.433422] that corrects errors in Eqs. (5) and (8). All the simulations and experiments in the original paper were performed using the correct equations, and therefore, the corrections do not affect the results and conclusions of the original paper.

Simple non-empirical equations can predict current versus voltage, power versus voltage, and temperature versus voltage for a tungsten incandescent light bulb using the filament length and radius. These equations match empirical equations.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in pregnant women. Although studies have shown that certain maternal autoimmune diseases are associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, no studies have found a relationship specifically between and IDA in pregnant women with IBD and ADHD in their children. This review aims identify a relationship between maternal Crohn's disease (CD) with IDA and ADHD in children.

Materials and methods: A review of existing literature was conducted using PubMed to search for articles on pregnant women with CD and IDA and children with ADHD. The studies included nested case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and literature reviews published from 2012 to 2021.

Results: Among 876 articles generated, 11 studies were chosen for this review. Inclusion criteria consisted of no animal studies, meta-analysis or systematic reviews followed by ADHD related topics and maternal CD and IDA. The findings show that ADHD in progeny may be attributed to maternal CD. Although no studies have shown that IDA in mothers with CD is related to ADHD in offspring, several studies have shown a positive correlation between maternal IDA and ADHD in offspring. Some studies suggest inflammation in IBD during pregnancy can inflame the central nervous system, leading to ADHD in offspring.

Conclusion: IDA is a prevalent complication in CD, and inadequate iron levels are associated with neurodevelopmental problems, such as ADHD. Iron therapy for pregnant mothers diagnosed with CD is suggested to prevent ADHD in offspring.

Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Children; Iron deficiency anemia; Maternal Crohn's disease.

Background: The open Latarjet has become the most common method of addressing significant glenoid bone loss in patients with recurrent glenohumeral instability.

Purpose: To describe national trends in Latarjet procedures and risk factors for complications associated with this procedure.

Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: Eligible patients were identified through the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data set over the years 2014 to 2018 by using the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code for "capsulorrhaphy anterior with coracoid process transfer" (CPT 23462). Patient and surgical outcome variables were extracted and analyzed from the NSQIP database. Logistic regression analysis and odds ratios (ORs) were performed to evaluate the relative risk of complications.

Results: The authors identified 458 patients (399 men and 59 women) from the data set. The mean body mass index was 27.4 kg/m², and mean operative time was 130.2 minutes. Statistically significant variables included smoking status and sex, which were further stratified. Smokers were 2.19 times more likely to experience at least 1 adverse outcome, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, reoperation, wound infection, unplanned readmission, or readmission (95% CI, 0.62-7.82). Specifically, smokers were 7.8 times more likely to have a DVT (95% CI, 0.58-105.96), 1.4 times more likely to undergo reoperation (95% CI, 0.14-5.73), and 2.4 times more likely to have an unplanned readmission (95% CI, 0.19-28.68). Women were 2.2 times more likely to experience at least 1 adverse outcome. Specifically, women were found to be 6.4 times more likely to have a DVT (95% CI, 0.76-54.87), 4.1 times more likely to have an unplanned readmission (95% CI, 0.00-106.21), and 4.7 times more likely to have a readmission (95% CI, 0.00-13.92).

Conclusion: The results indicate that smokers and female patients are at a higher risk of experiencing adverse outcomes and may require additional pre- and postprocedural precautions when undergoing the Latarjet procedure. With the increase in frequency, providers should be aware of patient-related factors that may lead to adverse outcomes.

Keywords: Latarjet procedure; shoulder; shoulder instability.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) increases tuberculosis (TB) risk, but its relationship with latent TB infection (LTBI) is unknown. Using US nationally representative data, we report that CMV was independently associated with LTBI (odds ratio, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.19-7.28; P=.02). CMV and LTBI were associated with higher C-reactive protein, suggesting chronic inflammation.

Keywords: cytomegalovirus; immune dysregulation; inflammation; latent tuberculosis infection.