Neurological associations of COVID-19
Supplementary Material
Calculated using data available up to May 19, 2020. COVID-19 cases based on Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Dashboard. 95% CI calculated with Clopper-Pearson exact method24 for proportions using Ausvet Epitools. SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome. MERS=Middle East respiratory syndrome. PNS=peripheral nervous system.
A full version of this table is provided in the appendix (pp 13–23); the studies included here are those that more comprehensively reported patient data or reported novel findings. SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. HSV=herpes simplex virus. VZV=varicella zoster virus. CRP=C-reactive protein. ICU=intensive care unit. PaO2=partial pressure of oxygen. PCO2=partial pressure of carbon dioxide. LDH=lactate dehydrogenase. MOG=myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. NR=not reported. WNV=West Nile virus. FLAIR=fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. HHV=human herpes virus. EBV=Epstein-Barr virus. CMV=cytomegalovirus. RSV=respiratory syncytial virus. LDH=lactate dehydrogenase. GCS=Glasgow Coma Scale.
Contributors
MAE, BDM, JS, and TS devised the idea for this Rapid Review. MAE, LB, BS, SL, BDM, RK, SD, JS, and TS contributed to the literature search. MAE, LB, BS, SL, BDM, and TS designed and drafted the figures. MAE, LB, BS, SL, BDM, RK, SD, JS, and TS prepared the initial manuscript draft. All authors contributed to, reviewed, and approved the final draft of the paper.
Declaration of interests
TS was an adviser to the GlaxoSmithKline Ebola Vaccine programme, chaired a Siemens Diagnostics clinical advisory board, and advises the WHO Brain Health Unit Forum on Neurology and COVID-19; TS has also previously filed a patent for a test for bacterial meningitis based on a blood test (GB 1606537.7, April 14, 2016). All other authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Definitions for the different neurological diseases and syndromes are in the appendix (pp 5–12).
Detection in CSF or brain tissue by PCR, culture, or immunohistochemistry, as appropriate.
Serological evidence of acute infection can be defined as detection of IgM, IgG seroconversion, or an increase of four times in antibody titres in paired acute and convalescent serum samples.
Detection in non-CNS sample by PCR or culture.
These include infection with one of Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis E virus, Zika virus, or HIV; or vaccination in the last 6 weeks. Associated causes might differ depending on geographical location.
Traditional cardiovascular risk factors include hypertension, current smoker, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and atrial fibrillation.
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