Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer.
PDF (553K)
Journal: 2003/April - Clinical Microbiology Reviews
ISSN: 0893-8512
PUBMED: 12525422
Abstract:
Of the many types of human papillomavirus (HPV), more than 30 infect the genital tract. The association between certain oncogenic (high-risk) strains of HPV and cervical cancer is well established. Although HPV is essential to the transformation of cervical epithelial cells, it is not sufficient, and a variety of cofactors and molecular events influence whether cervical cancer will develop. Early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions can prevent progression to cervical cancer. Identification of precancerous lesions has been primarily by cytologic screening of cervical cells. Cellular abnormalities, however, may be missed or may not be sufficiently distinct, and a portion of patients with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cytomorphology will have higher-grade disease identified by subsequent colposcopy and biopsy. Sensitive and specific molecular techniques that detect HPV DNA and distinguish high-risk HPV types from low-risk HPV types have been introduced as an adjunct to cytology. Earlier detection of high-risk HPV types may improve triage, treatment, and follow-up in infected patients. Currently, the clearest role for HPV DNA testing is to improve diagnostic accuracy and limit unnecessary colposcopy in patients with borderline or mildly abnormal cytologic test results.
Open in
PUBMED | PMC | Google Scholar | Wikipedia
Relations:
Content
Citations
(225)
References
(123)
Diseases
(1)
Chemicals
(1)
Organisms
(2)
Similar articles
Articles by the same authors
Discussion board
Clin Microbiol Rev 16(1): 1-17
PMID: 12525422

Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer

Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
Mailing address: Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, MI 48202. Phone: (313) 916-9381. Fax: (313) 916-8309. E-mail: gro.shfh@1drube.
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology

Abstract

Of the many types of human papillomavirus (HPV), more than 30 infect the genital tract. The association between certain oncogenic (high-risk) strains of HPV and cervical cancer is well established. Although HPV is essential to the transformation of cervical epithelial cells, it is not sufficient, and a variety of cofactors and molecular events influence whether cervical cancer will develop. Early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions can prevent progression to cervical cancer. Identification of precancerous lesions has been primarily by cytologic screening of cervical cells. Cellular abnormalities, however, may be missed or may not be sufficiently distinct, and a portion of patients with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cytomorphology will have higher-grade disease identified by subsequent colposcopy and biopsy. Sensitive and specific molecular techniques that detect HPV DNA and distinguish high-risk HPV types from low-risk HPV types have been introduced as an adjunct to cytology. Earlier detection of high-risk HPV types may improve triage, treatment, and follow-up in infected patients. Currently, the clearest role for HPV DNA testing is to improve diagnostic accuracy and limit unnecessary colposcopy in patients with borderline or mildly abnormal cytologic test results.

Abstract

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

References

  • 1. Adam, E., Z. Berkova, Z. Daxnerova, J. Icenogle, W. C. Reeves, and R. H. Kaufman. 2000. Papillomavirus detection: demographic and behavioral characteristics influencing the identification of cervical disease. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.182:257-264. [[PubMed]
  • 2. Allen, M., M. Kalantari, N. Ylitalo, B. Pettersson, B. Hagmar, L. Scheibenplug, B. Johansson, U. Petterson, and U. Gyllensten. 1996. HLA DQ-DR haplotype and susceptibility to cervical carcinoma: indications of increased risk for development of cervical carcinoma in individuals infected with HPV 18. Tissue Antigens48:32-37. [[PubMed]
  • 3. Andersson, S., E. Rylander, B. Larsson, A. Strand, C. Silfversvard, and E. Wilander. 2001. The role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Eur. J. Cancer37:246-250. [[PubMed]
  • 4. Andrei, G., R. Snoeck, J. Piette, P. Delvenne, and E. DeClercq. 1998. Antiproliferative effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on human papillomavirus (HPV)-harboring cell lines compared with HPV-negative cell lines. Oncol. Res.10:523-531. [[PubMed]
  • 5. Apple R. J., T. M. Becker, C. M. Wheeler, and H. A. Erlich. 1995. Comparison of human leukocyte antigen DR-DQ disease associations found with cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.87:427-436. [[PubMed]
  • 6. Apt, D., R. M. Watts, G. Suske, and U. Bernard. 1996. High Sp1/Sp3 ratios in epithelial cells during epithelial differentiation and cellular transcription correlate with the activation of the HPV-16 promoter. Virology224:281-291. [[PubMed]
  • 7. Austin, R. M., and I. Ramzy. 1998. Increased detection of epithelial cell abnormalities by liquid-based gynecologic cytology preparations. Acta Cytol.42:178-184. [[PubMed]
  • 8. Baker, T. S., W. W. Newcomb, N. H. Olson, L. M. Cowsert, C. Olson, and J. C. Brown. 1991. Structures of bovine and human papillomaviruses. Analysis by cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. Biophys. J.60:1445-1456.
  • 9. Beaudenon, S., D. Kremsdorf, O. Croissant, S. Jablonska, S. Wain-Hobson, and G. Orth. 1986. A novel type of human papillomavirus associated with genital neoplasias. Nature321:246-249. [[PubMed]
  • 10. Beaudenon, S., D. Kremsdorf, S. Obalek, S. Jablonska, G. Pehau-Amaudet, O. Croissant, and G. Orth. 1987. Plurality of genital human papillomaviruses: characterization of two new types with distinct biological properties. Virology161:373-384. [[PubMed]
  • 11. Bedell, M. A., J. B. Hudson, T. R. Golub, M. E. Turyk, M. Hosken, G. D. Wilbanks, and L. A. Laimins. 1991. Amplification of human papillomavirus genomes in vitro is dependent on epithelial differentiation. J. Virol.65:2254-2260.
  • 12. Bonnez, W., and R. C. Reichman. 2000. Papillomaviruses, p. 1630-1640. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. Churchill Livingston, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • 13. Bontkes, H. J., M. Van Duin, T. D. deGruijl, M. F. Duggan-Keen, J. M. Walboomers, M. J. Stukart, R. H. Vereheijen, T. J. Helmerhorst, C. J. Meijer, R. J. Scheper, F. R. Stevens, P. A. Dyer, P. Sinnott, and P. L. Stern. 1998. HPV 16 infection and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: analysis of HLA polymorphism and HPV 16 E6 sequences variants. Int. J. Cancer78:166-171. [[PubMed]
  • 14. Bontkes, H. J., T. D. deGruijl, J. M. Walboomers, J. T. Schiller, J. Dillner, T. J. Helmerhorst, R. H. Vereheijen, R. J. Scheper, and C. J. Meijer. 1999. Immune responses against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 virus-like particles in a cohort study of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. II. Systemic but not local IgA responses correlate with clearance of HPV-16. J. Gen. Virol.80:409-417. [[PubMed]
  • 15. Bosch, F., M. M. Manos, N. Munoz, M. Sherman, A. M. Jansen, J. Peto, M. H. Schiffman, V. Moreno, R. Kurman, K. V. Shah, and International Biological Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. 1995. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.87:796-802. [[PubMed]
  • 16. Brisson, J, K. Morin, M. Fortier, M. Roy, C. Bouchard, J. Leclerc, A. Christen, C. Guimont, F. Penault, and A. Meisels. 1994. Risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia:differences between low and high-grade lesions. Am. J. Epidemiol.40:700-710. [[PubMed]
  • 17. Broder, S. 1992. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses—report of the 1991 Bethesda Workshop. JAMA267:1892. [PubMed]
  • 18. Burk, R. D., P. Kelly, J. Feldman, J. Bromberg, S. H. Vermund, J. A. Deltovitz, and S. H. Landesman. 1996. Declining presence of cervicovaginal human papilllomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex. Transm. Dis.23:333-341. [[PubMed]
  • 19. Calore, E. E., S. M. M. Pereira, and M. J. Cavaliere. 2001. Progression of cervical lesions in HIV-seropositive women: a cytological study. Diagn. Cytopathol.24:117-119. [[PubMed]
  • 20. Cates, W., and the American Social Health Association Panel. 1999. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Sex. Transm. Dis.26:S2-S7. [[PubMed]
  • 21. Chan, P. K., M. Y. Chan, W. W. Li, D. P. Chan, J. L. Cheung, and A. F. Cheung. 2001. Association of human beta-herpesviruses with the development of cervical cancer:bystanders or cofactors? J. Clin. Pathol.54:48-53.
  • 22. Chang, Y. E., and L. A. Laimins. 2000. Microarray analysis identifies interferon-inducible genes and Stat-1 as major transcriptional targets of human papillomavirus type 31. J. Virol.74:4174-4182.
  • 23. Chen, M., N. Popescu, C. Woodworth, Z. Berneman, M. Corbellino, P. Lusso, D. V. Ablashi, and J. A. DiPaolo. 1994. Human herpesvirus 6 infects cervical epithelial cells and transactivates human papillomavirus gene expression. J. Virol.68:1173-1178.
  • 24. Chua, K. L., and A. Hjerpe. 1996. Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections preceding cervical carcinoma. Cancer77:121-127. [[PubMed]
  • 25. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988. 1988. P.L. 100-578. Congress. Rec.134:3828-3863. [PubMed]
  • 26. Coker, A. L., R. B. Russell, S. M. Bond, L. Pirisi, Y. Liu, M. Mane, N. Kokorina, T. Gerasimova, and P. L. Hermonat. 2001. Adeno-associated virus is associated with a lower risk of high-grade cervical neoplasia. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 70: 83-89. [[PubMed]
  • 27. Conrad-Stöppler, M. C., K. Ching, H. Stöppler, K. Clancy, R. Schlegle, and J. Icenogle. 1996. Natural variants of the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein differ in their abilities to alter keratinocyte differentiation and to induce p53 degradation. J. Virol.70:6987-6993.
  • 28. Cubie, H. A., A. L. Seagar, G. J. Beattie, S. Monaghan, and A. R. W. Williams. 2000. A longitudinal study if HPV detection and cervical pathology in HIV infected women. Sex. Transm. Infect.76:257-261.
  • 29. Davey, D. D., S. Naryskin., M. L. Nielsen, and T. S. Kline. 1994. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: interlaboratory comparison and quality assurance monitors. Diagn. Cytopathol.11:390-396. [[PubMed]
  • 30. DeVillez, R. L., and C. S. Stevens. 1980. Bowenoid papulosis of the genitalia. A case progressing to Bowen's disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.3:149-152. [[PubMed]
  • 31. Reference deleted.
  • 32. Dong, X.-P., F. Stubenrauch, E. Beyer-Finkler, and H. Pfister. 1994. Prevalence of deletions of YY1-binding sites in episomal HPV 16 DNA from cervical cancers. Int. J. Cancer58:803-808. [[PubMed]
  • 33. Evander, M., I. H. Frazer, E. Payne, Y. M. Qui, K. Hengst, and N. A. McMillan. 1997. Identification of the alpha6 integrin as a candidate receptor for papillomaviruses. J. Virol.71:2449-2456.
  • 34. Favre, M. 1975. Structural polypeptides of rabbit, bovine, and human papillomaviruses. J. Virol.15:1239-1247.
  • 35. Flores, E. R., and P. F. Lambert. 1997. Evidence for a switch in the mode of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA replication during the viral life cycle. J. Virol.71:7167-7179.
  • 36. Flores, E. R., B. L. Allen-Hoffman, D. Lee, C. A. Sattler, and P. F. Lambert. 1999. Establishment of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) life cycle in an immortalized human foreskin keratinocyte cell line. Virology262:344-354. [[PubMed]
  • 37. Franco, EL. 1995. Cancer causes revisited:human papillomavirus and cervical neoplasia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.87:779-780. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 38. Fuchs, P. G., F. Girardi, and H. Pfister. 1988. Human papillomavirus DNA in normal, metaplastic, preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelia of the cervix uteri. Int. J. Cancer41:41-45. [[PubMed]
  • 39. Giannoudis, A., and C. S. Herrington. 2001. Human papillomavirus variants and squamous neoplasia of the cervix. J. Pathol.193:295-302. [[PubMed]
  • 40. Gilbert, D. M., and S. N. Cohen. 1987. Bovine papillomavirus plasmids replicate randomly in mouse fibroblasts throughout S phase of the cell cycle. Cell50:59-68. [[PubMed]
  • 41. Giroglu, T., L. Florin, F. Schäfer, R. E. Streek, and M. Sapp. 2001. Human papillomavirus infection requires cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Virol.75:1565-1570.
  • 42. Gissmann, L., L. Wolnik, H. Ikenberg, U. Koldovsky, H. G. Schnurch, and H. zur Hausen. 1983. Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 DNA sequences in genital and laryngeal papillomas and in some cervical cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:560-563.
  • 43. Gonzalez, D. I., C. M. Zahn, M. G. Retzloff, W. F. Moore, E. R. Kost, and R. R. Snyder. 2001. Recurrence of dysplasia after loop electrosurgical excision procedures with long-term follow-up. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.184:315-321. [[PubMed]
  • 44. Halbert, C. L., G. W. Demers, and D. A. Galloway. 1991. The E7 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 is sufficient for immortalization of human epithelial cells. J. Virol.65:473-478.
  • 45. Harro, C. D., Y.-Y. S. Pang, R. B. S. Roden, A. Hildesheim, Z. Wang, M. J. Reynolds, T. C. Mast, R. Robinson, B. R. Murphy, R. A. Karron, J. Dillner, J. T. Schiller, and D. R. Lowy. 2001. Safety and immunogenicity trial in adult volunteers of a human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.93:284-292. [[PubMed]
  • 46. Hildesheim, A., M. Schiffman, C. Bromley, S. Wacholder, R. Herrero, A. C. Rodriuez, M. C. Bratti, M. E. Sherman, U. Scarpidis, Q.-Q. Lin, M. Terai, R. L. Bromley, K. Buetow, R. J. Apple, and R. D. Burk. 2001. Human papillomavirus type 16 variants and risk of cervical cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.93:315-318. [[PubMed]
  • 47. Ho, G. Y., R. Bierman, L. Beardsley, C. J. Chang, and R. D. Burk. 1998. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N. Engl. J. Med.338:413-428. [[PubMed]
  • 48. Holowaty, P., A. B. Miller, T. Rohan, and T. To. 1999. Natural dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.91:252-258. [[PubMed]
  • 49. Howell, L. P., R. L. Davis, T. I. Belk, R. Agdigos, and J. Lowe. 1998. The AutoCyte preparation system for gynecologic cytology. Acta Cytol.42:171-177. [[PubMed]
  • 50. Hummel, M., J. B. Hudson, and L. A. Laimins. 1992. Differentiation-induced and constitutive transcription of human papillomavirus type 31b in cell lines containing viral episomes. J. Virol.66:6070-6080.
  • 51. Hutchinson, M. L., L. M. Isenstein, A. Goodman, A. A. Hurley, K. L. Douglass, K. K. Mui, F. W. Patten, and D. J. Zahniser. 1994. Homogeneous sampling accounts for increased diagnostic accuracy using the ThinPrep Processor. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.101:215-219. [[PubMed]
  • 52. Jacobs, M. V., P. J. Snijders, A. J. van den Brule, T. J. Helmerhorst, C. J. Meijer, and J. M. Walboomers. 1997. A general primer P5+/GP6(+)-mediated PCR enzyme immunoassay method for rapid detection of 14 high-risk and 6 low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical scrapings. J. Clin. Microbiol.35:791-795.
  • 53. Jeon, S., B. L. Allen-Hoffman, and P. F. Lambert. 1995. Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 into the human genome correlates with a selective growth advantage of cells. J. Virol.69:2989-2997.
  • 54. Jin, X. W., J. Cash, and A. W. Kennedy. 1999. Human papillomavirus typing and the reduction of cervical cancer risk. Cleveland Clin. J. Med.66:533-539. [[PubMed]
  • 55. Joyce, J. G., J.-S. Tung, C. T. Przysiecki, J. C. Cook, E. D. Lehman, J. A. Sands, K. U. Jansen, and P. M. Keller. 1999. The L1 major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 11 recombinant virus-like particles interacts with heparin and cell-surface glycosaminoglycans on human keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem.274:5810-5822. [[PubMed]
  • 56. Kim, K. Y., L. Blatt, and M. W. Taylor. 2000. The effects of interferon on the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes. J. Gen. Virol.81:695-700. [[PubMed]
  • 57. Kim, J. J., T. C. Wright, and S. J. Goldie. 2002. Cost-effectiveness of alternative triage strategies for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. JAMA287:2382-2390. [[PubMed]
  • 58. Kiviat, N. B., and L. A. Koutsky. 1993. Specific human papillomavirus types as the causal agents of most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: implications for current views and treatment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.85:934-935. [[PubMed]
  • 59. Kleter, B., L. J. van Doorn, L. Schrauwen, A. Molijn, S. Sastrowijoto, J. TerSchegget, J. Lindeman, B. Ter Harmsel, M. Burger, and W. Quint. 1999. Development and clinical evaluation of a highly sensitive PCR-reverse hybridization line probe assay for detection and identification of anogenital human papillomavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol.37:2508-2517.
  • 60. Koopmanschap, M. A., G. A. van Oortmarssen, H. M. A. van Agt, M. van Ballegooijen, J. D. Habbema, and K. T. Lubbe. 1990. Cervical cancer screening: attendance and cost-effectiveness. Int J. Cancer45:410-415. [[PubMed]
  • 61. Kurman, R. J., D. E. Henson, A. L. Herbst, K. L. Noeller, and M. H. Schiffman. 1994. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Workshop. JAMA271:1866-1869. [[PubMed]
  • 62. Lee, J. S. J., P. Wilhelm, L. Kuan, D. G. Ellison, X. Lei, S. Oh, and S. F. Patten. 1997. AutoPap system performance is screening for low prevalence and small cell abnormalities. Acta Cytol.41:56-64. [[PubMed]
  • 63. Lee, K. R., R. Ashfaq, G. G. Birdsong, M. E. Corkill, K. M. McIntosh, and S. L. Inhorn. 1997. Comparison of conventional Papanicolaou smears and a fluid-based, thin-layer system for cervical cancer screening. Obstet. Gynecol.90:278-284. [[PubMed]
  • 64. Lizard, G, M.-J. Démares-Poulet, P. Roignot, and P. Gambert. 2001. In situ hybridization detection of single-copy human papillomavirus on isolated cells using a catalyzed signal amplification system:GenPoint™. Diagn. Cytopathol.24:112-116. [[PubMed]
  • 65. Lonquet, M., S. Beaudenon, and G. Orth. 1996. Two novel genital papillomavirus (HPV) types: HPV68 and HPV70, related to the potentially oncogenic HPV39. J. Clin. Microbiol.34:738-744.
  • 66. Lorincz, A. T., W. D. Lancaster, and G. F. Temple. 1986. Cloning and characterization of the DNA of a new human papillomavirus from a woman with dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J. Virol.58:225-229.
  • 67. Lorincz, A. T., A. P. Quinn, W. D. Lancaster, and G. F. Temple. 1987. A new type of papillomavirus associated with cancer of the uterine cervix. Virology159:187-190. [[PubMed]
  • 68. Lorincz, A. T., G. F. Temple, R. J. Kurman, A. B. Jenson, and W. D. Lancaster. 1987. Oncogenic association of specific human papillomavirus types with cervical neoplasia. JNCI79:671-677. [[PubMed]
  • 69. Lorincz, A. T., A. P. Quinn, M. D. Goldsborough, P. McAllister, and G. F. Temple. 1989. Human papillomavirus type 56: a new virus detected in cervical cancers. J. Gen. Virol.70:3099-3104. [[PubMed]
  • 70. Lorincz, A. T., A. P. Quinn, M. D. Goldsborough, B. J. Schmidt, and G. F. Temple. 1989. Cloning and partial DNA sequencing of two new human papillomavirus types associated with condylomas and low-grade cervical neoplasia. J. Virol.63:2829-2834.
  • 71. Lorincz, A. T., and R. Reid. 1989. Association of human papillomavirus with gynecological cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol.1:123-132. [[PubMed]
  • 72. Lorincz, A. T., R. Reid, A. B. Jenson, M. D. Greenberg, W. Lancaster, and R. J. Kurman. 1992. Human papillomavirus infection of the cervix: relative risk associations of 15 common anogenital types. Obstet. Gynecol.79:328-337. [[PubMed]
  • 73. Magnusson, P. K. E., P. Lichtenstein, and U. B. Gyllenstein. 2000. Heritability of cervical tumors. Int. J. Cancer88:698-701. [[PubMed]
  • 74. Mandelblatt, J. S., W. F. Lawrence, S. M. Womack, D. Jacobson, B. Yi, Y.-T. Hwang, K. Gold, J. Barter, and K. Shah. 2002. Benefits and costs of using HPV testing to screen for cervical cancer. JAMA287:2372-2381. [[PubMed]
  • 75. Manos, M. M., W. K. Kinney, L. B. Hurley, M. E. Sherman, J. Shieh-Ngai, R. J. Sherman, J. E. Ramsey, B. J. Fetterman, J. S. Hartinger, K. M. McIntosh, G. F. Pawlik, and R. A. Hiatt. 1999. Identifying women with cervical neoplasia: Using human papillomavirus DNA testing for equivocal Papanicolaou results. JAMA281:1605-1610. [[PubMed]
  • 76. Matsukura, T., and MSugase. 1990. Molecular cloning of a novel human papillomavirus (type 58) from an invasive cervical carcinoma. Virology177:833-836. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 77. Meyers, C., M. G. Frattini, J. B. Hudson, and L. A. Laimins. 1992. Biosynthesis of human papillomavirus from a continuous cell line upon epithelial differentiation. Science257:971-973. [[PubMed]
  • 78. Moscicki, A. B., J. Palefsky, G. Smith, S. Siboshski, and G. Schoolnik. 1993. Variability of human papillomavirus DNA testing in a longitudinal cohort of young women. Obstst. Gynecol.82:578-585. [[PubMed]
  • 79. Munoz, N., F. X. Bosch, K. V. Shah, and A. Meheus . 1992. The epidemiology of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus. Scientific Publication 119. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
  • 80. Naghashfar, Z. S., N. B. Rosenshein, A. T. Lorincz, J. Buscema, and K. V. Shah. 1987. Characterization of human papillomavirus type 45, a new type 18-related virus of the genital tract. J. Gen. Virol.68:3073-3079. [[PubMed]
  • 81. Nobbenhuis, M. A., C. J. Meijer, A. J. van den Brule, L. Rozendaal, F. J. Voorhoost, E. K. Risse, R. H. Verheijen, and T. J. Helmerhorst. 2001. Addition of high-risk HPV testing improves the current guidelines on follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br. J. Cancer84:796-801.
  • 82. Nuovo, G. J., C. P. Crum, E. M. de Villiers, R. U. Levine, and S. J. Silverstein. 1988. Isolation of a novel human papillomavirus (type 51) from a cervical condyloma. J. Virol.62:1452-1455.
  • 83. Obalek, S., S. Jablonska, and G. Orth. 1985. HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasia of external genitalia. Clin. Dermatol.3:104-113. [[PubMed]
  • 84. Okamoto, A., C. D. Woodworth, K. Yen, J. Chung, S. Isonishi, T. Nikaido, T. Kiyokawa, H. Seo, Y. Kitahara, K. Ochiai, and T. Tanaka. 1999. Combination therapy with podophyllin and vidarabine for human papillomavirus positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Oncol. Rep.6:269-276. [[PubMed]
  • 85. Ostor, AG. 1993. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol.12:186-192. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 86. Papanicolaou, GN. 1949. A survey of actualities and potentialities of exfoliative cytology in cancer diagnosis. Ann. Intern. Med.31:661-674. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 87. Philips, D. H., and M. NiShé. 1993. Smoking-related DNA adducts in human cervical biopsies. IARC Sci. Publ.124:327-330. [[PubMed]
  • 88. Quint, W. G. V., G. Scholte, L. J. Van Doorn, B. Kleeter, P. H. M. Smits, and J. Lindeman. 2001. Comparative analysis of human papillomavirus infections in cervical scrapes and biopsy specimens by general SPF10 PCR and HPV genotyping. J. Pathol.194:51-58. [[PubMed]
  • 89. Razzaque, A., O. Williams, J. Wang, and J. S. Rhim. 1993. Neoplastic transformation of immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes by two HHV-6 DNA clones. Virology195:113-120. [[PubMed]
  • 90. Reid, R., M. Greenberg, A. B. Jenson, M. Husain, J. Willett, Y. Daoud, G. Temple, C. R. Stanhope, A. I. Sherman, G. D. Phibbs, and A. T. Lorincz. 1987. Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections. 1. The anatomic distribution and pathogenic grade of neoplastic lesions associated with different viral types. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.156:212-222. [[PubMed]
  • 91. Rho, J., A. Roy-Burman, H. Kim, E. M. de Villiers, T. Matsukura, and J. Choe. 1994. Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic classification of human papillomavirus type 59. Virology203:158-161. [[PubMed]
  • 92. Richart, RM. 1973. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Pathol. Annu.3:301-328. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 93. Ries, L. A. G., M. P. Eisner, C. L., Kosary, B. F. Hankey, B. A. Miller, L. Glegg, and B. K. Edwards. 2001. SEER cancer statistics review 1973-1998. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.
  • 94. Roden, R. B., D. R. Lowy, and J. T. Schiller. 1997. Papillomavirus is resistant to dessication. J. Infect. Dis.176:1076-1079. [[PubMed]
  • 95. Romano, N., F. M. Romano, E. Viviano, F. Vitale, M. R. Viaalfrate, A. M. Perna, and F. Bonura. 1996. Rare association of human herpesvirus 6 DNA with human papillomavirus DNA in cervical smears of women with normal and abnormal cytologies. J. Clin. Microbiol.34:1589-1591.
  • 96. Ronnett, B. M., M. M. Manos, J. E. Ransley, B. J. Fetterman, W. K. Kinney, L. B. Hurley, J. S. Ngai, R. J. Kurman, and M. E. Sherman. 1999. Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS): cytopathologic features, histopathologic results, and human papillomavirus DNA detection. Hum. Pathol.30:816-825. [[PubMed]
  • 97. Ryan, M. R., J. F. Stastny, R. Remmers, M. A. Pedigo, L. A. Cahill, and W. J. Frable. 1996. PapNet-directed rescreening of cervicovaginal smears: a study of 101 cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.105:711-718. [[PubMed]
  • 98. Sapp, M., C. Volpers, M. Muller, and R. E. Streck. 1995. Organization of the major and minor capsid proteins in human papillomavirus type 33 virus-like particles. J. Gen. Virol.76:2407-2412. [[PubMed]
  • 99. Sawaya, G. F., K. Kerlikowske, G. Gildengorin, and A. E. Washington. 2000. Incidence of Pap test abnormalities within 3 years of a normal Pap test—United States, 1991-1998. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.49:1001-1003. [[PubMed]
  • 100. Schiffman, M., R. Herrero, A. Hildesheim, M. E. Sherman, M. Bratti, S. Wacholder, M. Alfaro, M. Hutcinson, J. Morales, M. D. Greenberg, and A. T. Lorincz. 2000. HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening. Results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica. JAMA283:87-93. [[PubMed]
  • 101. Sheets, E. E., N. M. Constantine, S. Sinisco, B. Dean, and E. S. Cibas. 1995. Colposcopically-directed biopsies provide a basis for comparing the accuracy of ThinPrep and Papanicoloau smears. J. Gynecol. Technol.1:27-34. [PubMed]
  • 102. Shen, C. Y., M. S. Ho, S. F. Chang, M. S. Yen, H. T. Ng, E. S. Huang, and C. W. Wu. 1993. High rate of concurrent genital infections with human cytomegalovirus and human papillomaviruses in cervical cancer patients. J. Infect. Dis.168:449-452. [[PubMed]
  • 103. Sherman, M. E., L. J. Mango, D. Kelly, G. Paull, V. Ludin, C. Copeland, D. Solomon, and M. H. Schiffman. 1994. PapNet analysis of reportedly negative smears preceeding the diagnosis of a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or carcinoma. Mod. Pathol.7:578-581. [[PubMed]
  • 104. Sherman, M. E., M. H. Schiffman, A. T. Lorincz, M. M. Manos, D. R. Scott, R. J. Kurman, N. B. Kiviat, M. Stoler, A. G. Glass, and B. B. Rush. 1994. Toward objective quality assurance in cervical cytopathology: correlation of cytopathologic diagnoses with detection of high-risk human papillomavirus types. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.102:182-187. [[PubMed]
  • 105. Shimoda, K., A. T. Lorincz, F. Temple, and W. D. Lancaster. 1988. Human papillomavirus type 52: a new virus associated with cervical neoplasia. J. Gen. Virol.69:2925-2928. [[PubMed]
  • 106. Snoeck, R., J. C. Noel, C. Muller, E. De Clercq, and M. Bossens. 2000. Cidofovir, a new approach for the treatment of cervix intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (CIN III). J. Med. Virol.60:205-209. [[PubMed]
  • 107. Solomon, D., M. Schiffman, and R. Tarone. 2001. Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Baseline results from a randomized trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.93:293-299. [[PubMed]
  • 108. Solomon, D., D. Davey, R. Kurman, A. Moriarity, D. O'Connor, M. Prey, S. Raab, M. Sherman, D. Wilbur, T. Wright, and N. Young. 2002. The 2001 Bethesda System. Terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA287:2114-2119. [[PubMed]
  • 109. Spitzer, M. 1998. Cervical screening adjuncts: recent advances. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.179:544-556. [[PubMed]
  • 110. Su, P. F., S. Y. Chiang, C. W. Wu, and F. Y. Wu. 2000. Adeno-associated virus major Rep78 protein disrupts binding of TATA-binding protein to the p97 promoter of human papillomavirus type 16. J. Virol.74:2459-2465.
  • 111. Swan, D. C., R. A. Tucker, G. Tortolero-Luna, M. F. Mitchell, L. Wideroff, E. R. Unger, R. A. Nisenbaum, W. C. Reeves, and J. P. Icenogle. 1999. Human papilloma (HPV) DNA copy number is dependent on grade of cervical disease and HPV type. J. Clin. Microbiol.37:1030-1034.
  • 112. Syrjänen, KJ. 1996. Natural history of genital human papillomavirus infections, p. 189-206. In C. Lacey (ed.), Papillomavirus reviews. Leeds University Press, Leeds, United Kingdom.[Google Scholar]
  • 113. Syrjänen, S. M., and K. J. Syrjänen. 1999. New concepts on the role of human papillomavirus in cell cycle regulation. Ann. Med.31:175-187. [[PubMed]
  • 114. Tewari, K. S., J. A. Taylor, S. Y. Liao P. J. DiSaia, R. A. Burger, B. J. Monk, C. C. Hughes, and L. P. Villarreal. 2000. Development and assessment of a general theory of cervical carcinogenesis utilizing a severe combined immunodeficiency murine-human xenograft model. Gynecol. Oncol.77:137-148. [[PubMed]
  • 115. The Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions Triage Study (ALTS) Group. 2000. Human papillomavirus testing for triage of women with cytologic evidence of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions:baseline data from a randomized trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.92:397-402. [[PubMed]
  • 116. Thomas, M., D. Pim, and L. Banks. 1999. The role of the E6-p53 interaction in the molecular pathogenesis of HPV. Oncogene18:7690-7000. [[PubMed]
  • 117. Torrisi, A., A. Del Mistro, G. L. Onnis, F. Merlin, R. Bertorelle, and D. Minucci. 2000. Colposcopy, cytology and HPV testing in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. Eur. J. Gynecol. Oncol.21:168-172. [[PubMed]
  • 118. VanRanst, M., R. Tachezy, and R. D. Burk. 1996. Human papillomaviruses: a neverending story, p. 1-20. In C. Lacey (ed.), Papillomavirus reviews. Leeds University Press, Leeds, United Kingdom.
  • 119. Vassilaskos, P., J. Saurel, and R. Rondez. 1999. Direct-to-vial use of the AutoCyte PREP liquid-based preparation for cervical-vaginal specimens in three European laboratories. Acta Cytol.43:65-68. [[PubMed]
  • 120. Veress, G., K. Szarka, X.-P. Dong, L. Gergely, and H. Pfister. 1999. Functional significance of sequence variation in the E2 gene and the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16. J. Gen. Virol.80:1053-1043. [[PubMed]
  • 121. Villa, LL. 1997. Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer. Adv. Cancer Res.71:321-341. [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 122. Volpers, C., and R. E. Streek. 1991. Genome organization and nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 39. Virology181:419-423. [[PubMed]
  • 123. Walboomers, J. M. M., and C. J. L. M. Meijer. 1997. Do HPV-negative cervical carcinomas exist? J. Pathol.181:253-254. [[PubMed]
  • 124. Walboomers, J. M. M., M. V. Jacobs, M. M. Manos, F. X. Bosch, J. A. Kummer, K. V. Shah, P. J. F. Snijders, J. Peto, C. J. L. M. Meijer, and N. Munoz. 1999. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J. Pathol.189:12-19. [[PubMed]
  • 125. Wright, T. C., and R. T. Kurman. 1994. A critical review of the morphologic classification system of preinvasive lesions of the cervix: the scientific basis for shifting the paradigm. Papillomavirus Rep.5:175-182. [PubMed]
  • 126. Wright, T. C., L. Denny, L. Kuhn, A. Pollack, and A. Lorincz. 2000. HPV DNA Testing of self-collected vaginal samples compared with cytologic screening to detect cervical cancer. JAMA283:81-86. [[PubMed]
  • 127. Wright, T. C., J. T. Cox, L. S. Massad, L. B. Twiggs, and E. J. Wilkinson. 2002. 2001 consensus guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA287:2120-2129. [[PubMed]
  • 128. Yang, X., G. Jin, Y. Nakao, M. Rahimtula, M. M. Pater, and A. Pater. 1996. Malignant transformation of HPV-16 immortalized human endocervical cells by cigarette smoke condensate and characterization of multistage carcinogenesis. Int J. Cancer65:338-344. [[PubMed]
  • 129. Yoshinouchi, M., A. Hongo, K. Nakamura, J. Kodama, S. Itoh, H. Sakai, and T. Kudo. 1999. Analysis by multiplex PCR of the physical status of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in cervical cancers. J. Clin. Microbiol.37:3514-3517.
  • 130. Zerbini, M., S. Venturoli, M. Cricca, G. Gallinella, P. De Simone, S. Costa, D. Santini, and M. Musiani. 2001. Distribution and viral load of type specific HPVs in different cervical lesions as detected by PCR-ELISA. J. Clin. Pathol.54:377-380.
  • 131. zur Hausen, H. 1982. Human genital cancer: synergism between two virus infections and or synergism between a virus infection and initiating events? Lancetii:1370-1372. [[PubMed]
  • 132. zur Hausen, H. 1996. Papillomavirus infections - a major cause of human cancers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1288:55-78. [[PubMed]
  • 133. zur Hausen, H. 1999. Papillomaviruses in human cancers. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians111:581-587. [[PubMed]
Collaboration tool especially designed for Life Science professionals.Drag-and-drop any entity to your messages.