High-Mobility Group Box 1, Oxidative Stress, and Disease

The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.27 Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

^{Corresponding author.}

Address correspondence to: Dr. Daolin Tang, The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.21 Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail:ude.cmpu@2dgnat

Prof. Michael T. Lotze, The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail:Email: ude.cmpu@tmeztol

Address correspondence to: Dr. Daolin Tang, The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.21 Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail:ude.cmpu@2dgnatProf. Michael T. Lotze, The DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, G.27A Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail:Email: ude.cmpu@tmeztol

Received 2010 Jun 4; Revised 2010 Sep 20; Accepted 2010 Oct 24.

Abstract

Oxidative stress and associated reactive oxygen species can modify lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and induce the mitochondrial permeability transition, providing a signal leading to the induction of autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a chromatin-binding nuclear protein and damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, is integral to oxidative stress and downstream apoptosis or survival. Accumulation of HMGB1 at sites of oxidative DNA damage can lead to repair of the DNA. As a redox-sensitive protein, HMGB1 contains three cysteines (Cys23, 45, and 106). In the setting of oxidative stress, it can form a Cys23-Cys45 disulfide bond; a role for oxidative homo- or heterodimerization through the Cys106 has been suggested for some of its biologic activities. HMGB1 causes activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and increased reactive oxygen species production in neutrophils. Reduced and oxidized HMGB1 have different roles in extracellular signaling and regulation of immune responses, mediated by signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products and/or Toll-like receptors. Antioxidants such as ethyl pyruvate, quercetin, green tea, N-acetylcysteine, and curcumin are protective in the setting of experimental infection/sepsis and injury including ischemia-reperfusion, partly through attenuating HMGB1 release and systemic accumulation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1315–1335.

Abstract

Abbreviations Used

AA	amino acid
AGE	advanced glycation end product
APE1	apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1
ATG	autophagy-related gene
CMA	chaperone-mediated autophagy
CRM1	chromosome region maintenance 1
Cys	cysteines
Cyt c	cytochrome c
DAMP	damage-associated molecular pattern molecule
DCs	dendritic cells
DDSB	DNA double-strand break
EGCG	epigallocatechin gallate
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
HDAC1	histone deacetylase-1
HMGB1	high-mobility group box 1 protein
H₂O₂	hydrogen peroxide
HSP	heat shock protein
HS/R	hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IL	interleukin
I/R	ischemia reperfusion
IRAK4	interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4
LAMP-2A	lysosome-associated membrane protein type-2A
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LDL-ox	oxidized low-density lipoprotein
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP-1	monocyte chemotactic protein-1
METC	mitochondrial electron transport chain
MPT	mitochondrial permeability transition
MyD88	myeloid differentiation factor 88
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
Nix	nip3-like protein X
NK	natural killer
NO	nitric oxide
O₂^•−	superoxide anion
^O₂	singlet oxygen
^OH	hydroxyl radical
ONOO•	peroxynitrite
PAI-1	plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
PKC	protein kinase C
PMN	primes circulating neutrophils
PTKs	tyrosine kinases
PTPs	protein tyrosine phosphatases
PUMA	p53-upregulated mediator of apoptosis
RAGE	receptor for advanced glycation end products
ROS	reactive oxygen species
R-SNO	S-nitrosothiol
R-SOH	sulphenic acid
R-S-S-R	disulphide
-SH	thiol side-chain
SMC	smooth muscle cells
SOD	superoxide dismutase
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
tPA	tissue plasminogen activator
TREM-1	triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1
TRIF	TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
Trx1	thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase thioredoxin-1
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

Abbreviations Used

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