ATP binding cassette E1 (ABCE1) protein, also named RLI or HP68, is one member of ATP binding cassette superfamily. By forming a heterodimer with RNase L, ABCE1 protein inhibits the IFN-depended 2-5A/RNase L system and regulates a broad range of biological functions including viral infection, tumor cell proliferation, and antiapoptosis. As a highly conserved protein, recent studies have mainly focused that ABCE1 protein is involving in the fields of HIV virus capsids assembly and important roles in translation. Our manuscript will review the studies which revealed the biological regulation of ABCE1.