Ailanthone: A novel potential drug for treating human cancer

Haixiang Ding

Xiuchong Yu

Chen Hang

Kaijun Gao

Xifeng Lao

Yangtao Jia

Zhilong Yan

^{Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China}

^{Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of The Medical School of Ningbo University and Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China}

Correspondence to: Professor Zhilong Yan, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of The Medical School of Ningbo University and Ningbo First Hospital, 59 Liuting Street, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China, E-mail: nc.ude.ubn@gnolihznay

Received 2019 Sep 12; Accepted 2020 May 5.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Abstract

Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. In 2015, >8.7 million people died worldwide due to cancer, and by 2030 this figure is expected to increase to ~13.1 million. Tumor chemotherapy drugs have specific toxicity and side effects, and patients can also develop secondary drug resistance. To prevent and treat cancer, scientists have developed novel drugs with improved antitumor effects and decreased toxicity. Ailanthone (AIL) is a quassinoid extract from the traditional Chinese medicine plant Ailanthus altissima, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and antimalarial effects. An increasing number of studies have focused on AIL due to its antitumor activity. AIL can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by up- or downregulating cancer-associated molecules, which ultimately leads to cancer cell death. Antitumor effects of AIL have been observed in melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, bladder, lung, breast, gastric and prostate cancer and vestibular neurilemmoma. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first review to describe the antitumor mechanisms of AIL.

Keywords: ailanthone, cancer, antitumor, apoptosis, autophagy, mechanism

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Acknowledgements

Glossary

Abbreviations

AIL	ailanthone
AML	acute myeloid leukemia
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
Nrf2	NF-E2-related factor
YAP	Yes-associated protein
JAK	Janus kinase
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
RAF	RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase
MEK	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinases
PI3K	phosphoinositide 3-kinase
AKT	protein kinase B
PARP	poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
Bcl-2	B cell lymphoma-2
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X
AR	androgen receptors
CRPC	castration-resistant prostate cancer
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
CKI	CDK inhibitor

Glossary

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