Primary vascular tumours of the kidney

INTRODUCTION

Although vascular tumours are relatively common in the skin and soft tissue, they are extremely rare in the kidney, ranging from benign to malignant neoplasms that may be diagnostically challenging because of the overlapping clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features.

These tumours include renal angiosarcomas and renal haemangiomas. Various subtypes of haemangioma have been described in the kidney including cavernous, capillary, and anastomosing haemangiomas[1-4]. However, the most common subtype is anastomosing haemangioma[1,2,5].

This article provides an overview of the clinical and pathological features of anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney and primary angiosarcoma of the kidney, and discusses the epidemiology, genetics, and prognosis.

ANASTOMOSING HAEMANGIOMA OF THE KIDNEY

Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are benign neoplasms characterized by anastomosing capillary-sized vascular channels. These tumours are exceptionally rare with about 75 anastomosing haemangiomas reported in the literature[5-9]. These tumours occur in a wide age range from 10 to 83 years (mean, 49 years) with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1[10].

The aetiology and risk factors for renal anastomosing haemangiomas are unknown. Some cases have been reported in the setting of end stage renal disease[11,12].

The vast majority of anastomosing haemangiomas are found incidentally on radiological evaluation for other purposes. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal mass[5,10].

The imaging findings are non-specific. On computed tomography, these tumours are often circumscribed, hyperdense, and heterogeneous due to fatty or non-enhancing hypodense areas and show post-contrast enhancement[13].

Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are characterized by recurrent mutations in GNAQ and GNA14 genes[14,15]. GNAQ gene encodes guanine nucleotide-binding protein G (q) subunit alpha (Gαq protein) that activates signalling pathways that regulates cell proliferation, survival, development, and function of blood vessels[14-16].

Grossly, anastomosing haemangiomas are typically small ranging from 0.1 cm to 12 cm (mean, 2.2 cm)[5,10,17]. These tumours are often well-demarcated spongy mahogany brown masses[5]. They are usually unilateral and solitary tumours; however, a few cases of bilateral[18] and multifocal[11] tumours have been described.

Histologically, anastomosing haemangiomas consist of anastomosing capillary-sized blood vessels, reminiscent of splenic sinusoids. The blood vessels are lined by bland endothelial cells. Typically, these tumours lack endothelial cell multilayering, papillary tufting, cytologic atypia, necrosis, and prominent mitotic figures. They may show extramedullary haematopoiesis, hyaline globules, and mild lymphocytic infiltrate[1,2,5,10,18].

Rarely, renal anastomosing haemangiomas may infiltrate perinephric fat, renal sinus fat[2,12], and the renal vein or its segmental branches[2,12,18,19]. The neoplastic cells are immunoreactive for CD31, CD34, ERG, FLI1, and factor VIII-related antigen (now rarely used)[5].

Renal anastomosing haemangiomas may co-exist with other renal neoplasms such as metanephric adenoma, papillary adenoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma, acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma[11,12].

Most patients with renal anastomosing haemangioma, described in the literature, were treated with radical nephrectomy, reflecting a tendency to overtreat these patients, probably because of inaccurate preoperative diagnosis (Table (Table11).

Table 1

Treatment, follow-up, and outcome of patients with anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney

Ref.	Treatment	Follow-up (mo)	Outcome
Bean et al[14]	Nephrectomy	9	NED
Bean et al[14]	Nephrectomy	84	NED
Bean et al[14]	Nephrectomy	107	NED
Memmedoğlu and Musayev[41]	Nephrectomy	12	NED
Memmedoğlu and Musayev[41]	Nephrectomy	12	NED
Tahir and Folwell[42]	Nephrectomy	1	NED
Pantelides et al[6]	Nephrectomy	6	NED
Downes et al[7]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Downes et al[7]	Biopsy	NA	NA
Chandran et al[8]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Cha et al[9]	Nephrectomy	5	NED
Montgomery and Epstein[2]	Nephrectomy	12	NED
Montgomery and Epstein[2]	Nephrectomy	36	NED
Montgomery and Epstein[2]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Montgomery and Epstein[2]	Excision	8	NED
Heidegger et al[43]	Nephrectomy	156	NED
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Kryvenko et al[12]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Al-Maghrabi and Al-Rashed[44]	Partial nephrectomy	12	NED
Caballes et al[17]	Nephrectomy	18	NED
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Büttner et al[11]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Lee et al[45]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Zhao et al[46]	Nephrectomy	12	NED
Kryvenko et al[18]	Nephrectomy	7	NED
Kryvenko et al[18]	Nephrectomy	6	NED
Kryvenko et al[18]	Nephrectomy	3	NED
Kryvenko et al[18]	Nephrectomy	122	NED
Tao et al[47]	Nephrectomy	21	NED
Abboudi et al[48]	Nephrectomy	<1	NED
Silva et al[49]	Resection	NA	NA
Berker et al[50]	Partial nephrectomy	10	NED
Berker et al[50]	Nephrectomy	4	NED
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
O'Neill et al[13]	NA	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	72	NED
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	24	NED
Brown et al[1]	Partial nephrectomy	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	24	NED
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Perdiki et al[51]	Partial nephrectomy	25	NED
Perdiki et al[51]	Nephrectomy	14	NED
Wetherell et al[52]	Nephrectomy	1	DFUD
Manohar et al[53]	Nephrectomy	24	NED
Omiyale et al[19]	Nephrectomy	10	NED
Johnstone et al[54]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Mehta et al[4]	Nephrectomy	3	NED
Mehta et al[4]	Nephrectomy	12	NED
Mehta et al[4]	Nephrectomy	3	NED
Tran and Pernicone[55]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Zhang et al[56]	Partial nephrectomy	16	NED
Cheon et al[57]	Nephrectomy	6	NED
Chou et al[58]	Nephrectomy	8	NED
Chou et al[58]	Nephrectomy	14	NED

DFUD: Died from unrelated disease; NED: No evidence of disease; NA: Not available.

The prognosis of anastomosing haemangioma is excellent with no evidence of recurrence, metastasis or tumour-related death at an average follow-up of 24.8 mo (range, < 1-156 mo) (Table (Table11).

PRIMARY ANGIOSARCOMA OF THE KIDNEY

Renal angiosarcomas are malignant tumours showing endothelial differentiation. These tumours are very rare, with about 76 cases described in the literature as case series and reports[20-24]. There is a male-to-female ratio of 6:1, with patient age ranging from 24 years to 95 years (median, 62 years).

Although angiosarcomas arising in other anatomical sites have been associated with risk factors such as exposure to thorium dioxide, arsenic-based pesticides, polyvinyl chloride, and radiation therapy particularly for breast, endometrial and prostate cancers[25-27], no specific aetiology or risk factors have been established for primary angiosarcoma of the kidney[20,28].

The clinical features of renal angiosarcomas are identical to those of renal anastomosing haemangiomas. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, haematuria, abdominal mass, and weight loss. A rare case of spontaneous tumour rupture with retroperitoneal haematoma has been described[29].

Computed tomography imaging shows large masses with heterogeneous enhancement and hypervascularity[30].

Angiogenesis-related genes and vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinases such as KDR, TIE1, SNRK, TEK, and FLT1, are upregulated in angiosarcomas[31]. High-level MYC gene amplifications are seen in most radiation-induced and chronic lymphoedema-associated angiosarcomas[32]. A subset of cases is characterized by PLCG1, KDR, and PTPRB mutations[33,34].

Some primary angiosarcomas, typically in young adults, have recurrent CIC gene rearrangements, with or without concurrent CIC mutations, and are characterized by upregulation of CIC-target genes including ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5[34]. Angiosarcomas with CIC gene abnormalities are associated with an inferior disease-free survival[34].

Primary renal angiosarcomas are usually large ranging from 3.6 cm to 30 cm (mean, 13 cm). Typically, they are ill-defined haemorrhagic spongy masses with necrosis[1,20].

Microscopically, these tumours range from well-formed vasoformative areas to areas with solid morphology showing sparse vasoformation. These patterns are often mixed within the same tumour. Vasoformative areas are composed of small to medium-sized anastomosing blood vessels, lined by epithelioid and/or spindled endothelial cells showing nuclear pleomorphism, endothelial papillary tufting, multilayering, intraluminal budding, and hobnailing[1,20,28]. Solid areas consist of sheets of malignant epithelioid and/or spindled cells with subtle vasoformation, cytologic atypia, and mitotic figures. Necrosis may be present. Angiosarcomas usually have a haemorrhagic background and extravasated red blood cells are seen within the tumour[1,20,28].

Epithelioid angiosarcomas are composed of sheets of large atypical polygonal or epithelioid cells with nuclear pleomorphism, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent central nucleoli, mitotic figures, and moderate amounts of cytoplasm. Epithelioid angiosarcomas may be mistaken for carcinoma, melanoma, or lymphoma[20,28,35-37].

The neoplastic cells are positive for CD31, ERG, FLI1, CD34, and factor VIII-related antigen[20,28,38,39]. Epithelioid angiosarcomas may be positive for epithelial markers including CK7, Cam5.2, AE1/AE3, and EMA, which may lead to a misdiagnosis of carcinoma[20].

Similar to angiosarcomas arising at other locations, renal angiosarcomas have a tendency for widespread metastasis at diagnosis or afterwards in the course of the disease. Approximately 66% of patients develop metastases, most commonly to the lung and liver. Other sites of metastasis include bone, lymph nodes, peritoneum, small bowel, soft tissue, and skin. Currently, there are no specific standardized treatment guidelines for primary renal angiosarcomas. These tumours are treated with radical nephrectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy (Table (Table22).

Table 2

Treatment, follow-up, and outcome of patients with primary angiosarcoma of the kidney

Ref.	Treatment	Follow-up (mo)	Outcome
Costero-Barrios et al[59]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, RT	12	AWD
Peters et al[60]	Nephrectomy	2	DOD
Singh et al[35]	NA	NA	NA
Kern et al[61]	Nephrectomy	3	DOD
Kern et al[61]	Nephrectomy	1.5	DOD
Aydogdu et al[62]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Akkad et al[63]	Nephrectomy	30	NED
Witczak et al[64]	nephrectomy	NA	NA
Chaabouni et al[38]	Nephrectomy	1	DOD
Johnson et al[65]	Rapid deterioration	NA	DOD
Zenico et al[66]	Nephrectomy	4	DOD
Nguyen et al[67]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	18	DOD
Terris et al[68]	Nephrectomy, RT	10	DOD
Matter et al[69]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, RT	18	DOD
Yoshida et al[70]	Nephrectomy, Recombinant IL-2	13	DOD
Pauli and Strutton[71]	Nephrectomy, RT	2	DOD
Martínez-Piñeiro et al[72]	Nephrectomy, S	4	DOD
Bernstein et al[73]	NA	NA	NA
Liu et al[36]	Nephrectomy, RT	6	NED
Yau et al[74]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, RT	3	DOD
Carnero López et al[75]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	5	DOD
Kazaz et al[76]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	NA	NA
Souza et al[77]	Nephrectomy	1	DFUD
Detorakis et al[78]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	11	DOD
Komoto et al[79]	Nephrectomy	9.2	DOD
Boni et al[80]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	15	DOD
Chang et al[81]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, RT	NA	NA
Iannaci et al[82]	Nephrectomy	NA	DOD
Subramanian et al[83]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Waqas et al[84]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	NA	NA
Gourley et al[85]	Nephrectomy	NA	DOD
Su[86]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	NA	DOD
López Cubillana et al[87]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	5	DOD
Juan et al[88]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, RT	9	DOD
Prince[21]	Nephrectomy, RT	NA	A and W
Sesar et al[22]	Nephroureterectomy	NA	NA
Testa et al[23]	Nephrectomy	27	DFUD
Xuan[24]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	NA	6	DOD
Brown et al[1]	NA	11	DOD
Brown et al[1]	NA	1	DOD
Brown et al[1]	NA	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	NA	1	DOD
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Brown et al[1]	Nephrectomy	2	DFUD
Hiratsuka et al[89]	Nephrectomy	29	NED
Adjiman et al[90]	Nephrectomy	NA	DOD
Limmer et al[91]	Nephrectomy	1	DOD
Darlington et al[92]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	12	NED
Allred et al[93]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	3	DOD
Fukunaga et al[94]	Nephrectomy	13	DOD
Desai et al[95]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	4	DOD
Sabharwal et al[96]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	>1	NA
Aksoy et al[29]	Nephrectomy, S	3	DOD
Heo et al[97]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Mordkin et al[98]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, S	NA	NA
Berretta et al[99]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	8	DOD
Lodhi et al[100]	Chemo	NA	AWD
Cason et al[101]	Nephrectomy, RT	10	DOD
Askari et al[102]	Nephrectomy	4	DOD
Guan et al[103]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	4	DOD
Papadimitriou et al[104]	Nephrectomy	NA	A and W
Celebi et al[105]	Nephrectomy, Chemo, TKI, VEGF Inhibitor	13	DOD
Rüb et al[106]	Nephrectomy, Chemo	12	AWD
Zhang et al[107]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Tsuda et al[108]	Nephrectomy	21	DOD
Grapsa et al[109]	NA	NA	NA
Li et al[37]	NA	NA	NA
Qayyum et al[110]	Palliative (patient's decision)	NA	NA
Leggio et al[30]	Nephrectomy	8	DOD
Garmendia et al[111]	Nephrectomy	NA	NA
Sanyal et al[112]	Nephrectomy, RT	24	DOD
Cerilli et al[113]	Nephrectomy, RT	6	DOD
Douard et al[114]	Nephrectomy	3	DOD
Yamamoto et al[115]	Nephrectomy, RT	19	NED

RT: Radiotherapy; Chemo: Chemotherapy; TKI: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor; S: Splenectomy; DOD: Died of disease; AWD: Alive with disease; A and W: Alive and well; DFUD: Died from unrelated disease; NED: No evidence of disease; NA: Not available.

Primary renal angiosarcomas are highly aggressive neoplasms with 76.3% of patients dying of tumour within 1 mo to 24 mo (mean, 7.5 mo), despite surgical and adjuvant therapy (Table (Table2).2). Poor prognostic factors for angiosarcomas occurring at other anatomic sites include age > 69 years, tumour size ≥ 5 cm, regional disease (vs localized disease), non-surgical treatment, and distant metastasis[40].

CONCLUSION

Primary vascular tumours of the kidney are rare neoplasms. Unlike primary renal angiosarcoma, the prognosis of renal anastomosing haemangioma is excellent with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. These tumours share similar clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features, and must be distinguished from each other. Features that favour angiosarcomas include the presence of malignant spindled and/or epithelioid cells with a variable degree of vasoformation, cytologic atypia, prominent mitotic figures, endothelial multilayering, papillary tufting, and necrosis.

Ayo O Omiyale, Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom. ten.shn@elayimo.ijedoya;

Author contributions: Omiyale AO reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author: Ayo O Omiyale, MBChB, MPH, Doctor, Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom. ten.shn@elayimo.ijedoya

Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom. ten.shn@elayimo.ijedoya;Author contributions: Omiyale AO reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript.

Received 2021 Apr 28; Revised 2021 Jul 1; Accepted 2021 Nov 25.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Abstract

Primary vascular tumours of the kidney are rare and may pose diagnostic difficulties because of their similar clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features. This article summarizes the clinical and pathological features of primary renal angiosarcoma and anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney including epidemiology, genetics, and prognosis. Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are benign neoplasms characterized by anastomosing capillary-sized vascular channels. These tumours are rare, with about 75 cases reported in the literature. Most anastomosing haemangiomas are found incidentally on ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal mass. Renal anastomosing haemangiomas are characterized by recurrent mutations in GNAQ and GNA14 genes. The prognosis of anastomosing haemangioma is excellent.

Primary renal angiosarcomas are malignant tumours showing endothelial differentiation. To date, 76 cases have been described in the literature. Primary renal angiosarcomas are frequently symptomatic. The clinical features of renal angiosarcomas are similar to those of renal anastomosing haemangiomas, including abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal mass. Angiogenesis-related genes and vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinases such as KDR, TIE1, SNRK, TEK, and FLT1 are upregulated in angiosarcomas. Primary renal angiosarcomas are highly aggressive neoplasms with a poor prognosis despite surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy.

Keywords: Kidney, Renal tumours, Angiosarcoma, Haemangioma, Anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney, Vascular tumours

Abstract

Core Tip: Primary vascular tumours of the kidney are extremely rare. This article summarizes the clinical and pathological features of primary renal angiosarcoma and anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney.

DFUD: Died from unrelated disease; NED: No evidence of disease; NA: Not available.

Footnotes

Conflict-of-interest statement: The author declares no conflict of interest for this article.

Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.

Peer-review model: Single blind

Peer-review started: April 28, 2021

First decision: June 16, 2021

Article in press: November 25, 2021

Specialty type: Oncology

Country/Territory of origin: United Kingdom

Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): B

Grade C (Good): 0

Grade D (Fair): 0

Grade E (Poor): 0

P-Reviewer: Salvadori M S-Editor: Liu M L-Editor: A P-Editor: Liu M

Footnotes

References

1. Brown JG, Folpe AL, Rao P, Lazar AJ, Paner GP, Gupta R, Parakh R, Cheville JC, Amin MBPrimary vascular tumors and tumor-like lesions of the kidney: a clinicopathologic analysis of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:942–949.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
2. Montgomery E, Epstein JIAnastomosing hemangioma of the genitourinary tract: a lesion mimicking angiosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:1364–1369.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
3. Sethi S, Agarwal V, Chopra PCavernous hemangioma of the kidney: A report of two cases and review of the literature. Urol Ann. 2012;4:187–190.[Google Scholar]
4. Mehta V, Ananthanarayanan V, Antic T, Krausz T, Milner J, Venkataraman G, Picken MMPrimary benign vascular tumors and tumorlike lesions of the kidney: a clinicopathologic analysis of 15 cases. Virchows Arch. 2012;461:669–676.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
5. Omiyale AOAnastomosing hemangioma of the kidney: a literature review of a rare morphological variant of hemangioma. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3:151.[Google Scholar]
6. Pantelides NM, Agrawal S, Mawson I, Hazell S, Gibbons NAn Anastomosing Haemangioma: A Rare Vascular Tumour Presenting as a Solid Renal Mass. Br J Med Surg Urol. 2012;5:84–86.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
7. Downes MR, Dickson BC, Cheung CCAnastomosing haemangioma of kidney: morphologic features and diagnostic considerations of an unusual vasoformative tumour. Diagn Histopathol. 2014;20:208–212.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
8. Chandran N, Kannan MS, Veeramani MRenal anastomosing hemangioma: a diagnosis to ponder. Indian J Transplant. 2019;13:59–61.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
9. Cha JS, Jeong YB, Kim HJAnastomosing hemangioma mimicking renal cell carcinoma. Korean J Urol Oncol. 2016;14:88–92.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
10. Omiyale AO, Carton JClinicopathological and genetic features of anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney: a narrative review. AME Med J. 2021;6:30.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
11. Büttner M, Kufer V, Brunner K, Hartmann A, Amann K, Agaimy ABenign mesenchymal tumours and tumour-like lesions in end-stage renal disease. Histopathology. 2013;62:229–236.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
12. Kryvenko ON, Haley SL, Smith SC, Shen SS, Paluru S, Gupta NS, Jorda M, Epstein JI, Amin MB, Truong LDHaemangiomas in kidneys with end-stage renal disease: a novel clinicopathological association. Histopathology. 2014;65:309–318.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
13. O'Neill AC, Craig JW, Silverman SG, Alencar ROAnastomosing hemangiomas: locations of occurrence, imaging features, and diagnosis with percutaneous biopsy. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016;41:1325–1332.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
14. Bean GR, Joseph NM, Gill RM, Folpe AL, Horvai AE, Umetsu SERecurrent GNAQ mutations in anastomosing hemangiomas. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:722–727.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
15. Bean GR, Joseph NM, Folpe AL, Horvai AE, Umetsu SERecurrent GNA14 mutations in anastomosing haemangiomas. Histopathology. 2018;73:354–357.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
16. Urtatiz O, Van Raamsdonk CDGnaq and Gna11 in the Endothelin Signaling Pathway and Melanoma. Front Genet. 2016;7:59.[Google Scholar]
17. Caballes AB, Abelardo AD, Farolan MJ, Veloso JADPediatric Anastomosing Hemangioma: Case Report and Review of Renal Vascular Tumors in Children. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2019;22:269–275.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
18. Kryvenko ON, Gupta NS, Meier FA, Lee MW, Epstein JIAnastomosing hemangioma of the genitourinary system: Eight cases in the kidney and ovary with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;136:450–457.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
19. Omiyale AO, Golash A, Mann A, Kyriakidis D, Kalyanasundaram KAnastomosing Haemangioma of the Kidney Involving a Segmental Branch of the Renal Vein. Case Rep Surg. 2015;2015:927286.[Google Scholar]
20. Omiyale AO, Carton JClinical and Pathologic Features of Primary Angiosarcoma of the Kidney. Curr Urol Rep. 2018;19:4.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
21. Prince CLPrimary angio-endothelioma of the kidney: report of a case and brief review. J Urol. 1942;47:787–789.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
22. Sesar P, Ulamec M, Šoša D, Trnski D, Tomas DPrimary renal angiosarcoma. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51:182.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
23. Testa G, Talamona G, Tufano A, Marino-Marsilia GPrimary renal angiosarcoma: a case report. Acta Urologica Italica. 1998;12:225–227.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
24. Xuan YPrimary renal angiosarcoma: one case report and literature review. Chin J Clin Oncol. 2008;5:229–230.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
25. Penel N, Grosjean J, Robin YM, Vanseymortier L, Clisant S, Adenis AFrequency of certain established risk factors in soft tissue sarcomas in adults: a prospective descriptive study of 658 cases. Sarcoma. 2008;2008:459386.[Google Scholar]
26. Kulaga A, Yilmaz A, Wilkin RP, Trpkov KEpithelioid angiosarcoma of the bladder after irradiation for endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch. 2007;450:245–246.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
27. Chandan VS, Wolsh LPostirradiation angiosarcoma of the prostate. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:876–878.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
28. Omiyale AOClinicopathological features of primary angiosarcoma of the kidney: a review of 62 cases. Transl Androl Urol. 2015;4:464–473.[Google Scholar]
29. Aksoy Y, Gürsan N, Ozbey I, Biçgi O, Keleş MSpontaneous rupture of a renal angiosarcoma. Urol Int. 2002;68:60–62.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
30. Leggio L, Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, Ferrulli A, D'Angelo C, Mirijello A, Vonghia L, Schinzari G, Arena V, Perrone L, Citterio F, Bonomo L, Rapaccini GL, Capelli A, Barone C, Gasbarrini G. Primary renal angiosarcoma: a rare malignancy. A case report and review of the literature. Urol Oncol. 2006;24:307–312.[PubMed]
31. Antonescu CR, Yoshida A, Guo T, Chang NE, Zhang L, Agaram NP, Qin LX, Brennan MF, Singer S, Maki RGKDR activating mutations in human angiosarcomas are sensitive to specific kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2009;69:7175–7179.[Google Scholar]
32. Guo T, Zhang L, Chang NE, Singer S, Maki RG, Antonescu CRConsistent MYC and FLT4 gene amplification in radiation-induced angiosarcoma but not in other radiation-associated atypical vascular lesions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2011;50:25–33.[Google Scholar]
33. Behjati S, Tarpey PS, Sheldon H, Martincorena I, Van Loo P, Gundem G, Wedge DC, Ramakrishna M, Cooke SL, Pillay N, Vollan HKM, Papaemmanuil E, Koss H, Bunney TD, Hardy C, Joseph OR, Martin S, Mudie L, Butler A, Teague JW, Patil M, Steers G, Cao Y, Gumbs C, Ingram D, Lazar AJ, Little L, Mahadeshwar H, Protopopov A, Al Sannaa GA, Seth S, Song X, Tang J, Zhang J, Ravi V, Torres KE, Khatri B, Halai D, Roxanis I, Baumhoer D, Tirabosco R, Amary MF, Boshoff C, McDermott U, Katan M, Stratton MR, Futreal PA, Flanagan AM, Harris A, Campbell PJRecurrent PTPRB and PLCG1 mutations in angiosarcoma. Nat Genet. 2014;46:376–379.[Google Scholar]
34. Huang SC, Zhang L, Sung YS, Chen CL, Kao YC, Agaram NP, Singer S, Tap WD, D'Angelo S, Antonescu CRRecurrent CIC Gene Abnormalities in Angiosarcomas: A Molecular Study of 120 Cases With Concurrent Investigation of PLCG1, KDR, MYC, and FLT4 Gene Alterations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40:645–655.[Google Scholar]
35. Singh C, Xie L, Schmechel SC, Manivel JC, Pambuccian SEEpithelioid angiosarcoma of the kidney: a diagnostic dilemma in fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2012;40 Suppl 2:E131–E139.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
36. Liu H, Huang X, Chen H, Wang X, Chen LEpithelioid angiosarcoma of the kidney: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett. 2014;8:1155–1158.[Google Scholar]
37. Li N, Li W, Li ZPrimary renal epithelioid angiosarcoma with transitional cell carcinoma in renal pelvis. Zhonghua Waike Zazhi. 1997;35:294–295.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
38. Chaabouni A, Rebai N, Chabchoub K, Fourati M, Bouacida M, Slimen MH, Bahloul A, Mhiri MNPrimary renal angiosarcoma: Case report and literature review. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013;7:E430–E432.[Google Scholar]
39. Iacovelli R, Orlando V, Palazzo A, Cortesi EClinical and pathological features of primary renal angiosarcoma. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014;8:E223–E226.[Google Scholar]
40. Zhang C, Xu G, Liu Z, Xu Y, Lin F, Baklaushev VP, Chekhonin VP, Peltzer K, Mao M, Wang X, Wang G, Zhang CEpidemiology, tumor characteristics and survival in patients with angiosarcoma in the United States: a population-based study of 4537 cases. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2019;49:1092–1099.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
41. Memmedoğlu A, Musayev JSpontaneous rupture of the kidney in the patients with synchronous renal hemangioma and nephrogenic hypertension. Turk J Urol. 2015;41:231–234.[Google Scholar]
42. Tahir M, Folwell AAnastomosing haemangioma of kidney: a rare subtype of vascular tumour of the kidney mimicking angiosarcoma. ANZ J Surg. 2016;86:838–839.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
43. Heidegger I, Pichler R, Schäfer G, Zelger B, Aigner F, Bektic J, Horninger WLong-term follow up of renal anastomosing hemangioma mimicking renal angiosarcoma. Int J Urol. 2014;21:836–838.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
44. Al-Maghrabi HA, Al Rashed ASChallenging Pitfalls and Mimickers in Diagnosing Anastomosing Capillary Hemangioma of the Kidney: Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Case Rep. 2017;18:255–262.[Google Scholar]
45. Lee HS, Koh BH, Kim JW, Kim YS, Rhim HC, Cho OK, Hahm CK, Woo YN, Park MHRadiologic findings of renal hemangioma: report of three cases. Korean J Radiol. 2000;1:60–63.[Google Scholar]
46. Zhao M, Li C, Zheng J, Sun KAnastomosing hemangioma of the kidney: a case report of a rare subtype of hemangioma mimicking angiosarcoma and review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6:757–765.[Google Scholar]
47. Tao LL, Dai Y, Yin W, Chen JA case report of a renal anastomosing hemangioma and a literature review: an unusual variant histologically mimicking angiosarcoma. Diagn Pathol. 2014;9:159.[Google Scholar]
48. Abboudi H, Tschobotko B, Carr C, DasGupta RBilateral Renal Anastomosing Hemangiomas: A Tale of Two Kidneys. J Endourol Case Rep. 2017;3:176–178.[Google Scholar]
49. Silva MA, Fonseca EKUN, Yamauchi FI, Baroni RHAnastomosing hemangioma simulating renal cell carcinoma. Int Braz J Urol. 2017;43:987–989.[Google Scholar]
50. Berker NK, Bayram A, Tas S, Bakir B, Caliskan Y, Ozcan F, Kilicaslan I, Ozluk YComparison of Renal Anastomosing Hemangiomas in End-Stage and Non-End-Stage Kidneys: A Meta-Analysis With a Report of 2 Cases. Int J Surg Pathol. 2017;25:488–496.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
51. Perdiki M, Datseri G, Liapis G, Chondros N, Anastasiou I, Tzardi M, Delladetsima JK, Drakos EAnastomosing hemangioma: report of two renal cases and analysis of the literature. Diagn Pathol. 2017;12:14.[Google Scholar]
52. Wetherell DR, Skene A, Manya K, Manecksha RP, Chan Y, Bolton DMAnastomosing haemangioma of the kidney: a rare morphological variant of haemangioma characteristic of genitourinary tract location. Pathology. 2013;45:193–196.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
53. Manohar V, Krishnamurthy S, Ranganathan J, Pai VDA case of giant anastomosing hemangioma of the kidney with extramedullary hematopoiesis: A great mimicker. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2020;63:292–294.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
54. Johnstone KJ, Strutton GM, Perry-Keene JL, Hazratwala K, Delahunt BMultifocal anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney with intravascular growth and sinus fat invasion: a rare benign mimic of angiosarcoma. Pathology. 2020;52:394–396.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
55. Tran TA, Pernicone PAnastomosing hemangioma with fatty changes of the genitourinary tract: a lesion mimicking angiomyolipoma. Cent European J Urol. 2012;65:40–42.[Google Scholar]
56. Zhang W, Wang Q, Liu YL, Yu WJ, Liu Y, Zhao H, Zhuang J, Jiang YX, Li YJAnastomosing hemangioma arising from the kidney: a case of slow progression in four years and review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:2208–2213.[Google Scholar]
57. Cheon PM, Rebello R, Naqvi A, Popovic S, Bonert M, Kapoor AAnastomosing hemangioma of the kidney: radiologic and pathologic distinctions of a kidney cancer mimic. Curr Oncol. 2018;25:e220–e223.[Google Scholar]
58. Chou S, Subramanian V, Lau HM, Achan ARenal Anastomosing Hemangiomas With a Diverse Morphologic Spectrum: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. Int J Surg Pathol. 2014;22:369–373.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
59. Costero-Barrios CB, Oros-Ovalle CPrimary renal angiosarcoma. Gac Med Mex. 2004;140:463–466.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
60. Peters HJ, Nuri M, Münzenmaier RHemangioendothelioma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1974;112:723–726.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
61. Kern SB, Gott L, Faulkner J 2ndOccurrence of primary renal angiosarcoma in brothers. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119:75–78.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
62. Aydogdu I, Turhan O, Sari R, Ates M, Türk MCoincidental acute myeloblastic leukemia in a patient with renal angiosarcoma. Haematologia (Budap) 1999;29:313–317.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
63. Akkad T, Tsankov A, Pelzer A, Peschel R, Bartsch G, Steiner HEarly diagnosis and straight forward surgery of an asymptomatic primary angiosarcoma of the kidney led to long-term survival. Int J Urol. 2006;13:1112–1114.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
64. Witczak W, Szubstarski F, Szymański C, Rajca Z, Staszczyk SRenal hemangiosarcoma. Pol Tyg Lek. 1993;48:483–484.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
65. Johnson VV, Gaertner EM, Crothers BAFine-needle aspiration of renal angiosarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:478–480.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
66. Zenico T, Saccomanni M, Salomone U, Bercovich EPrimary renal angiosarcoma: case report and review of world literature. Tumori. 2011;97:e6–e9.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
67. Nguyen T, Auquier MA, Renard C, Cordonnier C, Saint F, Remond AHemoptysis and spontaneous rupture of a primary renal angiosarcoma: a case report. J Radiol. 2010;91:1313–1317.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
68. Terris D, Plaine L, Steinfeld ARenal angiosarcoma. Am J Kidney Dis. 1986;8:131–133.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
69. Matter LE, Flury R, Hailemariam S, Hauri D, Sulser T. Angiosarcoma of the kidney. Case report and review of the literature. Urologe A. 1999;38:65–68.[PubMed]
70. Yoshida K, Ito F, Nakazawa H, Maeda Y, Tomoe H, Aiba MA case of primary renal angiosarcoma. Rare Tumors. 2009;1:e28.[Google Scholar]
71. Pauli JL, Strutton GPrimary renal angiosarcoma. Pathology. 2005;37:187–189.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
72. Martínez-Piñeiro L, López-Ferrer P, Picazo ML, Martínez-Piñeiro JA. Primary renal angiosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1995;29:103–108.[PubMed]
73. Bernstein ML, Leclerc JM, Bunin G, Brisson L, Robison L, Shuster J, Byrne T, Gregory D, Hill G, Dougherty GA population-based study of neuroblastoma incidence, survival, and mortality in North America. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:323–329.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
74. Yau T, Leong CH, Chan WK, Chan JK, Liang RH, Epstein RJA case of mixed adult Wilms' tumour and angiosarcoma responsive to carboplatin, etoposide and vincristine (CEO) Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61:717–720.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
75. Carnero López B, Fernández Pérez I, Carrasco Alvarez JA, Lázaro Quintela ME, López Jato C, Jorge Fernández M, Gentil González M, Vázquez Tuñas L, Castellanos Díez JRenal primary angiosarcoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2007;9:806–810.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
76. Kazaz IO, Ersoz S, Colak F, Teoman AS, Kazaz SN, Karaguzel E, Kutlu OPrimary renal angiosarcoma: A case report and a short review of literature. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2020;63:S44–S46.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
77. Souza OE, Etchebehere RM, Lima MA, Monti PRPrimary renal angiosarcoma. Int Braz J Urol. 2006;32:448–450.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
78. Detorakis EE, Chryssou E, Raissaki M, Androulidakis E, Heretis I, Haniotis V, Karantanas APrimary renal angiosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation and literature review. Tumori. 2013;99:e111–e116.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
79. Komoto H, Kitajima K, Kawanaka Y, Yoshimura N, Kunimoto R, Yokoyama H, Shinkai Y, Kaizuka Y, Yamamoto S, Kihara T, Kimura N, Hirota S, Yamakado KCT Findings of Primary Renal Angiosarcoma. Case Rep Oncol. 2021;14:212–216.[Google Scholar]
80. Boni A, Cochetti G, Sidoni A, Bellezza G, Lepri E, Giglio A, Turco M, Vermandois JAR, Zingaro MD, Cirocchi R, Mearini EPrimary Angiosarcoma of the Kidney: Case Report and Comprehensive Literature Review. Open Med (Wars) 2019;14:443–455.[Google Scholar]
81. Chang CW, Chien CC, Juan YS, Chueh KSPrimary renal angiosarcoma mimicking urothelial carcinoma - A case report and literature reviews. Urol Case Rep. 2021;34:101407.[Google Scholar]
82. Iannaci G, Crispino M, Cifarelli P, Montella M, Panarese I, Ronchi A, Russo R, Tremiterra G, Luise R, Sapere PEpithelioid angiosarcoma arising in schwannoma of the kidney: report of the first case and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14:29.[Google Scholar]
83. Subramanian H, Parepalli D, Srinivas BH, Gochhait D, Ks SPrimary Renal Angiosarcoma With Lymph Node Metastasis- A Rare Intriguing Malignancy With a Grim Outcome. Urology. 2021;153:14–16.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
84. Waqas M, Rahim W, Shohab D, Khawaja MA, Ali Z, Mamoon NPrimary Renal Epithelioid Angiosarcoma. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2018;28:S66–S68.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
85. Gourley E, Digman G, Nicolas M, Kaushik DPrimary renal angiosarcoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018[PubMed][Google Scholar]
86. Su YCAngiosarcoma of kidney with calcification: A rare case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2017;33:367–368.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
87. López Cubillana P, Martínez Barba E, Server Pastor G, Prieto González A, Ferri Níguez B, Cao Avellaneda E, López López AI, Nicolás Torroalba JA, Rigabert Montiel M, Tornero Ruiz J, García Hernández JA, Gómez Gómez G, Martínez Pertusa P, Guardiola Mas A, Pérez Albacete MFatal evolution of a renal angiosarcoma. Arch Esp Urol. 2004;57:425–426.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
88. Juan CJ, Yu CY, Hsu HH, Chian CP, Huang GS, Fan HC, Lin CC, Ching Jiunn Wu JW, Hsiao HS, Chen CYVisceral and non-visceral angiosarcoma: imaging features and clinical correlation. Chin J Radiol. 2000;25:183–189.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
89. Hiratsuka Y, Nishimura H, Kajiwara I, Matsuoka H, Kawamura KRenal angiosarcoma: a case report. Int J Urol. 1997;4:90–93.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
90. Adjiman S, Zerbib M, Flam T, Brochard M, Deslignères S, Boissonnas A, Debré B, Steg AGenitourinary tumors and HIV1 infection. Eur Urol. 1990;18:61–63.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
91. Limmer S, Wagner T, Leipprand E, Arnholdt H. Primary renal hemangiosarcoma. Case report and review of the literature. Pathologe. 2001;22:343–348.[PubMed]
92. Darlington D, Anitha FSPrimary Renal Angiosarcoma Mimicking Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report. Cureus. 2019;11:e3841.[Google Scholar]
93. Allred CD, Cathey WJ, McDivitt RWPrimary fenal angiosarcoma: a case report. Hum Pathol. 1981;12:665–668.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
94. Fukunaga MAngiosarcoma of the kidney with minute clear cell carcinomas: a case report. Pathol Res Pract. 2009;205:347–351.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
95. Desai MB, Chess Q, Naidich JB, Weiner RPrimary renal angiosarcoma mimicking a renal cell carcinoma. Urol Radiol. 1989;11:30–32.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
96. Sabharwal S, John NT, Kumar RM, Kekre NSPrimary renal angiosarcoma. Indian J Urol. 2013;29:145–147.[Google Scholar]
97. Heo SH, Shin SS, Kang TW, Kim GEPrimary renal angiosarcoma with extensive hemorrhage: CT and MRI findings. Int Braz J Urol. 2019;45:402–405.[Google Scholar]
98. Mordkin RM, Dahut WL, Lynch JHRenal angiosarcoma: a rare primary genitourinary malignancy. South Med J. 1997;90:1159–1160.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
99. Berretta M, Rupolo M, Buonadonna A, Canzonieri V, Brollo A, Morra A, Berretta S, Bearz A, Tirelli U, Frustaci SMetastatic angiosarcoma of the kidney: a case report with treatment approach and review of the literature. J Chemother. 2006;18:221–224.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
100. Lodhi HT, Inayat F, Munir A, Ilyas GPrimary renal angiosarcoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018[Google Scholar]
101. Cason JD, Waisman J, Plaine LAngiosarcoma of kidney. Urology. 1987;30:281–283.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
102. Askari A, Novick A, Braun W, Steinmuller DLate ureteral obstruction and hematuria from de novo angiosarcoma in a renal transplant patient. J Urol. 1980;124:717–719.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
103. Guan H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Qi W, Xie S, Hou J, Wang HPrimary angiosarcoma arising in an angiomyolipoma of the kidney: case report and literature review. Diagn Pathol. 2018;13:53.[Google Scholar]
104. Papadimitriou VD, Stamatiou KN, Takos DM, Adamopoulos VM, Heretis IE, Sofras FAAngiosarcoma of kidney: a case report and review of literature. Urol J. 2009;6:223–225.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
105. Celebi F, Pilanci KN, Saglam S, Balci NCPrimary renal angiosarcoma with progressive clinical course despite surgical and adjuvant treatment: A case report. Oncol Lett. 2015;9:1937–1939.[Google Scholar]
106. Rüb J, Bauer S, Pastor J, Noldus J, Palisaar RJ. Primary renal angiosarcoma. Uncommon manifestation of a rare malignancy. Urologe A. 2015;54:849–853.[PubMed]
107. Zhang HM, Yan Y, Luo M, Xu YF, Peng B, Zheng JHPrimary angiosarcoma of the kidney: case analysis and literature review. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:3555–3562.[Google Scholar]
108. Tsuda N, Chowdhury PR, Hayashi T, Anami M, Iseki M, Koga S, Matsuya F, Kanetake H, Saito Y, Horita YPrimary renal angiosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature. Pathol Int. 1997;47:778–783.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
109. Grapsa D, Sakellariou S, Politi EFine-needle aspiration cytology of primary renal angiosarcoma with histopathologic and immunocytochemical correlation: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol. 2014;42:872–876.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
110. Qayyum S, Parikh JG, Zafar NPrimary renal angiosarcoma with extensive necrosis: a difficult diagnosis. Case Rep Pathol. 2014;2014:416170.[Google Scholar]
111. Garmendia JC, López García JA, Acinas García O, Garrido Rivas C, Sanroma Ortueta C, Arocena Lanz FAngiosarcoma of the kidney. Actas Urol Esp. 1989;13:223–224.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
112. Sanyal B, Mehrotra ML, Gupta S, Pant GCRadiotherapy in renal angiosarcoma. J Indian Med Assoc. 1979;72:85–86.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
113. Cerilli LA, Huffman HT, Anand APrimary renal angiosarcoma: a case report with immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic features and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:929–935.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
114. Douard A, Pasticier G, Deminière C, Wallerand H, Ferrière JM, Bernhard JCPrimary angiosarcoma of the kidney: case report and literature review. Prog Urol. 2012;22:438–441.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
115. Yamamoto Y, Izaki H, Harada A, Taue R, Kishimoto T, Tanimoto S, Fukumori T, Takahashi M, Nishitani MA, Kanayama HO, Sano N, Uema KA case of renal capsular hemangiosarcoma. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2006;52:215–217.[PubMed][Google Scholar]