Clin Microbiol Rev 11(1): 142-201

Diarrheagenic <em>Escherichia coli</em>

Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201

^{Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201. Phone: (410) 706-8442. Fax: (410) 706-6205. E-mail:}ude.dnalyramu@oratanj.

Abstract

Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (enteropathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.

Abstract

Escherichia coli is the predominant facultative anaerobe of the human colonic flora. The organism typically colonizes the infant gastrointestinal tract within hours of life, and, thereafter, E. coli and the host derive mutual benefit (169). E. coli usually remains harmlessly confined to the intestinal lumen; however, in the debilitated or immunosuppressed host, or when gastrointestinal barriers are violated, even normal “nonpathogenic” strains of E. coli can cause infection. Moreover, even the most robust members of our species may be susceptible to infection by one of several highly adapted E. coli clones which together have evolved the ability to cause a broad spectrum of human diseases. Infections due to pathogenic E. coli may be limited to the mucosal surfaces or can disseminate throughout the body. Three general clinical syndromes result from infection with inherently pathogenic E. coli strains: (i) urinary tract infection, (ii) sepsis/meningitis, and (iii) enteric/diarrheal disease. This article will review the diarrheagenic E. coli strains, which include several emerging pathogens of worldwide public health importance, and will specifically focus on pathogens afflicting humans. We will particularly concentrate on the E. coli strains whose study has advanced most over the last decade, i.e., enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Since the categories of diarrheagenic E. coli are differentiated on the basis of pathogenic features, emphasis will be placed on the mechanisms of disease and the development of diagnostic techniques based on virulence factors.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by Public Health Service grants AI-33096 to J.P.N. and AI-21657 and AI-41325 to J.B.K.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

References

1. Abbott S L, Hanson D F, Felland T D, Connell S, Shum A H, Janda J M. Escherichia coli O157:H7 generates a unique biochemical profile on MicroScan conventional gram-negative identification panels. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:823–824.
2. Abdul A A, Faruque S M, Ahmad Q S, Hossain K M, Mahalanabis D, Albert M JEvaluation of a non-radioactive chemiluminescent method for using oligonucleotide and polynucleotide probes to identify enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Diar Dis Res. 1994;12:113–116.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
3. Acheson D W K, DeBreuker S, Donohue-Rolfe A, Kozak K, Yi A, Keusch G T Development of a clinically useful diagnostic enzyme immunoassay for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 109–112. [PubMed]
4. Acheson D W K, Levine M M, Kaper J B, Keusch G TProtective immunity to Shiga-like toxin I following oral immunization with Shiga-like toxin I B-subunit-producing Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR. Infect Immun. 1996;64:355–357.[Google Scholar]
5. Acheson D W K, Moore R, DeBreucker S, Lincicome L L, Jacewicz M, Skutelsky E, Keusch G TTranslocation of Shiga toxin across polarized intestinal cells in tissue culture. Infect Immun. 1992;64:3294–3300.[Google Scholar]
6. Reference deleted.
7. Adam T, Arpin M, Prévost M-C, Gounon P, Sansonetti P JCytoskeletal rearrangements and the functional role of T-plastin during entry of Shigella flexneri into HeLa cells. J Cell Biol. 1995;129:367–381.[Google Scholar]
8. Agin T S, Wolf M KIdentification of a family of intimins common to Escherichia coli causing attaching-effacing lesions in rabbits, humans, and swine. Infect Immun. 1997;65:320–326.[Google Scholar]
9. Albert M J, Alam K, Islam M, Montanaro J, Rahman A S M H, Haider K, Hossain M A, Kibriya A K M G, Tzipori S. Hafnia alvei, a probable cause of diarrhea in humans. Infect Immun. 1991;59:1507–1513.
10. Albert M J, Ansaruzzaman M, Faruque S M, Neogi P K B, Haider K, Tzipori SAn ELISA for the detection of localized adherent classical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroups. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:986–989.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
11. Albert M J, Faruque S M, Ansaruzzaman M, Islam M M, Haider K, Alam K, Kabir I, Robins-Browne RSharing of virulence-associated properties at the phenotypic and genetic levels between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Hafnia alvei. J Med Microbiol. 1992;37:310–314.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
12. Albert M J, Faruque S M, Faruque A S, Neogi P K, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan N A, Alam K, Akbar M SControlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:973–977.[Google Scholar]
13. Albert M J, Faruque S M, Faruque A S G, Bettelheim K A, Neogi P K B, Bhuiyan N A, Kaper J BControlled study of cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:717–719.[Google Scholar]
14. Albert M J, Qadri F, Haque A, Bhuiyan N ABacterial clump formation at the surface of liquid culture as a rapid test for identification of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:1397–1399.[Google Scholar]
15. Alexander T J L. Neonatal diarrhoea in pigs. In: Gyles C L, editor. Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International; 1994. pp. 151–170. [PubMed]
16. Allaoui A, Sansonetti P J, Ménard R, Barzu S, Mounier J, Phalipon A, Parsot C. MxiG, a membrane protein required for secretion of Shigella spp. Ipa invasins: involvement in entry into epithelial cells and in intercellular dissemination. Mol Microbiol. 1995;17:461–470.[PubMed]
17. Allerberger F, Rossboth D, Dierich M P, Aleksic S, Schmidt H, Karch HPrevalence and clinical manifestations of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Austrian children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:545–550.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
18. Andrade J R, Da Veiga V F, De Santa Rosa M R, Suassuna IAn endocytic process in HEp-2 cells induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol. 1989;28:49–57.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
19. Andrews G P, Hromockyj A E, Coker C, Maurelli A TTwo novel virulence loci, mxiA and mxiB, in Shigella flexneri 2a facilitate excretion of invasion plasmid antigens. Infect Immun. 1991;59:1997–2005.[Google Scholar]
20. AOAC International. FDA bacteriological analytical manual. Arlington, Va: AOAC International; 1995. [PubMed]
21. Arduino R C, DuPont H LTraveler’s diarrhoea. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;7:365–385.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
22. Armstrong G D, Rowe P C, Goodyer P, Orrbine E, Klassen T P, Wells G, MacKenzie A, Lior H, Blanchard C, Auclair F, Thompson B, Rafter D J, McLaine P NA phase I study of chemically synthesized verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) Pk-trisaccharide receptors attached to chromosorb for preventing hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1042–1045.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
23. Arriaga Y L, Harville B A, Dreyfus L AContribution of individual disulfide bonds to biological action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4715–4720.[Google Scholar]
24. Ashkenazi S, Larocco M, Murray B E, Cleary T GThe adherence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli to rabbit intestinal cells. J Med Microbiol. 1992;37:304–309.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
25. Aubel D A, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Martin C, Joly BNucleotide sequence of the nfaA gene encoding the antigen 8786 adhesive factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992;77:277–284.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
26. Baldini M M, Kaper J B, Levine M M, Candy D C, Moon H WPlasmid-mediated adhesion in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1983;2:534–538.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
27. Baldini M M, Nataro J P, Kaper J BLocalization of a determinant for HEp-2 adherence by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986;52:334–336.[Google Scholar]
28. Baldwin T J, Brooks S F, Knutton S, Manjarrez Hernandez H A, Aitken A, Williams P HProtein phosphorylation by protein kinase C in HEp-2 cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1990;58:761–765. . (Erratum, 58:2024.) [Google Scholar]
29. Baldwin T J, Knutton S, Sellers L, Hernandez H A M, Aitken A, Williams P HEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains secrete a heat-labile toxin antigenically related to E. coli hemolysin. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2092–2095.[Google Scholar]
30. Baldwin T J, Lee-Delaunay M B, Knutton S, Williams P HCalcium-calmodulin dependence of actin accretion and lethality in cultured HEp-2 cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1993;61:760–763.[Google Scholar]
31. Baldwin T J, Ward W, Aitken A, Knutton S, Williams P HElevation of intracellular free calcium levels in HEp-2 cells infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1991;59:1599–1604.[Google Scholar]
32. Balows A, Hausler W J, Herrmann K L, Isenberg H D, Shadomy H J Manual of clinical microbiology. 5th ed. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1991. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
33. Banatvala N, Magnano A R, Cartter M L, Barrett T J, Bibb W F, Vasile L L, Msher P, Lambert-Fair M A, Green J H, Bean N H, Tauxe R VMeat grinders and molecular epidemiology: two supermarket outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:480–483.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
34. Baqui A H, Sack R B, Black R EEnteropathogens associated with acute and persistent diarrhea in Bangladeshi children <5 years of age. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:792–796.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
35. Barrett T J, Green J H, Griffin P M, Pavia A T, Ostroff S M, Wachsmuth I KEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies to Shiga-like toxin I, Shiga-like toxin II, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide in human serum. Curr Microbiol. 1991;23:189–195.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
36. Barrett T J, Hunter S B, Swaminathan B Abstracts of the 3rd International Symposium on Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin)-Producing Escherichia coli Infections. 1997. A national network for molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7; p. 111. [PubMed]
37. Barrett T J, Kaper J B, Jerse A E, Wachsmuth I KVirulence factors in Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from humans and cattle. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:979–980.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
38. Barrett T J, Lior H, Green J H, Khakhria R, Wells J G, Bell B P, Greene K D, Lewis J, Griffin P MLaboratory investigation of a multistate food-borne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and phage typing. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:3013–3017.[Google Scholar]
39. Barrett T J, Potter M E, Wachsmuth I KContinuous peritoneal infusion of Shiga-like toxin II (SLT II) as a model for SLT II-induced diseases. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:774–777.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
40. Baudry B, Maurelli A T, Clerc P, Sadoff J C, Sansonetti P JLocalization of plasmid loci necessary for the entry of Shigella flexneri into HeLa cells, and characterization of one locus encoding four immunogenic polypeptides. J Gen Microbiol. 1987;133:3403–3413.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
41. Baudry B, Savarino S J, Vial P, Kaper J B, Levine M MA sensitive and specific DNA probe to identify enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, a recently discovered diarrheal pathogen. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:1249–1251.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
42. Bauer M E, Welch R ACharacterization of an RTX toxin from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun. 1996;64:167–175.[Google Scholar]
43. Beebakhee G, Louie M, De Azavedo J, Brunton JCloning and nucleotide sequence of the eae gene homologue from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992;91:63–68.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
44. Begaud E, Germani YDetection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in faecal specimens by acetylaminofluorene-labelled DNA probes. Res Microbiol. 1992;143:315–325.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
45. Bell B P, Goldoft M, Griffin P M, Davis M A, Gordon D C, Tarr P I, Bartleson C A, Lewis J H, Barrett T J, Wells J G, Baron R, Kobayashi JA multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers: the Washington experience. JAMA. 1994;272:1349–1353.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
46. Belongia E A, Osterholm M T, Soler J T, Ammend D A, Braun J E, Macdonald K LTransmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Minnesota child day-care facilities. JAMA. 1993;269:883–888.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
47. Bender J B, Hedberg C W, Besser J M, Boxrud D J, Macdonald K L, Osterholm M TSurveillance for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Minnesota by molecular subtyping. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:388–394.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
48. Benjamin M M, Datta A RAcid tolerance of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:1669–1672.[Google Scholar]
49. Benjamin P, Federman M, Wanke C ACharacterization of an invasive phenotype associated with enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3417–3421.[Google Scholar]
50. Benz I, Schmidt M ACloning and expression of an adhesin (AIDA-I) involved in diffuse adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1506–1511.[Google Scholar]
51. Benz I, Schmidt M AAIDA-I, the adhesin involved in diffuse adherence of the diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strain 2787 (O126:H27), is synthesized via a precursor molecule. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:1539–1546.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
52. Benz I, Schmidt M AIsolation and serologic characterization of AIDA-I, the adhesin mediating the diffuse adherence phenotype of the diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli strain 2787 (O126:H27) Infect Immun. 1992;60:13–18.[Google Scholar]
53. Besser R E, Lett S M, Weber J T, Doyle M P, Barrett T J, Wells J G, Griffin P MAn outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli O157H7 in fresh-pressed apple cider. JAMA. 1993;269:2217–2220.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
54. Besser-Wiek J, Boxrud D, Bender J, Sullivan M, Carroll L, Leano F Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1996. Selective media, broth enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and PCR broth culture assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fecal samples, abstr. C-364; p. 65. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
55. Bettelheim K A Biochemical characteristics of Escherichia coli. In: Gyles C L, editor. Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International; 1994. pp. 3–30. [PubMed]
56. Beutin L, Aleksic S, Zimmermann S, Gleier KVirulence factors and phenotypic traits of verotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from human patients in Germany. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berlin) 1994;183:13–21.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
57. Beutin L, Geier D, Steinrück H, Zimmermann S, Scheutz FPrevalence and some properties of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:2483–2488.[Google Scholar]
58. Beutin L, Stroeher U H, Manning P AIsolation of enterohemolysin (Ehly2)-associated sequences encoded on temperate phages of Escherichia coli. Gene. 1993;132:95–99.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
59. Beutin L, Zimmermann S, Gleier K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause false-positive identification of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) production by a commercial enzyme immune assay system for the detection of Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) Infection. 1996;24:267–268.[PubMed]
60. Beutin L, Zimmermann S, Gleire KRapid detection and isolation of Shiga-like toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli by direct testing of individual enterohemolytic colonies from washed sheep blood agar platest in the VTEC-RPLA assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2812–2814.[Google Scholar]
61. Bhan M K, Khoshoo V, Sommerfelt H, Raj P, Sazawal S, Srivastava REnteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Salmonella associated with nondysenteric persistent diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:499–502.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
62. Bhan M K, Raj P, Levine M M, Kaper J B, Bhandari N, Srivastava R, Kumar R, Sazawal SEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli associated with persistent diarrhea in a cohort of rural children in India. J Infect Dis. 1989;159:1061–1064.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
63. Bhatnagar S, Bhan M K, Sommerfelt H, Sazawal S, Kumar R, Saini SEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli may be a new pathogen causing acute and persistent diarrhea. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25:579–583.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
64. Bielaszewska M, Karmali M A, Petric M. Localization of verocytotoxin (VT)2 and antigenic cross-reactivity of VT1 and VT2 in the rabbit model. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 249–252. [PubMed]
65. Bilge S S, Apostol J M, Jr, Aldape M A, Moseley S LmRNA processing independent of RNase III and RNase E in the expression of the F1845 fimbrial adhesin of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:1455–1459.[Google Scholar]
66. Bilge S S, Apostol J M, Jr, Fullner K J, Moseley S LTranscriptional organization of the F1845 fimbrial adhesin determinant of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1993;7:993–1006.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
67. Bilge S S, Clausen C R, Lau W, Moseley S LMolecular characterization of a fimbrial adhesin, F1845, mediating diffuse adherence of diarrhea-associated Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. J Bacteriol. 1989;171:4281–4289.[Google Scholar]
68. Bilge S S, Vary J C, Jr, Dowell S F, Tarr P IRole of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 O side chain in adherence and analysis of an rfb locus. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4795–4801.[Google Scholar]
69. Bitzan M, Karch HIndirect hemagglutination assay for diagnosis of Escherichia coli O157 infection in patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1174–1178.[Google Scholar]
70. Black, RE. 1990. Epidemiology of traveler’s diarrhea and relative importance of various pathogens. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12(Suppl. 1):S73–S79. [[PubMed]
71. Black R E, Brown K H, Becker S, Abdul Alim A R M, Merson M HContamination of weaning foods and transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children in rural Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76:259–264.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
72. Black R E, Levine M M, Clements M L, Cisneros L, Daya VTreatment of experimentally induced enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea with trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or placebo. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4:540–545.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
73. Black R E, Merson M H, Rowe B, Taylor P R, Abdul Alim A R M, Gross R J, Sack D AEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: acquired immunity and transmission in an endemic area. Bull W H O. 1981;59:263–268.[Google Scholar]
74. Blake P A, Ramos S, Macdonald K L, Rassi V, Gomes T A T, Ivey C, Bean N H, Trabulsi L RPathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal disease in urban Brazilian infants. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:627–632.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
75. Bloch C A, Rode C KPathogenicity island evaluation in Escherichia coli K1 by crossing with laboratory strain K12. Infect Immun. 1996;64:3218–3223.[Google Scholar]
76. Blum G, Ott M, Lischewski A, Ritter A, Imrich H, Tschäpe H, Hacker JExcision of large DNA regions termed pathogenicity islands from tRNA-specific loci in the chromosome of an Escherichia coli wild-type pathogen. Infect Immun. 1994;62:606–614.[Google Scholar]
77. Bokete T N, O’Callahan C M, Clausen C R, Tang N M, Tran N, Moseley S L, Fritsche T R, Tarr P IShiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Seattle children: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1724–1731.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
78. Bokete T N, Whittam T S, Wilson R A, Clausen C R, O’Callahan C M, Moseley S L, Fritsche T R, Tarr P IGenetic and phenotypic analysis of Escherichia coli with enteropathogenic characteristics isolated from Seattle children. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1382–1389.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
79. Booth L, Rowe BPossible occupational acquisition of Escherichia coli O157 infection. Lancet. 1993;342:1298–1299.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
80. Bosworth B T, Samuel J E, Moon H W, O’Brien A D, Gordon V M, Whipp S CVaccination with genetically modified Shiga-like toxin IIe prevents edema disease in swine. Infect Immun. 1996;64:55–60.[Google Scholar]
81. Bouzari S, Jafari A, Farhoudi-Moghaddam A A, Shokouhi F, Parsi MAdherence of non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HeLa cells. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:95–97.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
82. Bower J R, Congeni B L, Cleary T G, Stone R T, Wanger A, Murray B E, Mathewson J J, Pickering L K. Escherichia coli O114: nonmotile as a pathogen in an outbreak of severe diarrhea associated with a day care center. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:243–247.[PubMed]
83. Boyce T G, Pemberton A G, Wells J G, Griffin P MScreening for Escherichia coli O157:H7—a nationwide survey of clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:3275–3277.[Google Scholar]
84. Boyce T G, Swerdlow D L, Griffin P MCurrent concepts: Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:364–368.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
85. Boyd B, Lingwood CVerotoxin receptor glycolipid in human renal tissue. Nephron. 1989;51:207–210.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
86. Boylan M, Smyth C J, Scott J RNucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the major subunit of CS3 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1956;29:3297–3300.[Google Scholar]
87. Böhm H, Karch HDNA fingerprinting of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:2169–2172.[Google Scholar]
88. Brenner D J, Fanning G R, Miklos G V, Steigerwalt A GPolynucleotide sequence relatedness among Shigella species. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1973;23:1–7.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
89. Brian M J, Frosolono M, Murray B E, Miranda A, Lopez E L, Gomez H F, Cleary T GPolymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1801–1806.[Google Scholar]
90. Brotman M, Giannella R A, Alm P F, Bauman H, Bennett A R, Black R E, Bruhn C M, Cohen M B, Gorbach S L, Kaper J B, Roberts M R, Staneck J L, Taylor S, Troutt H F, Bell B P, Buchanan R L, Durham K, Feng P, Tucker Foreman C, Galler R G, Gravani R B, Hall R H, Hancock D D, Hollingsworth JConsensus Conference Statement. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections—an emerging national health crisis, July 11–13, 1994. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1923–1934.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
91. Brown J E, Echeverria P, Taylor D N, Seriwatana J, Vanapruks V, Lexomboon U, Neill R J, Newland J WDetermination by DNA hybridization of Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:291–294.[Google Scholar]
92. Brown J E, Sethabutr O, Jackson M P, Lolekha S, Echeverria PHybridization of Escherichia coli producing Shiga-like toxin I, Shiga-like toxin II, and a variant of Shiga-like toxin II with synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Infect Immun. 1989;57:2811–2814.[Google Scholar]
93. Brunder W, Schmidt H, Karch HKatP, a novel catalase-peroxidase encoded by the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiology. 1996;142:3305–3315.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
94. Brunton J Molecular biology and role in disease of the verotoxins (Shiga-like) toxins of Escherichia coli. In: Miller V L, Kaper J B, Portnoy D A, Isberg R R, editors. Molecular genetics of bacterial pathogenesis. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1994. pp. 391–404. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
95. Bujak J, Bauer P, Campbell D, Claridge J, Lewis J, Ries A, Stepak P, Turner J, Turner N, Anderson D Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1993. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. Avoidance of economic entropy in culturing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECO157), abstr. C-445. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
96. Burnens A P, Frey A, Lior H, Nicolet JPrevalence and clinical significance of Vero-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from cattle in herds with and without calf diarrhoea. J Vet Med. 1995;42:311–318.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
97. Burnens A P, Zbinden R, Kaempf L, Heinzer I, Nicolet JA case of laboratory acquired infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis. 1993;279:512–517.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
98. Butterton J R, Beattie D T, Gardel C L, Carroll P A, Hyman T, Killeen K P, Mekalanos J J, Calderwood S BHeterologous antigen expression in Vibrio cholerae vector strains. Infect Immun. 1995;63:2689–2696.[Google Scholar]
99. Butterton J R, Ryan E T, Acheson D W, Calderwood S BCoexpression of the B subunit of Shiga toxin 1 and EaeA from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Vibrio cholerae vaccine strains. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2127–2135.[Google Scholar]
100. Calderwood S B, Acheson D W K, Keusch G T, Barrett T J, Griffin P M, Strockbine N A, Swaminathan B, Kaper J B, Levine M M, Kaplan B S, Karch H, O’Brien A D, Obrig T G, Takeda Y, Tarr P I, Wachsmuth I KProposed new nomenclature for SLT (VT) family. ASM News. 1996;62:118–119.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
101. Camara L M, Carbonare S B, Silva M L M, Carneiro-Sampaio M M SInhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to HeLa cells by human colostrum: detection of specific sIgA related to EPEC outer-membrane proteins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994;103:307–310.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
102. Canil C, Rosenshine I, Ruschkowski S, Donnenberg M S, Kaper J B, Finlay B BEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli decreases the transepithelial electrical resistance of polarized epithelial monolayers. Infect Immun. 1993;61:2755–2762.[Google Scholar]
103. Cantey J R, Blake R KDiarrhea due to Escherichia coli in the rabbit: a novel mechanism. J Infect Dis. 1977;135:454–462.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
104. Caprioli A, Falbo V, Ruggeri F M, Baldassarri L, Bisicchia R, Ippolito G, Romoli E, Donelli GCytotoxic necrotizing factor production by hemolytic strains of Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:146–149.[Google Scholar]
105. Caprioli A, Luzzi I, Gianviti A, Russmann H, Karch HPheno-genotyping of verotoxin 2 (VT2)-producing Escherichia coli causing haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome by direct analysis of patients’ stools. J Med Microbiol. 1995;43:348–353.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
106. Caprioli A, Luzzi I, Seganti L, Marchetti M, Karmali M, Clarke I, Boyd B. Frequency and nature of verocytotoxin 2 (VT2) neutralizing activity (NA) in human and animal sera. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B. V.; 1994. pp. 353–356. [PubMed]
107. Carpick B W, Gariépy JThe Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is a long-lived superagonist of guanylin. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4710–4715.[Google Scholar]
108. Carson C A, Keller J M, McAdoo K K, Wang D Y, Higgins B, Bailey C W, Thorne J G, Payne B J, Skala M, Hahn A W. Escherichia coli O157:H7 restriction pattern recognition by artificial neural network. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2894–2898.
109. Carter A O, Borczyk A A, Carlson J A K, Harvey B, Hockin J C, Karmali M A, Krishnan C, Korn D A, Lior HA severe outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated hemorrhagic colitis in a nursing home. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1496–1500.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
110. Cassels F J, Wolf M KColonization factors of diarrheagenic E. coli and their intestinal receptors. J Ind Microbiol. 1995;15:214–226.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
111. Cebula T A, Payne W L, Feng PSimultaneous identification of strains of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and their shiga-like toxin type by mismatch amplification mutation assay-multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:248–250.[Google Scholar]
112. Centers for Disease Control. Update. Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections from hamburgers—western United States, 1993. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep. 1993;42:258–263.[PubMed]
113. Centers for Disease Control. Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak linked to commercially distributed dry-cured salami—Washington and California, 1994. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep. 1995;44:157–160.[PubMed]
114. Centers for Disease ControlOutbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with eating alfafa sprouts—Michigan and Virginia, June–July 1997. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep. 1997;46:741–744.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
115. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionFoodborne diseases active surveillance network, 1996. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep. 1997;46:258–261.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
116. Chao K L, Dreyfus L AInteraction of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B with cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1997;65:3209–3217.[Google Scholar]
117. Chapman P A, Daly C MComparison of Y1 adrenal cell and coagglutination assays for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:755–758.[Google Scholar]
118. Chapman P A, Daly C MEvaluation of non-radioactive trivalent DNA probe (LT, ST1a, ST1b) for detecting enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:309–312.[Google Scholar]
119. Chapman P A, Siddons C AA comparison of immunomagnetic separation and direct culture for the isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from cases of bloody diarrhoea, non-bloody diarrhoea and asymptomatic contacts. J Med Microbiol. 1996;44:267–271.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
120. Chapman P A, Siddons C A, Zadik P M, Jewes LAn improved selective medium for the isolation of Escherichia coli O157. J Med Microbiol. 1991;35:107–110.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
121. Chapman P A, Wright D J, Siddons C AA comparison of immunomagnetic separation and direct culture for the isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from bovine faeces. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:424–427.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
122. Chart HSerodiagnosis of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other VTEC. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis. 1993;1:8–12.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
123. Chart H, Law D, Rowe B, Acheson D W KPatients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157: absence of antibodies to Vero cytotoxin 1 (VT1) or VT2. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:1053–1054.[Google Scholar]
124. Chart H, Rowe B. Antibody cross-reactions with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli O157 after cholera vaccination. Lancet. 1993;341:1282.[PubMed]
125. Chart H, Scotland S M, Rowe BSerum antibodies to Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:285–290.[Google Scholar]
126. Chart H, Smith H R, Scotland S M, Rowe B, Milford D V, Taylor C MSerological identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 1991;337:138–140.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
127. Cimolai N, Basalyga S, Mah D G, Morrison B J, Carter J EA continuing assessment of risk factors for the development of Escherichia coliO157:H7-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1994;42:85–89.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
128. Clark C A, Heuzenroeder M W, Manning P AColonization factor antigen CFA/IV (PCF8775) of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the CS5 determinant. Infect Immun. 1992;60:1254–1257.[Google Scholar]
129. Clarke R C, Wilson J B, Read S C, Renwick S, Rahn K, Johnson R P, Alves D, Karmali M A, Lior H, McEwen S A, Spika J, Gyles C L Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in the food chain: preharvest and processing perspectives. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 17–24. [PubMed]
130. Cobeljic M, Miljkovic-Selimovic B, Paunovic-Todosijevic D, Velickovic Z, Lepsanovic Z, Savic D, Ilic R, Konstantinovic S, Jovanovic B, Kostic VEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli associated with an outbreak of diarrhoea in a neonatal nursery ward. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117:11–16.[Google Scholar]
131. Cockerill F, III, Beebakhee G, Soni R, Sherman PPolysaccharide side chains are not required for attaching and effacing adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun. 1996;64:3196–3200.[Google Scholar]
132. Cohen A, Madrid Marina V, Estrov Z, Freedman M H, Lingwood C A, Dosch H MExpression of glycolipid receptors to Shiga-like toxin on human B lymphocytes: a mechanism for the failure of long-lived antibody response to dysenteric disease. Int Immunol. 1990;2:1–8.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
133. Collington, G. K., I. W. Booth, M. S. Donnenberg, J. B. Kaper, and S. Knutton. Attaching and effacing genes encoding secreted signalling proteins of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are also required for modulation of host cell electrolyte transport. Gut, in press.
134. Cookson S T, Nataro J PCharacterization of HEp-2 cell projection formation induced by diffusely adherent Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog. 1996;21:421–434.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
135. Cope L D, Lumbley S, Latimer J L, Klesney-Tait J, Stevens M K, Johnson L S, Purven M, Munson R S, Jr, Lagergard T, Radolf J D, Hansen E JA diffusible cytotoxin of Haemophilus ducreyi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:4056–4061.[Google Scholar]
136. Costin I D, Voiculescu D, Gorcea VAn outbreak of food poisoning in adults associated with Escherichia coli serotype 86:B7:H34. Pathol Microbiol. 1964;27:68–78.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
137. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. CSTE position statement 4. National surveillance of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Atlanta, Ga: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; 1993. [PubMed]
138. Crane J K, Oh J SActivation of host cell protein kinase C by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1997;65:3277–3285.[Google Scholar]
139. Crane J K, Wehner M S, Bolen E J, Sando J J, Linden J, Guerrant R L, Sears C LRegulation of intestinal guanylate cyclase by the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli(STa) and protein kinase C. Infect Immun. 1992;60:5004–5012.[Google Scholar]
140. Cravioto A, Gross R J, Scotland S M, Rowe BAn adhesive factor found in strains of Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serotypes. Curr Microbiol. 1979;3:95–99.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
141. Cravioto A, Reyes R E, Ortega RProspective study of diarrhoeal disease in a cohort of rural Mexican children: incidence and isolated pathogens during the first two years of life. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;101:123.[Google Scholar]
142. Cravioto A, Reyes R E, Trujillo F, Uribe F, Navarro A, de la Roca J M, Hernandez J M, Perez G, Vazquez VRisk of diarrhea during the first year of life associated with initial and subsequent colonization by specific enteropathogens. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:886–904.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
143. Cravioto A, Tello A, Navarro A, Ruiz J, Villafan H, Uribe F, Eslava CAssociation of Escherichia coli HEp-2 adherence patterns with type and duration of diarrhoea. Lancet. 1991;337:262–264.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
144. Cravioto A, Tello A, Villafán H, Ruiz J, Del Vedovo S, Neeser J-RInhibition of localized adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells by immunoglobulin and oligosaccharide fractions of human colostrum and breast milk. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:1247–1255.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
145. Cryan BComparison of three assay systems for detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:792–794.[Google Scholar]
146. Cubbon M D, Coia J E, Hanson M F, Thomson-Carter F MA comparison of immunomagnetic separation, direct culture and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in human faeces. J Med Microbiol. 1996;44:219–222.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
147. Czeczulin J R, Balepur S, Hicks S, Phillips A, Hall R, Kothary M H, Navarro-Garcia F, Nataro J PAggregative adherence fimbria II, a second fimbrial antigen mediating aggregative adherence in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1997;65:4135–4145.[Google Scholar]
148. Darfeuille-Michaud A, Forestier C, Joly B, Cluzei RIdentification of a nonfimbrial adhesive factor of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun. 1986;52:468–475.[Google Scholar]
149. Day N P, Scotland S M, Cheasty T, Rowe B. Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with human infections in the United Kingdom. Lancet. 1983;i:825.[PubMed]
150. Debroy C, Yealy J, Wilson R A, Bhan M K, Kumar RAntibodies raised against the outer membrane protein interrupt adherence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:2873–2879.[Google Scholar]
151. de Graaf F K, Gaastra W Fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In: Klemm P, editor. Fimbriae: adhesion, genetics, biogenesis, and vaccines. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc.; 1994. pp. 58–83. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
152. de Rycke J, Gonzalez E A, Blanco J, Oswald E, Blanco M, Boivin REvidence for two types of cytotoxic necrotizing factor in human and animal clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:694–699.[Google Scholar]
153. de Sauvage F J, Horuk R, Bennett G, Quan C, Burnier J P, Goeddel D VCharacterization of the recombinant human receptor for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:6479–6482.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
154. Dickinson B L, Clements J DDissociation of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvanticity from ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Infect Immun. 1995;63:1617–1623.[Google Scholar]
155. Donnenberg M S Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. In: Blaser M J, Smith P D, Ravdin J I, Greenberg H B, Guerrant R L, editors. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract. New York, N.Y: Raven Press; 1995. pp. 709–726. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
156. Donnenberg M S, Calderwood S B, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch G T, Kaper J BConstruction and analysis of TnphoA mutants of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli unable to invade HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1990;58:1565–1571.[Google Scholar]
157. Donnenberg M S, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch G TEpithelial cell invasion: an overlooked property of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) associated with the EPEC adherence factor. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:452–459.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
158. Donnenberg M S, Girón J A, Nataro J P, Kaper J BA plasmid-encoded type IV fimbrial gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with localized adherence. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:3427–3437.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
159. Donnenberg M S, Kaper J BEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1992;60:3953–3961.[Google Scholar]
160. Donnenberg M S, Kaper J B, Finlay B BInteractions between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and host epithelial cells. Trends Microbiol. 1997;5:109–114.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
161. Donnenberg M S, Nataro J PMethods for studying adhesion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 1995;253:324–336.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
162. Donnenberg M S, Tacket C O, James S P, Losonsky G, Nataro J P, Wasserman S S, Kaper J B, Levine M MRole of the eaeA gene in experimental enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:1412–1417.[Google Scholar]
163. Donnenberg M S, Tzipori S, McKee M L, O’Brien A D, Alroy J, Kaper J BThe role of the eae gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in intimate attachment in vitro and in a porcine model. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:1418–501424.[Google Scholar]
164. Donnenberg M S, Welch R A Virulence determinants of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. In: Mobley H L T, Warren J W, editors. Urinary tract infections: molecular pathogenesis and clinical management. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1996. pp. 135–174. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
165. Donnenberg M S, Yu J, Kaper J BA second chromosomal gene necessary for intimate attachment of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:4670–4680.[Google Scholar]
166. Donta S T, Moon H W, Whipp S CDetection of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin with the use of adrenal cells in tissue culture. Science. 1974;183:334–336.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
167. Dorman C JThe VirF protein from Shigella flexneri is a member of the AraC transcription factor superfamily and is highly homologous to Rns, a positive regulator of virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:1575.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
168. Douce G, Turcotte C, Cropley I, Roberts M, Pizza M, Domenghini M, Rappuoli R, Dougan GMutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin lacking ADP-ribosyltransferase activity act as nontoxic, mucosal adjuvants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:1644–1648.[Google Scholar]
169. Doyle M P, Schoeni J LIsolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from retail fresh meats and poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987;53:2394–2396.[Google Scholar]
170. Drasar B S, Hill M J Human intestinal flora. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press, Ltd.; 1974. pp. 36–43. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
171. Dreyfus L A, Harville B, Howard D E, Shaban R, Beatty D M, Morris S JCalcium influx mediated by the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B (STB) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:3202–3206.[Google Scholar]
172. Dreyfus L A, Urban R G, Whipp S C, Slaughter C, Tachias K, Kupersztoch Y MPurification of the STb enterotoxin of Escherichia coli and the role of selected amino acids on its secretion, stability and toxicity. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:2397–2406.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
173. Drolet R, Fairbrother J M, Harel J, Hélie PAttaching and effacing and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with enteric colibacillosis in the dog. Can J Vet Res. 1994;58:87–92.[Google Scholar]
174. DuPont, HL. 1995. Pathogenesis of traveler’s diarrhea. Chemotherapy 41(Suppl. 1):33–39. [[PubMed]
175. DuPont H L, Ericsson C DPrevention and treatment of traveler’s diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1821–1827.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
176. DuPont H L, Formal S B, Hornick R B, Snyder M J, Libonati J P, Sheahan D G, LaBrec E H, Kalas J PPathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1–9.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
177. Durno C, Soni R, Sherman PAdherence of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 to isolated epithelial cells and brush border membranes in vitro: role of type 1 fimbriae (pili) as a bacterial adhesin expressed by strain CL-49. Clin Invest Med. 1989;12:194–200.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
178. du Toit R, Victor T C, van Helden P DEmpirical evaluation of conditions influencing the polymerase chain reaction: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a test case. Eur J Clin Chem. 1993;31:225–231.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
179. Dylla B L, Vetter E A, Hughes J G, Cockerill F R., III Evaluation of an immunoassay for direct detection of Escherichia coli O157 in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:222–224.
180. Dytoc M, Fedorko L, Sherman P MSignal transduction in human epithelial cells infected with attaching and effacing Escherichia coli in vitro. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:1150–1161.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
181. Dytoc M, Soni R, Cockerill F, De Azavedo J, Louie M, Brunton J, Sherman PMultiple determinants of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 attachment-effacement. Infect Immun. 1993;61:3382–3391.[Google Scholar]
182. Dytoc M T, Ismaili A, Philpott D J, Soni R, Brunton J L, Sherman P MDistinct binding properties of eaeA-negative verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli of serotype O113:H21. Infect Immun. 1994;62:3494–3505.[Google Scholar]
183. Ebel F, Deibel C, Kresse A U, Guzman C A, Chakraborty TTemperature- and medium-dependent secretion of proteins by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4472–4479.[Google Scholar]
184. Echeverria P, Orskov F, Orskov I, Knutton S, Scheutz F, Brown J E, Lexomboon UAttaching and effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as a cause of infantile diarrhea in Bangkok. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:550–554.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
185. Edelman R, Levine M MSummary of a workshop on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1983;147:1108–1118.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
186. Edwards P R, Ewing W H Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Minneapolis, Minn: Burgess Publishing Co.; 1972. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
187. Eklund S, Brunsson I, Jodal M, Lundgren OChanges in cyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate tissue concentration and net fluid transport in the cat’s small intestine elicited by cholera toxin, arachidonic acid, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Acta Physiol Scand. 1987;129:115–125.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
188. Elliott E, Li Z, Bell C, Stiel D, Buret A, Wallace J, Brzuszczak I, O’Loughlin EModulation of host response to Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection by anti-CD18 antibody in rabbits. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:1554–1561.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
189. Elliott, SJ. 1997. Personal communication.
190. Elsinghorst E A, Kopecko D JMolecular cloning of epithelial cell invasion determinants from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2409–2417.[Google Scholar]
191. Elsinghorst E A, Weitz J AEpithelial cell invasion and adherence directed by the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli tib locus is associated with a 104-kilodalton outer membrane protein. Infect Immun. 1994;62:3463–3471.[Google Scholar]
192. Ericsson C D, DuPont H L, Mathewson J J, West M S, Johnson P C, Bitsura J A MTreatment of traveler’s diarrhea with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and loperamide. JAMA. 1990;263:257–261.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
193. Eslava C, Villaseca J, Morales R, Navarro A, Cravioto A Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1993. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. Identification of a protein with toxigenic activity produced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, abstr. B-105; p. 44. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
194. Evans D G, Evans D J, Pierce N FDifferences in the response of rabbit small intestine to heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1973;7:873–880.[Google Scholar]
195. Fagundes-Neto, U. 1996. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in infants: clinical aspects and small bowel morphological alterations. Rev. Microbiol. Sao Paulo 27(Suppl. 1):117–119.
196. Faith N G, Shere J A, Brosch R, Arnold K W, Ansay S E, Lee M S, Luchansky J B, Kaspar C WPrevalence and clonal nature of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on dairy farms in Wisconsin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:1519–1525.[Google Scholar]
197. Fang G D, Lima A A M, Martins C V, Nataro J P, Guerrant R LEtiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: a hospital-based, prospective, case-control study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;21:137–144.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
198. Farmer J J., III . Enterobacteriaceae: introduction and identification. In: Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller M A, Tenover F C, Yolken R H, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1995. pp. 438–449. [PubMed]
199. Farmer J J, III, Davis B RH7 antiserum-sorbitol fermentation medium: a single-tube screening method for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22:620–625.[Google Scholar]
200. Feng P, Fields P I, Swaminathan B, Whittam T SCharacterization of nonmotile variants of Escherichia coli O157 and other serotypes by using an antiflagellin monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2856–2859.[Google Scholar]
201. Field M, Fromm D, Al-Awqati Q, Greenough W BEffect of cholera enterotoxin on ion transport across isolated ileal mucosa. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:796–804.[Google Scholar]
202. Field M, Rao M C, Chang E BIntestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease, part 2. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:879–883.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
203. Field M, Rao M C, Chang E BIntestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease, part 1. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:800–806.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
204. Fields P I, Blom K, Hughes H J, Helsel L O, Feng P, Swaminathan BMolecular characterization of the gene encoding H antigen in Escherichia coli and development of a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism test for identification of E. coli O157:H7 and O157:NM. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1066–1070.[Google Scholar]
205. Figueroa-Quintanilla D, Salazar-Lindo E, Sack R B, Leon-Barua R, Sarabia-Arce S, Campos-Sanchez M, Eyzaguirre-Maccan EA controlled trial of bismuth subsalicylate in infants with watery diarrheal disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1653–1658.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
206. Finlay B B, Rosenshine I, Donnenberg M S, Kaper J BCytoskeletal composition of attaching and effacing lesions associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence to HeLa cells. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2541–2543.[Google Scholar]
207. Fischer J, Maddox C, Moxley R, Kinden D, Miller MPathogenicity of a bovine attaching effacing Escherichia coli isolate lacking Shiga-like toxins. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:991–999.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
208. Flatau G, Lemichez E, Gauthier M, Chardin P, Paris S, Florentini C, Boquet PToxin-induced activation of the G protein p21 Rho by deamination of glutamine. Nature. 1997;387:729–733.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
209. Fletcher J N, Embaye H E, Getty B, Batt R M, Hart C A, Saunders J RNovel invasion determinant of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli plasmid pLV501 encodes the ability to invade intestinal epithelial cells and HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2229–2236.[Google Scholar]
210. Flores-Abuxapqui J J, Suarez-Itoil G J, Heredia-Navarrete M R, Puc-Franco M A, Franco-Monsreal JFrequency of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in infants during the first three months of life. Arch Med Res. 1994;25:303–307.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
211. Fontaine A, Arondel J, Sansonetti P JRole of Shiga toxin in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, studied by using a Tox mutant of Shigella dysenteriae 1. Infect Immun. 1988;56:3099–3109.[Google Scholar]
212. Foubister V, Rosenshine I, Donnenberg M S, Finlay B BThe eaeB gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is necessary for signal transduction in epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1994;62:3038–3040.[Google Scholar]
213. Foubister V, Rosenshine I, Finlay B BA diarrheal pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) triggers a flux of inositol phosphates in infected epithelial cells. J Exp Med. 1994;179:993–998.[Google Scholar]
214. Francis C L, Jerse A E, Kaper J B, Falkow SCharacterization of interactions of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127:H6 with mammalian cells in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:693–703.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
215. Franke J, Franke S, Schmidt H, Schwarzkopf A, Wieler L H, Baljer G, Beutin L, Karch HNucleotide sequence analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adherence factor probe and development of PCR for rapid detection of EPEC harboring virulence plasmids. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2460–2463.[Google Scholar]
216. Reference deleted.
217. Franke S, Harmsen D, Caprioli A, Pierard D, Wieler L H, Karch HClonal relatedness of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli O101 strains of human and porcine origin. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:3174–3178.[Google Scholar]
218. Frankel G, Candy D C A, Everest P, Dougan GCharacterization of the C-terminal domains of intimin-like proteins of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Hafnia alvei. Infect Immun. 1994;62:1835–1842.[Google Scholar]
219. Frankel G, Candy D C A, Fabiani E, Adu-Bobie J, Gil S, Novakova M, Phillips A D, Dougan GMolecular characterization of a carboxy-terminal eukaryotic-cell binding domain of intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4323–4328.[Google Scholar]
220. Frankel G, Giron J A, Vlamossoi J, Schoolnik GMulti-gene amplification: simultaneous detection of three virulence genes in diarrheal stool. Mol Microbiol. 1989;3:1729–1734.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
221. Frankel G, Lider O, Hershkoviz R, Mould A P, Kachalsky S G, Candy D C A, Cahalon L, Humphries M J, Dougan GThe cell-binding domain of intimins from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli binds to integrins. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:20359–20364.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
222. Frankel G, Riley L, Giron J A, Valmassoi J, Friedman A, Strockbine N, Falkow S, Schoolnik G ADetection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:1252–1256.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
223. Fratamico P M, Bhaduri S, Buchanan R LStudies on Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 strains containing a 60-MDa plasmid and on 60-MDa plasmid-cured derivatives. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39:371–381.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
224. Fratamico P M, Sackitey S K, Wiedmann M, Deng M YDetection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2188–2191.[Google Scholar]
225. Reference deleted.
226. Froehlich B J, Karakashain A, Melsen L R, Wakefield J C, Scott J RCooC and CooD are required for assembly of CS1 pili. Mol Microbiol. 1994;12:387–401.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
227. Froehlich B J, Karakashian A, Sakellaris H, Scott J RGenes for CS2 pili of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their interchangeability with those for CS1 pili. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4849–4856.[Google Scholar]
228. Frost J A, Cheasty T, Thomas A, Rowe BPhage typing of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 isolated in the United Kingdom: 1989–91. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;110:469–475.[Google Scholar]
229. Fujii Y, Kondo Y, Okamoto KInvolvement of prostaglandin E2 synthesis in the intestinal secretory action of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin II. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995;130:259–266.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
230. Fukuta S, Magnani J L, Twiddy E M, Holmes R K, Ginsburg VComparison of the carbohydrate-binding specificities of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins LTh-I, LT-IIa, and LT-IIb. Infect Immun. 1988;56:1748–1753.[Google Scholar]
231. Gaastra W, Svennerholm A-MColonization factors of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Trends Microbiol. 1996;4:444–452.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
232. Galan J E, Ginocchio C, Costeas PMolecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: homology of InvA to members of a new protein family. J Bacteriol. 1992;174:4338–4349.[Google Scholar]
233. Gannon V P J, D’Souza S, Graham T, King R K, Rahn K, Read SUse of the flagellar H7 gene as a target in multiple PCR assays and improved specificity in identification of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:656–662.[Google Scholar]
234. Gannon V P J, King R K, Kim J Y, Golsteyn Thomas E JRapid and sensitive method for detection of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef by using the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992;58:3809–3815.[Google Scholar]
235. Gannon V P J, Rashed M, King R K, Golsteyn Thomas E JDetection and characterization of the eae gene of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli by using polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:1268–1274.[Google Scholar]
236. Reference deleted.
237. Gianella R ASuckling mouse model for detection of heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin: characteristics of the model. Infect Immun. 1976;14:95–99.[Google Scholar]
238. Giannella R A, Drake K W, Luttrell MDevelopment of a radioimmunoassay for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect Immun. 1981;33:186–192.[Google Scholar]
239. Gicquelais K G, Baldini M M, Martinez J, Maggi L, Martin W C, Prado V, Kaper J B, Levine M MPractical and economical method for using biotinylated DNA probes with bacterial colony blots to identify diarrhea-causing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2485–2490.[Google Scholar]
240. Giles C, Sangster G, Smith JEpidemic gastroenteritis of infants in Aberdeen during 1947. Arch Dis Child. 1949;24:45–53.[Google Scholar]
241. Girón J A, Jones T, Millan Velasco F, Castro Munoz E, Zarate L, Fry J, Frankel G, Moseley S L, Baudry B, Kaper J B, et al Diffuse-adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) as a putative cause of diarrhea in Mayan children in Mexico. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:507–513.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
242. Girón J A, Donnenberg M S, Martin W C, Jarvis K G, Kaper J BDistribution of the bundle-forming pilus structural gene (bfpA) among enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:1037–1041.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
243. Girón J A, Ho A S Y, Schoolnik G KAn inducible bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Science. 1991;254:710–713.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
244. Girón J A, Ho A S Y, Schoolnik G KCharacterization of fimbriae produced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:7391–7403.[Google Scholar]
245. Girón J A, Levine M M, Kaper J BLongus: a long pilus ultrastructure produced by human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1994;12:71–82.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
246. Girón J A, Qadri F, Jarvis K J, Kaper J B, Albert M JMonoclonal antibodies specific for the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4949–4952.[Google Scholar]
247. Girón J A, Viboud G I, Sperandio V, Gómez-Duarte O G, Maneval D R, Albert M J, Levine M M, Kaper J BPrevalence and association of the longus pilus structural gene (lngA) with colonization factor antigens, enterotoxin types, and serotypes of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4195–4198.[Google Scholar]
248. Goldberg M B, Bârzu O, Parsot C, Sansonetti P JUnipolar localization and ATPase activity of IcsA, a Shigella flexneri protein involved in intracellular movement. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:2189–2196.[Google Scholar]
249. Goldberg M B, Boyko S A, Butterton J R, Stoebner J A, Payne S M, Calderwood S BCharacterization of a Vibrio cholerae virulence factor homologous to the family of TonB-dependent proteins. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:2407–2418.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
250. Goldberg M B, Sansonetti P J. Shigella subversion of the cellular cytoskeleton: a strategy for epithelial colonization. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4941–4946.
251. Goldwater P N, Bettelheim K A The role of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli serotypes other than O157:H7 as causes of disease. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 57–60. [PubMed]
252. Gomes T A T, Blake P A, Trabulsi L RPrevalence of Escherichia coli strains with localized, diffuse, and aggregative adherence to HeLa cells in infants with diarrhea and matched controls. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:266–269.[Google Scholar]
253. Gomes T A T, Rassi V, Macdonald K L, Ramos S R T S, Trabulsi L R, Vieira M A M, Guth B E C, Candeias J A N, Ivey C, Toledo M R F, Blake P AEnteropathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in urban infants in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:331–337.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
254. Gomes T A T, Toledo R F, Trabulsi L R, Wood P K, Morris J GDNA probes for identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:2025–2027.[Google Scholar]
255. Gomes T A T, Vieira M A M, Wachsmuth I K, Blake P A, Trabulsi L RSerotype-specific prevalence of Escherichia coli strains with EPEC adherence factor genes in infants with and without diarrhea in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:131–135.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
256. Gomez O, Donnenberg M, Kaper J B Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1993. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. Plasmid encoded regulator A (PerA) is a transcriptional activator of eaeA and eaeB of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, abstr. B-310. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
257. Gomez, O., M. S. Donnenberg, and J. B. Kaper. 1994. Unpublished data.
258. Gómez-Duarte O G, Kaper J BA plasmid-encoded regulatory region activates chromosomal eaeA expression in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:1767–1776.[Google Scholar]
259. Gonzalez R, Diaz C, Marino M, Cloralt R, Pequeneze M, Perez-Schael IAge-specific prevalence of Escherichia coli with localized and aggregative adherence in Venezuelan infants with acute diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1103–1107.[Google Scholar]
260. Gordillo M E, Reeve G R, Pappas J, Mathewson J J, DuPont H L, Murray B EMolecular characterization of strains of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O143, including isolates from a large outbreak in Houston, Texas. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:889–893.[Google Scholar]
261. Gray L D Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. In: Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller M A, Tenover F C, Yolken R H, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1995. pp. 450–456. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
262. Griffin P M Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. In: Blaser M J, Smith P D, Ravdin J I, Greenberg H B, Guerrant R L, editors. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract. New York, N.Y: Raven Press; 1995. pp. 739–761. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
263. Griffin P M, Olmstead L C, Petras R E. Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated colitis: a clinical and histological study of 11 cases. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:142–149.[PubMed]
264. Griffin P M, Tauxe R VThe epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev. 1991;13:60–98.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
265. Grimm L M, Goldoft M, Kobayashi J, Lewis J H, Alfi D, Perdichizzi A M, Tarr P I, Ongerth J E, Moseley S L, Samadpour MMolecular epidemiology of a fast-food restaurant-associated outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Washington State. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2155–2158.[Google Scholar]
266. Guerrant R L, Brunton L L, Schnaitman T C, Rebhun L I, Gilman A GCyclic adenosine monophosphate and alteration of Chinese hamster ovary cell morphology: a rapid, sensitive in vitro assay for the enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1974;10:320–327.[Google Scholar]
267. Gunzberg S T, Chang B J, Elliott S J, Burke V, Gracey MDiffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli isolated from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of western Australia. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:755–758.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
268. Reference deleted.
269. Gunzburg S T, Tornieporth N G, Riley L WIdentification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by PCR-based detection of the bundle-forming pilus gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1375–1377.[Google Scholar]
270. Reference deleted.
271. Gunzer F, Böhm H, Rüssmann H, Bitzan M, Aleksic S, Karch HMolecular detection of sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157 in patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1807–1810.[Google Scholar]
272. Guth B E, Twiddy E M, Trabulsi L R, Holmes R KVariation in chemical properties and antigenic determinants among type II heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1997;54:529–536.[Google Scholar]
273. Gyles C L. VT toxemia in animal models. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 233–240. [PubMed]
274. Haigh R, Baldwin T, Knutton S, Williams P HCarbon dioxide regulated secretion of the EaeB protein of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995;129:63–68.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
275. Hale T L, Oaks E V, Formal S BIdentification and antigenic characterization of virulence-associated, plasmid-coded proteins of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985;50:620–629.[Google Scholar]
276. Hales B A, Hart C A, Batt R M, Saunders J RThe large plasmids found in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli constitute a related series of transfer-defective Inc F-IIA replicons. Plasmid. 1992;28:183–193.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
277. Hall G A, Dorn C R, Chanter N, Scotland S M, Smith H R, Rowe BAttaching and effacing lesions in vivo and adhesion to tissue culture cells of Vero-cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli belonging to serogroups O5 and O103. J Gen Microbiol. 1990;136:779–786.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
278. Hancock D D, Besser T E, Kinsel M L, Tarr P I, Rice D H, Paros M GThe prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113:199–207.[Google Scholar]
279. Harel Y, Silva M, Giroir B, Weinberg A, Cleary T B, Beutler BA reporter transgene indicates renal-specific induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by Shiga-like toxin. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:2110–2116.[Google Scholar]
280. Harris J R, Mariano J, Wells J G, Payne B S, Donnel H D, Cohen M LPerson-to-person transmission in an outbreak of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122:245–252.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
281. Heck J E, Staneck J L, Cohen M B, Weckbach L S, Giannella R A, Hawkins J, Tosiello RPrevention of travelers’ diarrhea: ciprofloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in adult volunteers working in Latin America and the Caribbean. J Travel Med. 1994;1:136–142.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
282. Hedberg, C. W., S. J. Savarino, J. M. Besser, C. J. Paulus, V. M. Thelen, L. J. Myers, D. N. Cameron, T. J. Barrett, J. B. Kaper, and M. T. Osterholm. An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39: NM: an agent that does not fit into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheagenic E. coli. J. Infect. Dis., in press. [[PubMed]
283. Henry F J, Udoy A S, Wanke C A, Aziz K M AEpidemiology of persistent diarrhea and etiologic agents in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;381:27–31.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
284. Hertzke D M, Cowan L A, Schoning P, Fenwick B WGlomerular ultrastructural lesions of idiopathic cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy of Greyhounds. Vet Pathol. 1995;32:451–459.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
285. Heuvelink A E, Van de Kar N C A J, Meis J F G M, Monnens L A H, Melchers W J GCharacterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 isolates from patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Western Europe. Epidemiol Infect. 1995;115:1–14.[Google Scholar]
286. Heuzenroeder M W, Elliot T R, Thomas C J, Halter R, Manning P AA new fimbrial type (PCFO9) on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O9:H-LT^{isolated from a case of infant diarrhoea in central Australia.}FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990;66:55–60.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
287. Hicks S, Candy D C A, Phillips A DAdhesion of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli to pediatric intestinal mucosa in vitro. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4751–4760.[Google Scholar]
288. High N, Mounier J, Prevost M-C, Sansonetti P JIpaB of Shigella flexneri causes entry into epithelial cells and escape from the phagocytic vacuole. EMBO J. 1992;11:1991–1999.[Google Scholar]
289. Hii J H, Gyles C, Morooka T, Karmali M A, Clarke R, DeGrandis S, Brunton J LDevelopment of verotoxin 2- and verotoxin 2 variant (VT2v)-specific oligonucleotide probes on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the B cistron of VT2v from Escherichia coli E32511 and B2F1. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:2704–2709.[Google Scholar]
290. Hill S M, Phillips A D, Walker-Smith J AEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli and life threatening chronic diarrhoea. Gut. 1991;32:154–158.[Google Scholar]
291. Hines J, Nachamkin IEffective use of the clinical microbiology laboratory for diagnosing diarrheal diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1292–1301.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
292. Hirayama T Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu A T, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995. pp. 281–296. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
293. Hirayama T, Wada A, Iwata N, Takasaki S, Shimonishi Y, Takeda YGlycoprotein receptors for a heat-stable enterotoxin (STh) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1992;60:4213–4220.[Google Scholar]
294. Hirst T R. Biogenesis of cholera toxin and related oligomeric enterotoxins. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu A T, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995. pp. 123–184. [PubMed]
295. Hitotsubashi S, Fujii Y, Yamanaka H, Okamoto KSome properties of purified Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin II. Infect Immun. 1992;60:4468–4474.[Google Scholar]
296. Hol W G J, Sixma T K, Merritt E A. Structure and function of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin B pentamer. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu A T, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995. pp. 185–223. [PubMed]
297. Holmes R K, Jobling M G, Connell T D. Cholera toxin and related enterotoxins of gram-negative bacteria. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu A T, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995. pp. 225–255. [PubMed]
298. Honda T, Taga S, Takeda Y, Miwatani TModified Elek test for detection of heat-labile enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1981;13:1–5.[Google Scholar]
299. Hoque S S, Faruque A S, Mahalanabis D, Hasnat AInfectious agents causing acute watery diarrhoea in infants and young children in Bangladesh and their public health implications. J Trop Pediatr. 1994;40:351–354.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
300. Hromockyj A E, Tucker S C, Maurelli A TTemperature regulation of Shigella virulence: identification of the repressor gene virR, an analogue of hns, and partial complementation by tyrosyl transfer RNA (tRNA1 Tyr) Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:2113–2124.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
301. Hughes M H, Greaves J L, Bettelheim K AInfant diarrhoeae due to Escherichia coli O91 K? H7. J Clin Pathol. 1968;21:387–389.[Google Scholar]
302. Isberg R R, Voorhis D L, Falkow SIdentification of Invasin: a protein that allows enteric bacteria to penetrate cultured mammalian cells. Cell. 1987;50:769–778.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
303. Ismaili A, Philpott D J, Dytoc M T, Sherman P MSignal transduction responses following adhesion of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3316–3326.[Google Scholar]
304. Ismaili A, Philpott D J, Dytoc M T, Soni R, Ratnam S, Sherman P Mα-Actinin accumulation in epithelial cells infected with attaching and effacing gastrointestinal pathogens. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1393–1396.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
305. Ito T, Kuwahara S, Yokota TAutomatic and manual latex agglutination tests for measurement of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1983;17:7–12.[Google Scholar]
306. Jackson M PDetection of Shiga toxin-producing Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Escherichia coli by using polymerase chain reaction with incorporation of digoxigenin-11 −dUTP. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:1910–1914.[Google Scholar]
307. Jackson M P, Neill R J, O’Brien A D, Holmes R K, Newland J WNucleotide sequence analysis and comparison of the structural genes for Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II encoded by bacteriophages from Escherichia coli 933. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1987;44:109–114.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
308. Jallat C, Livrelli V, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Rich C, Joly B. Escherichia coli strains involved in diarrhea in France: high prevalence and heterogeneity of diffusely adhering strains. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:2031–2037.
309. Jann K, Hoschutsky HNature and organization of adhesins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1991;151:55–85.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
310. Jarvis K G, Girón J A, Jerse A E, McDaniel T K, Donnenberg M S, Kaper J BEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli contains a specialized secretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:7996–8000.[Google Scholar]
311. Jarvis K G, Kaper J BSecretion of extracellular proteins by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli via a putative type III secretion system. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4826–4829.[Google Scholar]
312. Jerse A E, Gicquelais K G, Kaper J BPlasmid and chromosomal elements involved in the pathogenesis of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1991;59:3869–3875.[Google Scholar]
313. Jerse A E, Kaper J BThe eae gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli encodes a 94-kilodalton membrane protein, the expression of which is influenced by the EAF plasmid. Infect Immun. 1991;59:4302–4309.[Google Scholar]
314. Jerse A E, Martin W C, Galen J E, Kaper J BOligonucleotide probe for detection of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adherence factor of localized adherent EPEC. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2842–2844.[Google Scholar]
315. Jerse A E, Yu J, Tall B D, Kaper J BA genetic locus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli necessary for the production of attaching and effacing lesions on tissue culture cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:7839–7843.[Google Scholar]
316. Johnson R P, Clarke R C, Wilson J B, Read S C, Rahn K, Renwick S A, Sandhu K A, Alves D, Karmali M A, Lior H, McEwen S A, Spika J S, Gyles C LGrowing concerns and recent outbreaks involving non-O157:H7 serotypes of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot. 1996;59:1112–1122.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
317. Johnson R P, Durham R J, Johnson S T, MacDonald L A, Jeffrey S R, Butman B TDetection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EHEC-Tek. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:386–388.[Google Scholar]
318. Johnson W M, Lior H, Bezanson G SCytotoxic Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with haemorrhagic colitis in Canada. Lancet. 1983;i:76. . (Letter.) [[PubMed][Google Scholar]
319. Johnson W M, Pollard D R, Lior H, Tyler S D, Rozee K RDifferentiation of genes coding for Escherichia coli verotoxin-2 and the verotoxin associated with porcine edema disease (VTE) by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2351–2353.[Google Scholar]
320. Jones C H, Dodson K, Hultgren S J. Structure, function, and assembly of adhesive P pili. In: Mobley H L T, Warren J W, editors. Urinary tract infections: molecular pathogenesis and clinical management. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1996. pp. 175–219. [PubMed]
321. Jordi B J, van Vliet A H M, Willshaw G A, van der Zeijst B A M, Gaastra WAnalysis of the first two genes of the CS 1 fimbrial operon in human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serotype O139:H28. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991;80:265–270.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
322. Jordi B J, Willshaw B A, van der Zeijst B A, Gaastra WThe complete nucleotide sequence of region 1 of the CFA/I fimbrial operon of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. DNA Seq. 1992;2:257–263.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
323. Jose J, Jahnig F, Meyer T FCommon structural features of IgA1 protease-like outer membrane protein autotransporters. Mol Microbiol. 1995;18:377–382.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
324. Jung H C, Eckmann L, Yang S, Panja A, Fierer J, Morzycka-Wroblewska E, Kagnoff M FA distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human colon epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:55–65.[Google Scholar]
325. Junkins A D, Doyle M PComparison of adherence properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and a 60-megadalton plasmid-cured derivative. Curr Microbiol. 1989;19:21–27.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
326. Kandel G, Donohue-Rolfe A, Donowitz M, Keusch G TPathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea XVI. Selective targetting of shiga toxin to villus cells of rabbit jejunum explains the effect of the toxin on intestinal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest. 1989;84:1509–1517.[Google Scholar]
327. Kang G, Mathan M M, Mathan V IEvaluation of a simplified HEp-2 cell adherence assay for Escherichia coli isolated from South Indian children with acute diarrhea and controls. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2204–2205.[Google Scholar]
328. Kaper J B Molecular pathogenesis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. In: Miller V L, Kaper J B, Portnoy D A, Isberg R R, editors. Molecular genetics of bacterial pathogenesis. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1994. pp. 173–195. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
329. Kaper J BDefining EPEC. Rev Microbiol Sao Paulo. 1996;27:130–133.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
330. Kaper J B, Gómez-Duarte O GThe per regulator of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1997;23:179–181.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
331. Kaplan B S, Trompeter R S, Moake J L. Introduction, p. xvii–xxvii. In: Kaplan B S, Trompeter R S, Moake J L, editors. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1992. [PubMed]
332. Karch H, Böhm H, Schmidt H, Gunzer F, Aleksic S, Heesemann JClonal structure and pathogenicity of Shiga-like toxin-producing, sorbitol-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:HJ Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:1200–1205.[Google Scholar]
333. Karch H, Heesemann J, Laufs R, O’Brien A D, Tacket C O, Levine M MA plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for expression of a new fimbrial antigen and for adhesion to epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1987;55:455–461.[Google Scholar]
334. Karch H, Janetzki-Mittmann C, Aleksic S, Datz MIsolation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 strains from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome by using immunomagnetic separation, DNA-based methods, and direct culture. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:516–519.[Google Scholar]
335. Karch H, Meyer TSingle primer pair for amplifying segments of distinct Shiga-like toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:2751–2757.[Google Scholar]
336. Karch H, Meyer TEvaluation of oligonucleotide probes for identification of Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:1180–1186.[Google Scholar]
337. Karch H, Meyer T, Rüssmann H, Heesemann JFrequent loss of Shiga-like toxin genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli upon subcultivation. Infect Immun. 1992;60:3464–3467.[Google Scholar]
338. Karch H, Rüssmann H, Schmidt H, Schwarzkopf A, Heesemann JLong-term shedding and clonal turnover of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in diarrheal disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1602–1605.[Google Scholar]
339. Karmali M ALaboratory diagnosis of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 1987;9:65–70.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
340. Karmali M AInfection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989;2:15–38.[Google Scholar]
341. Karmali M A, Lingwood C A, Petric M, Brunton J, Gyles CMaintaining the existing phenotype nomenclatures for E. coli cytotoxins. ASM News. 1996;62:167–169.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
342. Karmali M A, Petric M, Lim C, Fleming P C, Arbus G S, Lior HThe association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infections by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1985;151:775–782.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
343. Karmali M A, Petric M, Lim C, Fleming P C, Steele B T. Escherichia coli cytotoxin, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and haemorrhagic colitis. Lancet. 1983;ii:1299–1300.[PubMed]
344. Karmali M A, Petric M, Winkler M, Bielaszewska M, Brunton J, van de Kar N, Morooka T, Nair G B, Richardson S E, Arbus G SEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1457–1463.[Google Scholar]
345. Karmali M A, Steele B T, Petric M, Lim CSporadic cases of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet. 1983;i:619–620.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
346. Karpman D, Andreasson A, Thysell H, Kaplan B S, Svanborg CCytokines in childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:694–699.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
347. Kaye S A, Louise C B, Boyd B, Lingwood C A, Obrig T GShiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: interleukin-1 enhancement of Shiga toxin cytotoxicity toward human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun. 1993;61:3886–3891.[Google Scholar]
348. Keenan K P, Sharpnack D D, Collins H, Formal S B, O’Brien A DMorphological evaluation of the effects of Shiga toxin and E. coli Shiga-like toxin on the rabbit intestine. Am J Pathol. 1986;125:69–80.[Google Scholar]
349. Keene W E, McAnulty J M, Hoesly F C, Williams L P, Hedberg K, Oxman G L, Barrett T J, Pfaller M A, Fleming D WA swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:579–584.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
350. Kehl K S, Havens P, Behnke C E, Acheson D W KEvaluation of the Premier EHEC assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:2051–2054.[Google Scholar]
351. Kenny B, Abe A, Stein M, Finlay B BEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli protein secretion is induced in response to conditions similar to those in the gastrointestinal tract. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2606–2612.[Google Scholar]
352. Kenny B, Finlay B BProtein secretion by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is essential for transducing signals to epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:7991–7995.[Google Scholar]
353. Kenny B, Finlay B BIntimin-dependent binding of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to host cells triggers novel signaling events, including tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2528–2536.[Google Scholar]
354. Kenny B, Lai L, Finlay B B, Donnenberg M SEspA, a protein secreted by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, is required to induce signals in epithelial cells. Mol Microbiol. 1996;20:313–324.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
355. Kenny B, DeVinney R, Stein M, Reinscheid D J, Frey E A, Finlay B BEnteropathogic E. coli (EPEC) transfers its receptor for intimate adherence into mammalian cells. Cell. 1997;91:511–520.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
356. Ketyi IEpidemiology of the enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Observations in Hungary. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1989;33:261–267.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
357. Khakhria R, Duck D, Lior HExtended phage-typing scheme for Escherichia coli O157:H7. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;105:511–520.[Google Scholar]
358. Kibel M A, Barnard P JThe haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: a survey in Southern Africa. S Afr Med J. 1968;42:692–698.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
359. Kim M S, Doyle M PDipstick immunoassay to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in retail ground beef. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992;58:1764–1767.[Google Scholar]
360. Knutton S, Adu-Bobie J, Bain C, Phillips A D, Dougan G, Frankel GDown regulation of intimin expression during attaching and effacing enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion. Infect Immun. 1997;65:1644–1652.[Google Scholar]
361. Knutton S, Baldini M M, Kaper J B, McNeish A SRole of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1987;55:78–85.[Google Scholar]
362. Knutton S, Baldwin T, Williams P H, McNeish A SActin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue culture cells: basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1290–1298.[Google Scholar]
363. Knutton S, Baldwin T J, Haigh R D, Williams P H, Manjarrez Hernandez A, Aitken A. Intracellular changes in ‘attaching and effacing’ adhesion. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 215–222. [PubMed]
364. Knutton, S., G. K. Collington, T. J. Baldwin, R. D. Haigh, and P. H. Williams. 1996. Cellular responses to EPEC infection. Rev. Microbiol. Sao Paulo 27(Suppl. 1):89–94.
365. Knutton S, Lloyd D R, McNeish A SIdentification of a new fimbrial structure in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) serotype O148:H28 which adheres to human intestinal mucosa: a potentially new human ETEC colonization factor. Infect Immun. 1987;55:8–92.[Google Scholar]
366. Knutton S, McConnell M M, Rowe B, McNeish A SAdhesion and ultrastructural properties of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing colonization factor antigens III and IV. Infect Immun. 1989;57:3364–3371.[Google Scholar]
367. Knutton S, Shaw R K, Bhan M K, Smith H R, McConnell M M, Cheasty T, Williams P H, Baldwin T JAbility of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains to adhere in vitro to human intestinal mucosa. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2083–2091.[Google Scholar]
368. Konadu E, Robbins J B, Shiloach J, Bryla D A, Szu S CPreparation, characterization, and immunological properties in mice of Escherichia coli O157 O-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Infect Immun. 1994;62:5048–5054.[Google Scholar]
369. Konowalchuk J, Speirs J I, Stavric SVero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1977;18:775–779.[Google Scholar]
370. Kopecko D J. Experimental keratoconjunctivitis (Sereny) assay. In: Clark V L, Bavoil P M, editors. Bacterial pathogenesis, part A. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, Inc.; 1994. pp. 39–46. [PubMed]
371. Krause U, Thomson-Carter F M, Pennington T HMolecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparison with that by bacteriophage typing. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:959–961.[Google Scholar]
372. Reference deleted.
373. Kusters J G, Gaastra W. Fimbrial operons and evolution. In: Klemm P, editor. Fimbriae: adhesion, genetics, biogenesis and vaccines. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc.; 1994. pp. 179–196. [PubMed]
374. Lai L-C, Wainwright L A, Stone K D, Donnenberg M S A protein secreted by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates EspB secretion and is required for transduction of signals and for attaching and effacing activities in host cells. 1997. Submitted for publication.
375. Lai L-C, Wainwright L A, Stone K D, Donnenberg M SA third secreted protein that is encoded by the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli pathogenicity island is required for transduction of signals and for attaching and effacing activities in host cells. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2211–2217.[Google Scholar]
376. Lanata C F, Kaper J B, Baldini M M, Black R B, Levine M MSensitivity and specificity of DNA probes with the stool blot technique detection of Escherichia coli enterotoxins. J Infect Dis. 1985;152:1087–1090.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
377. Lang A L, Tsai Y L, Mayer C L, Patton K C, Palmer C JMultiplex PCR for detection of the heat-labile toxin gene and Shiga-like toxin I and II genes in Escherichia coli isolated from natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:3145–3149.[Google Scholar]
378. Lanyi B, Szita J, Ringelhann A, Kovach KA waterborne outbreak of enteritis associated with Escherichia coli serotype 124:72:32. Acta Microbiol Hung. 1959;6:77–78.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
379. Law DAdhesion and its role in the virulence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994;7:152–173.[Google Scholar]
380. Law D, Kelly JUse of heme and hemoglobin by Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga-like-toxin-producing E. coli serogroups. Infect Immun. 1995;63:700–702.[Google Scholar]
381. Lencer W I, Constable C, Moe S, Jobling M G, Webb H M, Ruston S, Madara J L, Hirst T R, Holmes R KTargeting of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat labile toxin in polarized epithelia: role of COOH-terminal KDEL. J Cell Biol. 1995;131:951–962.[Google Scholar]
382. Leong J M, Fournier R S, Isberg R RIdentification of the integrin binding domain of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein. EMBO J. 1990;9:1979–1989.[Google Scholar]
383. Le Saux N, Spika J S, Friesen B, Johnson I, Melnychuk D, Anderson C, Dion R, Rahman M, Tostowarky WGround beef consumption in non-commercial settings is a risk factor for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Canada. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:500–502.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
384. Levine M M. Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:377–389.[PubMed]
385. Levine M M, Bergquist E J, Nalin D R, Waterman D H, Hornick R B, Young C R, Sotman S, Rowe B. Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrhoea but do not produce heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and are non-invasive. Lancet. 1978;i:1119–1122.[PubMed]
386. Levine M M, Caplan E S, Watermann D, Cash R A, Hornick R B, Snyder M JDiarrhea caused by Escherichia coli that produce only heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect Immun. 1977;17:78–82.[Google Scholar]
387. Levine M M, Edelman REnteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev. 1984;6:31–51.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
388. Levine M M, Ferreccio C, Prado V, Cayazzo M, Abrego P, Martinez J, Maggi L, Baldini M M, Martin W, Maneval D, Kay B, Guers L, Lior H, Wasserman S S, Nataro J PEpidemiologic studies of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in a low socioeconomic level peri-urban community in Santiago, Chile. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:849–869.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
389. Levine M M, McEwen J, Losonsky G, Reymann M, Harari I, Brown J E, Taylor D N, Donohue-Rolfe A, Cohen D, Bennish M, Lim Y L, Arnon R. Antibodies to Shiga holotoxin and to two synthetic peptides of the B. subunit in sera of patients with Shigella dysenteriae 1 dysentery. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1636–1641.
390. Levine M M, Nataro J P, Karch H, Baldini M M, Kaper J B, Black R E, Clements M L, O’Brien A DThe diarrheal response of humans to some classic serotypes of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is dependent on a plasmid encoding an enteroadhesiveness factor. J Infect Dis. 1985;152:550–559.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
391. Levine M M, Prado V, Robins-Browne R, Lior H, Kaper J B, Moseley S L, Gicquelais K, Nataro J P, Vial P, Tall BUse of DNA probes and HEp-2 cell adherence assay to detect diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:224–228.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
392. Levine M M, Rennels M B, Cisneros L, Highes T P, Nalin D R, Young C RLack of person-to-person transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli despite close contact. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;111:347–355.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
393. Levine M M, Ristaino P, Marley G, Smyth C, Knutton S, Boedeker E, Black R, Young C, Clements M L, Cheney C, Patnaik RColi surface antigens 1 and 3 of colonization factor antigen II-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: morphology, purification, and immune responses in humans. Infect Immun. 1984;44:409–420.[Google Scholar]
394. Levine M M, Xu J, Kaper J B, Lior H, Prado V, Tall B, Nataro J, Karch H, Wachsmuth KA DNA probe to identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of O157:H7 and other serotypes that cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:175–182.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
395. Leyer G J, Wang L L, Johnson E AAcid adaptation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 increases survival in acidic foods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:3752–3755.[Google Scholar]
396. Li Z, Bell C, Buret A, Robins-Browne R, Stiel D, O’Loughlin EThe effect of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 on intestinal structure and solute transport in rabbits. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:467–474.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
397. Lima, A. A. M., G. Fang, J. B. Schorling, L. De Albuquerque, J. F. McAuliffe, S. Mota, R. Leite, and R. L. Guerrant. 1992. Persistent diarrhea in Northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 81(Suppl. 381):39–44. [[PubMed]
398. Lior H Classification of Escherichia coli. In: Gyles C L, editor. Escherichia coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International; 1996. pp. 31–72. [PubMed]
399. Long K Z, Wood J W, Vasquez Gariby E, Weiss K M, Mathewson J J, de la Cabada F J, DuPont H L, Wilson R AProportional hazards analysis of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and breast feeding in a cohort of urban Mexican children. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:193–205.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
400. Lopez E L, Diaz M, Grinstein S, Devoto S, Mendilaharzu F, Murray B E, Ashkenazi S, Rubeglio E, Woloj M, Vasquez M, Turco M, Pickering L K, Cleary T GHemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea in Argentine children: the role of Shiga-like toxins. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:469–475.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
401. Lou Q, Chong S K F, Fitzgerald J F, Siders J A, Allen S D, Lee C-HRapid and effective method for preparation of fecal specimens for PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:281–283.[Google Scholar]
402. Louie M, De Azavedo J, Clarke R, Borczyk A, Lior H, Richter M, Brunton JSequence heterogeneity of the eae gene and detection of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli using serotype-specific primers. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;112:449–461.[Google Scholar]
403. Louie M, De Azavedo J C S, Handelsman M Y C, Clark C G, Ally B, Dytoc M, Sherman P, Brunton JExpression and characterization of the eaeA gene product of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4085–4092.[Google Scholar]
404. Louise C B, Obrig T GShiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: combined cytotoxic effects of Shiga toxin, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha on human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun. 1991;59:4173–4179.[Google Scholar]
405. Louise C B, Obrig T GSpecific interaction of Escherichia coli O157:H7-derived Shiga-like toxin II with human renal endothelial cells. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1397–1401.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
406. Ludwig K, Bitzan M, Zimmermann S, Kloth M, Ruder H, Müller-Wiefel D EImmune response to non-O157 vero toxin-producing Escherichia coli in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1028–1039.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
407. Madara J L, Patapoff T W, Gillece-Gastro B, Colgan S P, Parkos C A, Delp C, Mrsny R J5′-adenosine monophosphate is the neutrophil-derived paracrine factor that elicits chloride secretion from T84 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:2320–2325.[Google Scholar]
408. Madico G, Akopyants N S, Berg D EArbitrarily primed PCR DNA fingerprinting of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains by using templates from boiled cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1534–1536.[Google Scholar]
409. Mahon B E, Griffin P M, Mead P S, Tauxe R VHemolytic uremic syndrome surveillance to monitor trends in infection in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;3:409–412.[Google Scholar]
410. Mangia A H, Duarte A N, Duarte R, Silva L A, Bravo V L, Leal M CAetiology of acute diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. J Trop Pediatr. 1993;39:365–367.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
411. Manjarrez-Hernandez H A, Amess B, Sellers L, Baldwin T J, Knutton S, Williams P H, Aitken APurification of a 20-kDa phosphoprotein from epithelial cells and identification as a myosin light chain-phosphorylation induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and phorbol ester. FEBS Lett. 1991;292:121–127.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
412. Manjarrez-Hernandez H A, Baldin T J, Williams P H, Haigh R, Knutton S, Aitken APhosphorylation of myosin light chain at distinct sites and its association with the cytoskeleton during enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. Infect Immun. 1996;64:2368–2370.[Google Scholar]
413. Manjarrez-Hernandez H A, Baldwin T J, Aitken A, Knutton S, Williams P HIntestinal epithelial cell protein phosphorylation in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea. Lancet. 1992;339:521–523.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
414. Mann E A, Cohen M B, Giannella R AComparison of receptors for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: novel receptor present in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 1993;264:G172–G178.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
415. Manning P A, Higgins G D, Lumb R, Lanser J AColonization factor antigens and a new fimbrial type, CFA/V, on O115:H40 and H− strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in central Australia. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:841–844.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
416. March S B, Ratnam SSorbitol-MacConkey medium for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;23:869–872.[Google Scholar]
417. Marier R, Wells J G, Swanson R C, Dallhan W, Mehlman I JAn outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne disease traced to imported french cheese. Lancet. 1973;ii:1376–1378.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
418. Marks S, Roberts T. E. coli O157:H7 ranks as the fourth most costly foodborne disease. Food Saf. 1993;1993:51–55.[PubMed]
419. Marquart M E, Picking W L, Picking W DSoluble invasion plasmid antigen C (IpaC) from Shigella flexneri elicits epithelial cell responses related to pathogen invasion. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4182–4187.[Google Scholar]
420. Martin D L, Macdonald K L, White K E, Soler J T, Osterholm M TThe epidemiology and clinical aspects of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in Minnesota. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1161–1167.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
421. Martin I E, Tyler S D, Tyler K D, Khakhria R, Johnson W MEvaluation of ribotyping as epidemiologic tool for typing Escherichia coli serogroup O157 isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:720–723.[Google Scholar]
422. Mathewson J J, Johnson P C, DuPont H LPathogenicity of enteroadherent Escherichia coli in adult volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:524–527.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
423. Mathewson J J, Johnson P C, DuPont H L, Morgan D R, Thornton S A, Wood L V, Ericsson C DA newly recognized cause of traveler’s diarrhea: enteroadherent Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1985;151:471–475.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
424. Mathewson J J, Oberhelman R A, DuPont H L, Javier de la Cabada F, Garibay E VEnteroadherent Escherichia coli as a cause of diarrhea among children in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:1917–1919.[Google Scholar]
425. Matsudaira P, Jammey PPieces in the actin-severing puzzle. Cell. 1988;54:139–140.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
426. Mattila LClinical features and duration of traveler’s diarrhea in relation to its etiology. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:728–734.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
427. Maurelli A TVirulence protein export systems in Salmonella and Shigella: a new family or lost relatives. Trends Cell Biol. 1994;4:240–242.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
428. Maurelli A T, Hromockyj A E, Bernardini M LEnvironmental regulation of Shigella virulence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;180:95–116.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
429. Mayer H B, Wanke C AEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a possible cause of diarrhea in an HIV-infected patient. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:273–274.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
430. McCarthy M. E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in USA traced to apple juice. Lancet. 1996;348:1299.[PubMed]
431. McConnell M M, Chart H, Field A M, Hibberd M, Rowe BCharacterization of a putative colonization factor (PCFO166) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroup O166. J Med Microbiol. 1989;135:1135–1144.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
432. McConnell M M, Hibberd M, Field A M, Chart H, Rowe BCharacterization of a new putative colonization factor (CS 17) from a human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serotype O114:H21 which produces only heat-labile enterotoxin. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:343–347.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
433. McCormick B A, Colgan S P, Delp-Archer C, Miller S I, Madara J L. Salmonella typhimurium attachment to human intestinal epithelial monolayers: transcellular signalling to subepithelial neutrophils. J Cell Biol. 1993;123:895–907.
434. McDaniel T K Ph.D. thesis. Baltimore: University of Maryland; 1996. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
435. McDaniel T K, Jarvis K G, Donnenberg M S, Kaper J BA genetic locus of enterocyte effacement conserved among diverse enterobacterial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:1664–1668.[Google Scholar]
436. McDaniel T K, Kaper J BA cloned pathogenicity island from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli confers the attaching and effacing phenotype on E. coli K-12. Mol Microbiol. 1997;23:399–407.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
437. McGee D W, Elson C O, McGhee J REnhancing effect of cholera toxin on interleukin-6 intestinal epithelial cells: mode of action and augmenting effect of inflammatory cytokines. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4637–4644.[Google Scholar]
438. McKee M L, Melton-Celsa A R, Moxley R A, Francis D H, O’Brien A DEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 requires intimin to colonize the gnotobiotic pig intestine and to adhere to HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3739–3744.[Google Scholar]
439. McKee M L, O’Brien A DInvestigation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence characteristics and invasion potential reveals a new attachment pattern shared by intestinal E. coli. Infect Immun. 1995;63:2070–2074.[Google Scholar]
440. McKee M L, O’Brien A DTruncated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 intimin (EaeA) fusion proteins promote adherence of EHEC strains to HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:2225–2233.[Google Scholar]
441. McWhirter E, Handelsman M, De Azavedo J, Brunton J The enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli eae gene product intimin is functional when signalling functions are provided by another bacterium. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 269–272. [PubMed]
442. Mead P S, Finelli L, Lambert-Fair M A, Champ D, Townes J, Hutwager L, Barrett T, Spitalny K, Mintz ERisk factors for sporadic infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:204–208.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
443. Mecsas J, Strauss E JMolecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence: type III secretion and pathogenicity islands. Emerg Infect Dis. 1996;2:271–288.[Google Scholar]
444. Melton-Celsa A R, Darnell S C, O’Brien A DActivation of Shiga-like toxins by mouse and human intestinal mucus correlates with virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O91:H21 isolates in orally infected, streptomycin-treated mice. Infect Immun. 1996;64:1569–1576.[Google Scholar]
445. Menard R, Sansonetti P J. Shigella flexneri: isolation of non-invasive mutants of gram-negative pathogens. Methods Enzymol. 1994;236:493–509.[PubMed]
446. Menard R, Sansonetti P J, Parsot CNonpolar mutagenesis of the ipa genes defines IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD as effectors of Shigella flexneri entry into epithelial cells. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:5899–5906.[Google Scholar]
447. Ménard R, Prévost M C, Gounon P, Sansonetti P, Dehio CThe secreted Ipa complex of Shigella flexneri promotes entry into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:1254–1258.[Google Scholar]
448. Meng, J., and M. P. Doyle. Microbiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods. In J. B. Kaper and A. D. O’Brien (ed.), Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, in press. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. [[PubMed]
449. Meng J, Zhao S, Zhao T, Doyle M PMolecular characterisation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid DNA analysis. J Med Microbiol. 1995;42:258–263.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
450. Mezoff A G, Giannella R A, Eade M N, Cohen M B. Escherichia coli enterotoxin (STa) binds to receptors, stimulates guanyl cyclase, and impairs absorption in rat colon. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:816–822.[PubMed]
451. Mietens C, Keinhorst H, Hilpert H, Gerber H, Amster H, Pahud J JTreatment of infantile E. coli gastroenteritis with specific bovine anti-E. coli milk immunoglobulin. Eur J Pediatr. 1979;132:239–252.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
452. Miliotis M D, Koornhof H J, Phillips J IInvasive potential of noncytotoxic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in an in vitro Henle 407 cell model. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1928–1935.[Google Scholar]
453. Miller J R, Barrett L, Kotloff K, Guerrant R LA rapid diagnostic test for infectious and inflammatory enteritis. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2660–2664.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
454. Mills M, Payne S MGenetics and regulation of heme iron transport in Shigella dysenteriae and detection of an analogous system in Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Bacteriol. 1995;177:3004–3009.[Google Scholar]
455. Reference deleted.
456. Moake J LHaemolytic-uraemic syndrome: basic science. Lancet. 1994;343:393–397.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
457. Moon H W, Whipp S C, Argenzio R A, Levine M M, Giannella R AAttaching and effacing activities of rabbit and human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in pig and rabbit intestines. Infect Immun. 1983;41:1340–1351.[Google Scholar]
458. Morgan G M, Newman C, Palmer S R, Allen J B, Shepard W, Rampling A M, Warren R E, Gross R J, Scotland S M, Smith H RFirst recognized community outbreak of haemorrhagic colitis due to verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the UK. Epidemiol Infect. 1988;101:83–91.[Google Scholar]
459. Moseley S L, Echeverria P, Seriwatana J, Tirapat C, Chaicumpa W, Sakuldaipeara T, Falkow SIdentification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by colony hybridization using three enterotoxin gene probes. J Infect Dis. 1982;145:863–869.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
460. Muller U, Brandsch M, Prasad P D, Fei Y J, Ganapathy V, Leibach F HInhibition of the H+/peptide cotransporter in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 by cyclic AMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;218:461–465.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
461. Murray B E, Mathewson J J, DuPont H L, Hill W EUtility of oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes for detecting enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:809–811.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
462. Nagayama K, Bi Z, Oguchi T, Takarada Y, Shibata S, Honda TUse of an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide probe for the gene encoding the bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2819–2821.[Google Scholar]
463. Nalin D R, McLaughlin J C, Rahaman M, Yunus M, Curlin GEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli and idiopathic diarrhoea in Bangladesh. Lancet. 1975;ii:1116–1119.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
464. Nashar T O, Webb H M, Eaglestone S, Williams N A, Hirst T RPotent immunogenicity of the B subunits of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: receptor binding is essential and induces differential modulation of lymphocyte subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:226–230.[Google Scholar]
465. Nataro J P, Baldini M M, Kaper J B, Black R E, Bravo N, Levine M MDetection of an adherence factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with a DNA probe. J Infect Dis. 1985;152:560–565.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
466. Nataro, J. P., S. Balepur, S. Hicks, and A. D. Phillips. 1996. Unpublished data.
467. Nataro, J. P., and Y. Deng. 1993. Unpublished data.
468. Nataro J P, Deng Y, Maneval D R, German A L, Martin W C, Levine M MAggregative adherence fimbriae I of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli mediate adherence to HEp-2 cells and hemagglutination of human erythrocytes. Infect Immun. 1992;60:2297–2304.[Google Scholar]
469. Nataro J P, Hicks S, Phillips A D, Vial P A, Sears C LT84 cells in culture as a model for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4761–4768.[Google Scholar]
470. Nataro J P, Kaper J B, Robins Browne R, Prado V, Vial P, Levine M MPatterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:829–831.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
471. Nataro J P, Maher K O, Mackie P, Kaper J BCharacterization of plasmids encoding the adherence factor of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1987;55:2370–2377.[Google Scholar]
472. Nataro J P, Scaletsky I C, Kaper J B, Levine M M, Trabulsi L RPlasmid-mediated factors conferring diffuse and localized adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1985;48:378–383.[Google Scholar]
473. Nataro J P, Seriwatana J, Fasano A, Maneval D R, Guers L D, Noriega F, Dubovsky F, Levine M M, Morris J G., Jr Identification and cloning of a novel plasmid-encoded enterotoxin of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Infect Immun. 1995;63:4721–4728.
474. Nataro J P, Yikang D, Cookson S, Cravioto A, Savarino S J, Guers L D, Levine M M, Tacket C OHeterogeneity of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence demonstrated in volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:465–468.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
475. Nataro J P, Yikang D, Giron J A, Savarino S J, Kothary M H, Hall RAggregative adherence fimbria I expression in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli requires two unlinked plasmid regions. Infect Immun. 1993;61:1126–1131.[Google Scholar]
476. Nataro J P, Yikang D, Yingkang D, Walker KAggR, a transcriptional activator of aggregative adherence fimbria I expression in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1994;176:4691–4699.[Google Scholar]
477. Navarro-Garcia, F., C. Eslava, J. P. Nataro, and A. Cravioto. 1997. Unpublished data.
478. Neill M APathogenesis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 1994;7:295–303.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
479. Newland J W, Neill R JDNA probes for Shiga-like toxins I and II and for toxin-converting bacteriophages. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:1292–1297.[Google Scholar]
480. Nishikawa Y, Scotland S M, Smith H R, Willshaw G A, Rowe BCatabolite repression of the adhesion of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli of serogroups O157 and O111. Microb Pathog. 1995;18:223–229.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
481. Nzegwu H C, Levin R J. Neurally maintained hypersecretion in undernourished rat intestine activated by E. coli STa enterotoxin and cyclic nucleotides in vitro. J Physiol (London) 1994;479:159–169.
482. Nzegwu H C, Levin R JLuminal capsaicin inhibits fluid secretion induced by enterotoxin E-coli STa, but not by carbachol, in vivo in rat small and large intestine. Exp Physiol. 1996;81:313–315.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
483. O’Brien A D, Holmes R KShiga and Shiga-like toxins. Microbiol Rev. 1987;51:206–220.[Google Scholar]
484. O’Brien A D, Holmes R K Protein toxins of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. In: Neidhardt F C, Curtiss III R, Ingraham J L, Lin E C C, Low K B, Magasanik B, Reznikoff W S, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger H E, editors. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1996. pp. 2788–2802. [PubMed]
485. O’Brien A D, LaVeck G D, Griffin D E, Thompson M RCharacterization of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) toxin purified by anti-Shiga toxin affinity chromatography. Infect Immun. 1980;30:170–179.[Google Scholar]
486. O’Brien A D, LaVeck G D, Thompson M R, Formal S BProduction of Shigella dysenteriae type 1-like cytotoxin by Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1982;146:763–769.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
487. O’Brien A D, Lively T A, Chen M E, Rothman S W, Formal S B. Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains associated with haemorrhagic colitis in the United States produce a Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) like cytotoxin. Lancet. 1983;i:702.[PubMed]
488. O’Brien A D, Newland J W, Miller S F, Holmes R K, Smith H W, Formal S BShiga-like toxin-converting phages from Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis or infantile diarrhea. Science. 1984;226:694–696.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
489. O’Brien A D, Tesh V L, Donohue-Rolfe A, Jackson M P, Olsnes S, Sandvig K, Lindberg A A, Keusch G TShiga toxin: biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;180:65–94.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
490. O’Brien A D, Thompson M R, Cantey J R, Formal S B Abstracts of the 77th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1977. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1977. Production of a Shigella dysenteriae-like toxin by pathogenic Escherichia coli, abstr. B-103. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
491. Oelschlaeger T A, Barrett T J, Kopecko D JSome structures and processes of human epithelial cells involved in uptake of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. Infect Immun. 1994;62:5142–5150.[Google Scholar]
492. Ojeda A, Prado V, Martinez J, Arellano C, Borczyk A, Johnson W, Lior H, Levine M MSorbitol-negative phenotype among enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains of different serotypes and from different sources. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2199–2201.[Google Scholar]
493. Okrend A J G, Rose B E, Bennett BA screening method for the isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from ground beef. J Food Prot. 1990;53:249–252.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
494. Okuda J, Fukumoto M, Takeda Y, Nishibuchi MExamination of diarrheagenicity of cytolethal distending toxin: suckling mouse response to the products of the cdtABC genes of Shigella dysenteriae. Infect Immun. 1997;65:428–433.[Google Scholar]
495. Olsvik O, Rimstad E, Hornes E, Strockbine N, Wasteson Y, Lund A, Wachsmuth KA nested PCR followed by magnetic separation of amplified fragments for detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes. Mol Cell Probes. 1991;5:429–435.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
496. Olsvik O, Strockbine N A PCR detection of heat-stable, heat-labile, and Shiga-like toxin genes in Escherichia coli. In: Persing D H, Smith T F, Tenover F C, White T J, editors. Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications. Rochester, N.Y: Mayo Foundation; 1993. pp. 271–276. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
497. Orr P, Milley D, Colby D, Fast MProlonged fecal excretion of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli following diarrheal illness. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:796–797.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
498. Orskov I, Orskov F, Birth-Anderson A, Kanamore M, Svanborg-Eden CO, K, H and fimbrial antigens in E. coli serotypes associated with pyelonephritis and cystitis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982;33:18–25.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
499. Oswald E, Pohl P, Jacquemin E, Lintermans P, van Muylem K, O’Brien A D, Mainil JSpecific DNA probes to detect Escherichia coli strains producing cytotoxic necrotising factor type 1 or type 2. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:428–434.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
500. Padhye N V, Doyle M PProduction and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:99–103.[Google Scholar]
501. Padhye N V, Doyle M PRapid procedure for detecting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991;57:2693–2698.[Google Scholar]
502. Pai C H, Kelly J K, Meyers G LExperimental infection of infant rabbits with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1986;51:16–23.[Google Scholar]
503. Pal T, Al-Sweith N A, Herpay M, Chugh T DIdentification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella strains in pediatric patients by an IpaC-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1757–1760.[Google Scholar]
504. Park C H, Gates K M, Vandel N M, Hixon D LIsolation of Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli (O157 and non-O157) in a community hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;26:69–72.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
505. Park C H, Hixon D L, Morrison W L, Cook C BRapid diagnosis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 directly from fecal specimens using immunofluorescence stain. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:91–94.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
506. Park C H, Vandel N M, Hixon D LRapid immunoassay for detection of Escherichia coli O157 directly from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:988–990.[Google Scholar]
507. Paros M, Tarr P I, Kim H, Besser T E, Hancock D DA comparison of human and bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates by toxin genotype, plasmid profile, and bacteriophage lambda-restriction fragment length polymorphism profile. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:1300–1303.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
508. Parsot C, Sansonetti P JInvasion and the pathogenesis of Shigella infections. Curr Top Microbiol. 1996;209:25–42.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
509. Paton A W, Paton J C, Goldwater P N, Manning P ADirect detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in primary fecal cultures by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:3063–3067.[Google Scholar]
510. Paton A W, Ratcliff R M, Doyle R M, Seymour-Murray J, Davos D, Lanser J A, Paton J CMolecular microbiological investigation of an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by dry fermented sausage contaminated with Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:1622–1627.[Google Scholar]
511. Paton J C, Paton A WSurvival rate of mice after transient colonization with Escherichia coli clones carrying variant Shiga-like toxin type II operons. Microb Pathog. 1996;20:377–383.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
512. Paul M, Tsukamoto T, Ghosh A R, Bhattacharya S K, Manna B, Chakrabarti S, Nair G B, Sack D A, Sen D, Takeda YThe significance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in the etiology of hospitalized diarrhoea in Calcutta, India, and the demonstration of a new honey-combed pattern of aggregative adherence. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994;117:319–326.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
513. Paulozzi L J, Johnson K E, Kamahele L M, Clausen C R, Riley L W, Helgerson S DDiarrhea associated with adherent enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in an infant and toddler center, Seattle, Washington. Pediatrics. 1986;77:296–300.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
514. Pavia A T, Nichols C R, Green D P, Tauxe R V, Mottice S, Greene K D, Wells J G, Siegler R L, Brewer E D, Hannon D, Blake P AHemolytic-uremic syndrome during an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in institutions for mentally retarded persons: clinical and epidemiologic observations. J Pediatr. 1990;116:544–551.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
515. Peltola H, Siitonen A, Kyrönseppä H, Simula I, Mattila L, Oksanen P, Kataja M J, Cadoz MPrevention of travellers’ diarrhoea by oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine. Lancet. 1991;338:1285–1289.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
516. Peres S Y, Marches O, Daigle F, Nougayrede J, Herault F, Tasca C, de Rycke J, Oswald EA new cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Escherichia coli producing CNF2 blocks HeLa cell division in G2/M phase. Mol Microbiol. 1997;24:1095–1107.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
517. Perez-Casal P, Swartley J S, Scott J RGene encoding the major subunit of CS1 pili of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1990;S8:3594–3600.[Google Scholar]
518. Philpott D J, McKay D M, Sherman P M, Perdue M HInfection of T84 cells with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli alters barrier and transport functions. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:G634–G645.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
519. Pickering L K, Obrig T G, Stapleton F BHemolytic-uremic syndrome and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:459–476.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
520. Pickett C L, Cottle D L, Pesci E C, Bikah GCloning, sequencing, and expression of the Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin genes. Infect Immun. 1997;62:1046–1051.[Google Scholar]
521. Pickett C L, Pesci E C, Cottle D L, Russell G, Erdem A N, Zeytin HPrevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter sp cdtb genes. Infect Immun. 1997;64:2070–2078.[Google Scholar]
522. Pickett C L, Twiddy E M, Coker C, Holmes R KCloning, nucleotide sequence, and hybridization studies of the type IIb heat-labile enterotoxin gene of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1989;171:4945–4952.[Google Scholar]
523. Pierard D, Huyghens L, Lauwers S, Lior HDiarrhoeae associated with Escherichia coli producing porcine oedema disease verotoxin. Lancet. 1991;338:762.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
524. Pierard D, Van Etterijck R, Breynaert J, Moriau L, Lauwers SResults of screening for verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in faeces in Belgium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990;9:198–201.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
525. Pinto M, Robine-Leon S, Appay M D, Kedinger M, Triadou N, Dussaulx E, Lacroix B, Simon-Assman P, Haffen K, Fogh J, Zweibaum AEnterocyte-like differentiation and polarization of the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 in culture. Cell. 1983;47:323–330.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
526. Poitrineau P, Forestier C, Meyer M, Jallat C, Rich C, Malpuech G, De Champs CRetrospective case-control study of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli and clinical features in children with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1961–1962.[Google Scholar]
527. Pollard D R, Johnson W M, Lior H, Tyler S D, Rozee K RRapid and specific detection of verotoxin genes in Escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:540–545.[Google Scholar]
528. Polotsky Y E, Dragunskaya E M, Seliverstova V G, Avdeeva T A, Chakhutinskaya M G, Kétyi I, Vertényi A, Ralovich B, Emody L, Málovics I, Safonova N V, Snigirevskaya E S, Karyagina E IPathogenic effect of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli causing infantile diarrhea. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1977;24:221–236.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
529. Promed. 18 January 1997. E. coli O157, advice to lab workers—UK.
530. Proulx F, Turgeon J P, Delage G, Lafleur L, Chicoine LRandomized, controlled trial of antibiotic therapy for Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis. J Pediatr. 1992;121:299–303.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
531. Rabinowitz R P, Lai L-C, Jarvis K, McDaniel T K, Kaper J B, Stone K D, Donnenberg M SAttaching and effacing of host cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in the absence of detectable tyrosine kinase mediated signal transduction. Microb Pathog. 1996;21:157–171.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
532. Rademaker C M A, Martinez-Martinez L, Perea E J, Jansze M, Fluit A C, Glerum J H, Verhoef JDetection of enterovirulent Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in Seville, southern Spain, with non-radioactive DNA probes. J Med Microbiol. 1993;38:87–89.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
533. Raghubeer E V, Matches J RTemperature range for growth of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and selected coliforms in E. coli medium. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:803–805.[Google Scholar]
534. Ramotar K, Waldhart B, Church D, Szumski R, Louie T JDirect detection of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stool samples by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:519–524.[Google Scholar]
535. Rao G G, Saunders B P, Masterton R GLaboratory acquired verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection. J Hosp Infect. 1996;33:228–230.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
536. Rao M C, de Jonge H R. Ca and phospholipid-dependent protein kinases. In: Lebenthal E, Duffey M, editors. Textbook of secretory diarrhea. New York, N.Y: Raven Press; 1990. pp. 209–232. [PubMed]
537. Rasheed J K, Guzman-Versezco L-M, Kupersztoch Y MTwo precursors of the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: evidence of extracellular processing. Mol Microbiol. 1990;4:265–273.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
538. Reymond D, Johnson R P, Karmali M A, Petric M, Winkler M, Johnson S, Rahn K, Renwick S, Wilson J, Clarke R C, Spika JNeutralizing antibodies to Escherichia coli vero cytotoxin 1 and antibodies to O157 lipopolysaccharide in healthy farm family members and urban residents. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2053–2057.[Google Scholar]
539. Reymond D, Karmali M A, Clarke I, Winkler M, Petric MComparison of the western blot assay with the neutralizing antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for measuring antibody to verocytotoxin 1. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:609–613.[Google Scholar]
540. Richardson S E, Rotman T A, Jay V, Smith C R, Becker L E, Petric M, Olivieri N F, Karmali M AExperimental verocytotoxemia in rabbits. Infect Immun. 1992;60:4154–4167.[Google Scholar]
541. Ridell J, Siitonen A, Paulin L, Lindroos O, Korkeala H, Albert M JCharacterization of Hafnia alvei by biochemical tests, random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2372–2376.[Google Scholar]
542. Ridell J, Siitonen A, Paulin L, Mattila L, Korkeala H, Albert M J. Hafnia alvei in stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and healthy controls. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2335–2337.
543. Riley L W, Remis R S, Helgerson S D, McGee H B, Wells J G, Davis B R, Hebert R J, Olcott E S, Johnson L M, Hargrett N T, Blake P A, Cohen M LHemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:681–685.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
544. Robins-Browne R, Still C S, Miliotis M D, Richardson N J, Koornhof H J, Frieman I, Schoub B D, Lecatsas G, Hartman ESummer diarrhoea in African infants and children. Arch Dis Child. 1980;55:923–928.[Google Scholar]
545. Robins-Browne R MTraditional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of infantile diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9:28–53.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
546. Robins-Browne R M, Levine M M, Rowe B, Gabriel E MFailure to detect conventional enterotoxins in classical enteropathogenic (serotyped) Escherichia coli strains of proven pathogenicity. Infect Immun. 1982;38:798–801.[Google Scholar]
547. Rogers K BThe spread of infantile gastroenteritis in a cubicled ward. J Hyg. 1951;49:140–151.[Google Scholar]
548. Rosenshine I, Donnenberg M S, Kaper J B, Finlay B BSignal transduction between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and epithelial cells: EPEC induces tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangement and bacterial uptake. EMBO J. 1992;11:3551–3560.[Google Scholar]
549. Rosenshine I, Ruschkowski S, Stein M, Reinscheid D, Mills S D, Finlay B BA pathogenic bacterium triggers epithelial signals to form a functional bacterial receptor that mediates actin pseudopod formation. EMBO J. 1996;15:2613–2624.[Google Scholar]
550. Rosqvist R, Magnusson K-E, Wolf-Watz HTarget cell contact triggers expression and polarized transfer of Yersinia YopE cytotoxin into mammalian cells. EMBO J. 1994;13:964–972.[Google Scholar]
551. Rothbaum R, McAdams A J, Giannella R, Partin J CA clinicopathological study of enterocyte-adherent Escherichia coli: a cause of protracted diarrhea in infants. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:441–454.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
552. Rowe P C, Orrbine E, Ogborn M, Wells G A, Winther W, Lior H, Manuel D, McLaine P NEpidemic Escherichia coli O157:H7 gastroenteritis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a Canadian Inuit community: intestinal illness in family members as a risk factor. J Pediatr. 1994;124:21–26.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
553. Rüssmann H, Schmidt H, Heesemann J, Caprioli A, Karch HVariants of Shiga-like toxin II constitute a major toxin component in Escherichia coli O157 strains from patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:338–343.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
554. Ryder R W, Sack D A, Kapikian A Z, McLaughlin J C, Chakraborty J, Mizanur Rahman A S, Merson M H, Wells J GEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and reovirus-like agent in rural Bangladesh. Lancet. 1976;i:659–663.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
555. Sajjan S U, Forstner J FCharacteristics of binding of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 strain CL-49 to purified intestinal mucin. Infect Immun. 1990;58:860–867.[Google Scholar]
556. Samadpour MMolecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by restriction fragment length polymorphism using Shiga-like toxin genes. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2150–2154.[Google Scholar]
557. Samadpour M, Grimm L M, Desai B, Alfi D, Ongerth J E, Tarr P IMolecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains by bacteriophage lambda restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis: application to a multistate foodborne outbreak and a day-care center cluster. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:3179–3183.[Google Scholar]
558. Samadpour M, Ongerth J E, Liston J, Tran N, Nguyen D, Whittam T S, Wilson R A, Tarr P IOccurrence of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in retail fresh seafood, beef, lamb, pork, and poultry from grocery stores in Seattle, Washington. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:1038–1040.[Google Scholar]
559. Sanderson M W, Gay J M, Hancock D D, Gay C C, Fox L K, Besser T ESensitivity of bacteriologic culture for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2616–2619.[Google Scholar]
560. Sandvig K, Van Deurs BEndocytosis and intracellular sorting of ricin and Shiga toxin. FEBS Lett. 1994;346:99–102.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
561. Sanger J M, Chang R, Ashton F, Kaper J B, Sanger J WNovel form of actin-based motility transports bacteria on the surface of infected cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 1996;34:279–287.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
562. Sansonetti P JMolecular and cellular biology of Shigella flexneri invasiveness: from cell assay systems to shigellosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;180:1–19.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
563. Sansonetti P J. Escherichia coli, Shigella, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 1992;5:66–73.[PubMed]
564. Sasakawa C, Buysse J M, Watanabe HThe large virulence plasmid of Shigella. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;180:21–44.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
565. Savarino S J, Fasano A, Robertson D C, Levine M MEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli elaborate a heat-stable enterotoxin demonstrable in an in vitro rabbit intestinal model. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:1450–1455.[Google Scholar]
566. Savarino S J, Fasano A, Watson J, Martin B M, Levine M M, Guandalini S, Guerry PEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli heat-stable toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:3093–3097.[Google Scholar]
567. Savarino S J, Fox P, Yikang D, Nataro J PIdentification and characterization of a gene cluster mediating enteroaggregative Escherichia coli aggregative adherence fimbria I biogenesis. J Bacteriol. 1994;176:4949–4957.[Google Scholar]
568. Savarino S J, McVeigh A, Watson J, Molina J, Cravioto A, Echeverria P, Bhan M K, Levine M M, Fasano AEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is not restricted to enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1019–1022.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
569. Savkovic S D, Koutsouris A, Hecht GAttachment of a noninvasive enteric pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, to cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers induces transmigration of neutrophils. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4480–4487.[Google Scholar]
570. Savkovic S D, Koutsouris A, Hecht GActivation of NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Am J Physiol. 1997;273:C1160–C1167.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
571. Scaletsky I C A, Gatti M S V, Da Silveira J F, DeLuca I M S, Freymuller E, Travassos L RPlasmid coding for drug resistance and invasion of epithelial cells in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O111:H- Microb Pathog. 1995;18:387–399.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
572. Scaletsky I C A, Silva M L M, Trabulsi L RDistinctive patterns of adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HeLa cells. Infect Immun. 1984;45:534–536.[Google Scholar]
573. Schauer D B, Falkow SAttaching and effacing locus of a Citrobacter freundii biotype that causes transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Infect Immun. 1993;61:2486–2492.[Google Scholar]
574. Schauer D B, Falkow SThe eae gene of Citrobacter freundii biotype 4280 is necessary for colonization in transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4654–4661.[Google Scholar]
575. Schmidt H, Beutin L, Karch H Hemolytic properties of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 strain EDL 933. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 279–282. [PubMed]
576. Schmidt H, Beutin L, Karch HMolecular analysis of the plasmid-encoded hemolysin of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL 933. Infect Immun. 1995;63:1055–1061.[Google Scholar]
577. Schmidt H, Karch HEnterohemolytic phenotypes and genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O111 strains from patients with diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2364–2367.[Google Scholar]
578. Schmidt H, Karch H, Beutin LThe large-sized plasmids of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 strains encode hemolysins which are presumably members of the E. coli α-hemolysin family. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994;117:189–196.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
579. Schmidt H, Kernbach C, Karch HAnalysis of the EHEC hly operon and its location in the physical map of the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiology. 1996;142:907–914.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
580. Schmidt H, Knop C, Franke S, Aleksic S, Heeseman J, Karch HDevelopment of PCR for screening of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:701–705.[Google Scholar]
581. Schmidt H, Montag M, Bockemühl J, Heesemann J, Karch HShiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples. Infect Immun. 1993;61:534–543.[Google Scholar]
582. Schmidt H, Rüssmann H, Karch HVirulence determinants in nontoxinogenic Escherichia coli O157 strains that cause infantile diarrhea. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4894–4898.[Google Scholar]
583. Schoolnik G K PCR detection of Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. In: Persing D H, Smith T F, Tenover F C, White T J, editors. Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications. Rochester, N.Y: Mayo Foundation; 1993. pp. 277–281. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
584. Schroeder S A, Caldwell J R, Vernon T M, White P C, Granger S I, Bennett J VA waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in adults associated with Escherichia coli. Lancet. 1968;i:737–740.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
585. Schultsz CDetection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in stool samples by using nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes and PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;1994:2393–2397.[Google Scholar]
586. Scotland S M, Flowman R H, Rowe BEvaluation of a reversed passive latex agglutination test for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in culture supernatants. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:339–340.[Google Scholar]
587. Scotland S M, Knutton S, Said B, Rowe B Adherence to Caco-2 cells of Vero cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli belonging to serogroups other than O157. In: Karmali M A, Goglio A G, editors. Recent advances in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infections. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science B.V.; 1994. pp. 257–260. [PubMed]
588. Scotland S M, Richmond J E, Rowe BAdhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to HEp-2 cells is not dependent on the presence of fimbriae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1983;20:191–195.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
589. Scotland S M, Smith H R, Cheasty T, Said B, Willshaw G A, Stokes N, Rowe BUse of gene probes and adhesion tests to characterize Escherichia coli belonging to enteropathogenic serogroups isolated in the United Kingdom. J Med Microbiol. 1996;44:438–443.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
590. Scotland S M, Smith H R, Rowe B. Escherichia coli O128 strains from infants with diarrhea commonly show localized adhesion and positivity in the fluorescent-actin staining test but do not hybridize with an enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor probe. Infect Immun. 1991;59:1569–1571.
591. Scotland S M, Smith H R, Willshaw G A, Rowe BVero cytotoxin production in strain of Escherichia coli is determined by genes carried on bacteriophage. Lancet. 1983;ii:216.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
592. Scott D A, Kaper J BCloning and sequencing of the genes encoding Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin. Infect Immun. 1994;62:244–251.[Google Scholar]
593. Sears C L, Kaper J BEnteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiol Rev. 1996;60:167–215.[Google Scholar]
594. Senerwa D, Olsvik O, Mutanda L N, Lindqvist K J, Gathuma J M, Fossum K, Wachsmuth KEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype O111:HNT isolated from preterm neonates in Nairobi, Kenya. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:1307–1311.[Google Scholar]
595. Sherman P, Cockerill F, Soni R, Brunton JOuter membranes are competitive inhibitors of Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1991;59:890–899.[Google Scholar]
596. Sherman P, Drumm B, Karmali M, Cutz EAdherence of bacteria to the intestine in sporadic cases of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea in infants and young children: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:86–94.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
597. Shimada T, Kosako Y, Isshiki Y, Hisatsune KEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 possesses somatic (O) antigen identical with that of Salmonella O30₁. Curr Microbiol. 1992;25:215–217.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
598. Siddons C A, Chapman P ADetection of serum and faecal antibodies in haemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39:408–415.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
599. Siegler R L, Griffin P M, Barrett T J, Strockbine N ARecurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Pediatrics. 1993;91:666–668.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
600. Sixma T K, Kalk K H, van Zanten B A, Dauter Z, Kingma J, Witholt B, Hol W GRefined structure of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin. J Mol Biol. 1993;230:890–918.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
601. Sjoberg P O, Lindahl M, Porath J, Wadstrom TPurification and characterization of CS2, a sialic acid-specific haemagglutinin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Biochem J. 1988;255:105–111.[Google Scholar]
602. Sjogren R, Neill R, Rachmilewitz D, Fritz D, Newland J, Sharpnack D, Colleton C, Fondacaro J, Gemski P, Boedeker ERole of Shiga-like toxin I in bacterial enteritis: comparison between isogenic Escherichia coli strains induced in rabbits. Gastroenterology. 1994;106:306–317.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
603. Slutsker L, Ries A A, Greene K D, Wells J G, Hutwagener L, Griffin P M. Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhea in the United States: clinical and epidemiologic features. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:505–513.[PubMed]
604. Small P L, Falkow S Development of a DNA probe for the virulence plasmid of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. In: Leive L, Bonventre P F, Morello J A, Silver S D, Wu W C, editors. Microbiology—1986. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1986. pp. 121–124. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
605. Small P L C, Falkow SIdentification of regions on a 230-kilobase plasmid from enteroinvasive Escherichia coli that are required for entry into HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun. 1988;56:225–229.[Google Scholar]
606. Smith, HR. 1997. Personal communication.
607. Smith H R, Scotland S MIsolation and identification methods for Escherichia coli O157 and other Vero cytotoxin producing strains. J Clin Pathol. 1993;46:10–17.[Google Scholar]
608. Smith H R, Scotland S M, Willshaw G A, Rowe B, Cravioto A, Eslava CIsolates of Escherichia coli O44:H18 of diverse origin are enteroaggregative. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1610–1613.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
609. Smith H W, Green P, Parsell ZVero cell toxins in Escherichia coli and related bacteria: transfer by phage and conjugation and toxic action in laboratory animals, chickens, and pigs. J Gen Microbiol. 1983;129:3121–3137.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
610. Snyder J D, Wells J G, Yashuk J, Puhr N, Blake P AOutbreak of invasive Escherichia coli gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:281–284.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
611. So M, McCarthy B JNucleotide sequence of transposon Tn 1681 encoding a heat-stable toxin (ST) and its identification in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980;77:4011–4015.[Google Scholar]
612. Sohel I, Puente J L, Murray W J, Vuopio-Varkila J, Schoolnik G KCloning and characterization of the bundle-forming pilin gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and its distribution in Salmonella serotypes. Mol Microbiol. 1993;7:563–575.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
613. Sohel I, Puente J L, Ramer S W, Bieber D, Wu C, Schoolnik G KEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli: identification of a gene cluster coding for bundle-forming pilus morphogenesis. J Bacteriol. 1996;178:2613–2628.[Google Scholar]
614. Sordillo E M, Nusbaum M EScreening for Escherichia coli O157:H7—a nationwide survey of clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:1868.[Google Scholar]
615. Sowers E G, Wells J G, Strockbine N AEvaluation of commercial latex reagents for identification of O157 and H7 antigens of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:1286–1289.[Google Scholar]
616. Spangler B DStructure and function of cholera toxin and the related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56:622–647.[Google Scholar]
617. Speirs J, Stavric S, Buchanan BAssessment of two commercial agglutination kits for detecting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Can J Microbiol. 1991;37:877–880.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
618. Spitz J, Yuhan R, Koutsouris A, Blatt C, Alverdy J, Hecht GEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence to intestinal epithelial monolayers diminishes barrier function. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:G374–G379.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
619. Stacy-Phipps S, Mecca J J, Weiss J BMultiplex PCR assay and simple preparation method for stool specimens detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli DNA during the course of infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1054–1059.[Google Scholar]
620. Staley T E, Jones E W, Corley L DAttachment and penetration of Escherichia coli into intestinal epithelium of the ileum in newborn pigs. Am J Pathol. 1969;56:371–392.[Google Scholar]
621. Stein M, Kenny B, Stein M A, Finlay B BCharacterization of EspC, a 110-kilodalton protein secreted by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli which is homologous to members of the immunoglobulin A protease-like family of secreted proteins. J Bacteriol. 1996;178:6546–6554.[Google Scholar]
622. Stein M A, Mathers D A, Yan H, Baimbridge K G, Finlay B BEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli markedly decreases the resting membrane potential of Caco-2 and HeLa human epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1996;64:4820–4825.[Google Scholar]
623. Steiner, T. S., A. A. M. Lima, J. P. Nataro, and R. L. Guerrant. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produce intestinal inflammation and growth impairment and cause interleukin-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells. J. Infect. Dis., in press. [[PubMed]
624. Stevenson J S. Bact.coli D 433 in cases of diarrhoea in adults. Br Med J. 1950;2:195–196.
625. Stone K D, Zhang H-Z, Carlson L K, Donnenberg M SA cluster of fourteen genes from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is sufficient for the BFP ultrastructure. Mol Microbiol. 1996;20:325–338.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
626. Streatfield S J, Sandkvist M, Sixma T K, Bagdasarian M, Hol W G J, Hirst T RIntermolecular interactions between the A and B subunits of heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli promote holotoxin assembly and stability in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:12140–12144.[Google Scholar]
627. Strockbine, N. A., J. G. Wells, and T. J. Barrett. Isolation of STEC from clinical specimens. In J. B. Kaper and A. D. O’Brien (ed.), Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, in press. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
628. Stroeher U H, Bode L, Beutin L, Manning P ACharacterization and sequence of a 33-kDa enterohemolysin (Ehly1)-associated protein in Escherichia coli. Gene. 1993;132:89–94.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
629. Su C, Brandt L J. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:698–714.[PubMed]
630. Svennerholm A-M, Åhrén C, Jertborn M Vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections. I. Oral inactivated vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In: Levine M M, Woodrow G C, Kaper J B, Cobon G S, editors. New generation vaccines. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1997. pp. 865–873. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
631. Swerdlow D L, Woodruff B A, Brady R C, Griffin P M, Tippen S, Donnell H D, Geldreich E, Payne B J, Meyer A, Wells J GA waterborne outbreak in Missouri of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhea and death. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:812–819.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
632. Swinbanks DJapan shuns radishes after ‘possible link’ to E. coli. Nature. 1996;382:567.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
633. Szabo R A, Todd E C, Jean AMethod to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from food. J Food Prot. 1986;10:768–772.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
634. Tacket C O, Levine M M Vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections. II. Live oral vaccines and subunit (purified fimbriae and toxin subunit) vaccines. In: Levine M M, Woodrow G C, Kaper J B, Cobon G S, editors. New generation vaccines. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1997. pp. 875–883. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
635. Takeda T, Tanimura M, Yoshino K, Matsuda E, Uchida H, Ikeda N. Early use of antibiotics for STEC O157 infection reduces the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: Kaper J B, O’Brien A D, editors. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, in press. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 1998. [PubMed]
636. Takeda Y. Shiga and Shiga-like (Vero) toxins. In: Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu A T, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995. pp. 313–326. [PubMed]
637. Taniguchi T, Arita M, Sato M, Yamamoto K, Miwatani T, Honda TEvidence that the N-terminal amino acid sequence of pilus colonization factor antigen III produced by human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is similar to that of TcpA pilin of Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1049–1050.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
638. Taniguchi T, Fujino Y, Yamamoto K, Miwatani T, Honda TSequencing of the gene encoding the major pilin of pilus colonization factor antigen III (CFA/III) of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and evidence that CFA/III is related to type IV pili. Infect Immun. 1995;63:724–728.[Google Scholar]
639. Tarr P I. Escherichia coli O157:H7: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological aspects of human infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:1–10.[PubMed]
640. Tarr, PI. 1997. Personal communication.
641. Tarr P I, Fouser L S, Stapleton A E, Wilson R A, Kim H H, Vary J C, Jr, Clausen C RHemolytic-uremic syndrome in a six-year-old girl after a urinary tract infection with Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103:H2. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:635–637.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
642. Tarr P I, Neill M APerspective: The problem of non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1136–1139.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
643. Tarr P I, Neill M A, Clausen C R, Watkins S L, Christie D L, Hickman R O. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic uremic syndrome: importance of early cultures in establishing the etiology. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:553–556.[PubMed]
644. Taylor C J, Hart A, Batt R M, McDougall C, McLean LUltrastructural and biochemical changes in human jejunal mucosa associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (O111) infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986;5:70–73.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
645. Taylor D N, Echeverria P, Sethabutr O, Pitarangi C, Leksomboon U, Blacklow N R, Rowe B, Gross R, Cross JClinical and microbiologic features of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infections detected by DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:1362–1366.[Google Scholar]
646. Taylor J, Wilkins M P, Payne J MRelation of rabbit gut reaction to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Br J Exp Pathol. 1961;42:43–52.[Google Scholar]
647. Teneberg S, Hirst T R, Ångström J, Karlsson K-AComparison of the glycolipid-binding specificities of cholera toxin and porcine Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin: identification of a receptor-active non-ganglioside glycolipid for the heat-labile toxin in infant rabbit small intestine. Glycoconjugate J. 1994;11:533–540.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
648. Tennant J M, Mattick J S. Type 4 fimbriae. In: Klemm P, editor. Fimbriae: adhesion, genetics, biogenesis and vaccines. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Inc.; 1994. pp. 127–146. [PubMed]
649. Tesh V L, O’Brien A DThe pathogenic mechanisms of Shiga toxin and the Shiga-like toxins. Mol Microbiol. 1991;5:1817–1822.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
650. Tesh V L, Ramegowda B, Samuel J EPurified Shiga-like toxins induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines from murine peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun. 1994;62:5085–5094.[Google Scholar]
651. Thomas A, Cheasty T, Chart H, Rowe BIsolation of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes O9ab:H- and O101:H-carrying VT2 variant gene sequences from a patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;13:1074–1076.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
652. Thomas A, Smith H R, Rowe BUse of digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide DNA probes for VT2 and VT2 human variant genes to differentiate Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O157. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:1700–1703.[Google Scholar]
653. Thompson J S, Hodge D S, Borczyk A ARapid biochemical test to identify verocytotoxin-positive strains of Escherichia coli serotype O157. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2165–2168.[Google Scholar]
654. Tilney L G, Portnoy D AActin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. J Cell Biol. 1989;109:1597–1608.[Google Scholar]
655. Tobe T, Schoolnik G K, Sohel I, Bustamante V H, Puente J LCloning and characterization of bfpTVW, genes required for the transcriptional activation of bfpA in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1996;21:963–975.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
656. Tobe T, Yoshikawa M, Mizuno T, Sasakawa CTranscriptional control of the invasion regulatory gene virB of Shigella flexneri: activation by VirF and repression by H-NS. J Bacteriol. 1993;175:6142–6149.[Google Scholar]
657. Toledo M R, Alvariza M, Murahovschi J, Ramos S R, Trabulsi L REnteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes and endemic diarrhea in infants. Infect Immun. 1983;39:586–589.[Google Scholar]
658. Tornieporth N G, John J, Salgado K, de Jesus P, Latham E, Melo M C, Gunzburg S T, Riley L WDifferentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1371–1374.[Google Scholar]
659. Torres A G, Payne S MHaem iron-transport system in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Mol Microbiol. 1997;23:825–833.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
660. Toth I, Barrett T J, Cohen M L, Rumschlag H S, Green J H, Wachsmuth I KEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for products of the 60-megadalton plasmid of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:1016–1019.[Google Scholar]
661. Toth I, Cohen M L, Rumschlag H S, Riley L W, White E H, Carr J H, Bond W W, Wachsmuth I KInfluence of the 60-megadalton plasmid on adherence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and genetic derivatives. Infect Immun. 1990;58:1223–1231.[Google Scholar]
662. Trabulsi, L. R., L. C. Campos, T. S. Whittam, T. A. T. Gomes, J. Roderigues, and A. G. Goncalves. 1996. Traditional and non-traditional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroups. Rev. Microbiol. Sao Paulo 27(Suppl. 1):1–6.
663. Tulloch E F, Ryan K J, Formal S B, Franklin F AInvasive enteropathic Escherichia coli dysentery. Ann Intern Med. 1973;79:13–17.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
664. Turvill J L, Mourad F H, Perrett D, Farthing M J GTissue and luminal 5-HT levels in cholera toxin and E. coli heat labile toxin induced secretion. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:A333.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
665. Tyler S D, Johnson W M, Lior H, Wang G, Rozee K RIdentification of verotoxin type 2 variant B subunit genes in Escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:1339–1343.[Google Scholar]
666. Tzipori S, Gibson R, Montanaro JNature and distribution of mucosal lesions associated with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in piglets and the role of plasmid-mediated factors. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1142–1150.[Google Scholar]
667. Tzipori S, Gunzer F, Donnenberg M S, deMontigny L, Kaper J B, Donohue-Rolfe AThe role of the eaeA gene in diarrhea and neurological complications in a gnotobiotic piglet model of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3621–3627.[Google Scholar]
668. Tzipori S, Karch H, Wachsmuth I K, Robins-Browne R M, O’Brien A D, Lior H, Cohen M L, Smithers J, Levine M MRole of a 60-megadalton plasmid and Shiga-like toxins in the pathogenesis of infection caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun. 1987;55:3117–3125.[Google Scholar]
669. Tzipori S, Montanaro J, Robins-Browne R M, Vial P, Gibson R, Levine M MStudies with enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in the gnotobiotic piglet gastroenteritis model. Infect Immun. 1992;60:5302–5306.[Google Scholar]
670. Tzipori, S., and J. P. Nataro. 1997. Unpublished data.
671. Tzipori S, Robins-Browne R M, Gonis G, Hayes J, Withers M, McCartney EEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli enteritis: evaluation of the gnotobiotic piglet as a model of human infection. Gut. 1985;26:570–578.[Google Scholar]
672. Tzschaschel B D, Guzman C A, Timmis K N, De Lorenzo VAn Escherichia coli hemolysin transport system-based vector for the export of polypeptides: export of Shiga-like toxin IIeB subunit by Salmonella typhimurium aroA. Bio/Technology. 1996;14:765–769.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
673. Ulshen M H, Rollo J LPathogenesis of Escherichia coli gastroenteritis in man—another mechanism. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:99–101.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
674. Vaandrager A B, Van der Wiel E, Hom M L, Luthjens L H, de Jonge H RHeat-stable enterotoxin receptor/guanylyl cyclase C is an oligomer consisting of functionally distinct subunits, which are non-covalently linked in the intestine. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:16409–16415.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
675. Valvatne H, Sommerfelt H, Gaastra W, Bhan M K, Grewal H M SIdentification and characterization of CS20, a new putative colonization factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1996;64:2635–2642.[Google Scholar]
676. Van de Kar N C A J, Monnens L A H, Karmali M A, Van Hinsbergh V W MTumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 induce expression of the verotoxin receptor globotriaosylceramide on human endothelial cells: implications for the pathogenesis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood. 1992;80:2755–2764.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
677. Van de Kar N C A J, Sauerwein R W, Demacker P N M, Grau G E, Van Hinsbergh V W M, Monnens L A HPlasma cytokine levels in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Nephron. 1995;71:309–313.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
678. Van Gijsegem F, Genin S, Boucher CConservation of secretion pathways for pathogenicity determinants of plant and animal bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 1993;1:175–180.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
679. Vasselon T, Mounier J, Hellio R, Sansonetti P JMovement along actin filaments of the perijunctional area and de novo polymerization of cellular actin are required for Shigella flexneri colonization of epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. Infect Immun. 1992;60:1031–1040.[Google Scholar]
680. Venkatesan M M, Buysse J M, Oaks E VSurface presentation of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens requires the products of the spa locus. J Bacteriol. 1992;174:1990–2001.[Google Scholar]
681. Verma P, Daly J A Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1996. Surveillance and detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli toxin in a pediatric population in the intermountain West, abstr. C-358; p. 64. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
682. Vial P A, Mathewson J J, DuPont H L, Guers L, Levine M MComparison of two assay methods for patterns of adherence to HEp-2 cells of Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:882–885.[Google Scholar]
683. Vial P A, Robins Browne R, Lior H, Prado V, Kaper J B, Nataro J P, Maneval D, Elsayed A, Levine M MCharacterization of enteroadherent-aggregative Escherichia coli, a putative agent of diarrheal disease. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:70–79.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
684. Viboud G I, Binsztein N, Svennerholm A MA new fimbrial putative colonization factor, PCFO20, in human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1993;61:5190–5197.[Google Scholar]
685. Viljanen M K, Peltola T, Junnila S Y T, Olkkonen L, Järvinen H, Kuistila M, Huovinen POutbreak of diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111:B4 in schoolchildren and adults: association of Vi antigen-like reactivity. Lancet. 1990;336:831–834.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
686. Wadolkowski E A, Sung L M, Burris J A, Samuel J E, O’Brien A DAcute renal tubular necrosis and death of mice orally infected with Escherichia coli strains that produce Shiga-like toxin type II. Infect Immun. 1990;58:3959–3965.[Google Scholar]
687. Wai S N, Takade A, Amako KThe hydrophobic surface protein layer of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996;135:17–22.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
688. Wallace J S, Cheasty T, Jones KIsolation of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from wild birds. J Appl Microbiol. 1997;82:399–404.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
689. Wanke C A, Cronan S, Goss C, Chadee K, Guerrant R LCharacterization of binding of Escherichia coli strains which are enteropathogens to small-bowel mucin. Infect Immun. 1990;58:794–800.[Google Scholar]
690. Wanke C A, Schorling J B, Barrett L J, Desouza M A, Guerrant R LPotential role of adherence traits of Escherichia coli in persistent diarrhea in an urban Brazilian slum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:746–751.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
691. Wells J G, Shipman L D, Greene K D, Sowers E G, Green J H, Cameron D N, Downes F P, Martin M L, Griffin P M, Ostroff S M, Potter M E, Tauxe R V, Wachsmuth I KIsolation of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and other Shiga-like-toxin-producing E. coli from dairy cattle. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:985–989.[Google Scholar]
692. Whittam, T. S., and E. A. McGraw. 1996. Clonal analysis of EPEC serogroups. Rev. Microbiol. Sao Paulo 27(Suppl. 1):7–16.
693. Whittam T S, Wachsmuth I K, Wilson R AGenetic evidence of clonal descent of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:1124–1133.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
694. Whittam T S, Wilson R AGenetic relationships among pathogenic Escherichia coli of serogroup O157. Infect Immun. 1988;56:2467–2473.[Google Scholar]
695. Whittam T S, Wolfe M L, Wachsmuth I K, Orskov F, Orskov I, Wilson R AClonal relationships among Escherichia coli strains that cause hemorrhagic colitis and infantile diarrhea. Infect Immun. 1993;61:1619–1629.[Google Scholar]
696. Willshaw G A, Scotland S M, Smith H R, Cheasty T, Thomas A, Rowe BHybridization of strains of Escherichia coli O157 with probes derived from the eaeA gene of enteropathogenic E. coli and the eaeA homolog from a Vero cytotoxin-producing strain of E. coli O157. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:897–902.[Google Scholar]
697. Willshaw G A, Scotland S M, Smith H R, Rowe BProperties of vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli of human origin of O serogroups other than O157. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:797–802.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
698. Willshaw G A, Smith H R, Scotland S M, Field A M, Rowe BHeterogeneity of Escherichia coli phages encoding Vero cytotoxins: comparison of cloned sequences determining VT1 and VT2 and development of specific gene probes. J Gen Microbiol. 1987;133:1309–1317.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
699. Wilson J B, Clarke R C, Renwick S A, Rahn K, Johnson R P, Karmali M A, Lior H, Alves D, Gyles C L, Sandhu K S, McEwen S A, Spika J SVero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1021–1027.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
700. Winsor D K, Jr, Ashkenazi S, Chiovetti R, Cleary T GAdherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains to a human colonic epithelial cell line (T84) Infect Immun. 1992;60:1613–1617.[Google Scholar]
701. Witham P K, Yamashiro C T, Livak K J, Batt C AA PCR-based assay for the detection of Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin genes in ground beef. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:1347–1353.[Google Scholar]
702. Wolf M KOccurrence, distribution, and association of O and H serogroups, colonization factor antigens, and toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:569–584.[Google Scholar]
703. Wolf M K, Andrews G P, Tall B D, McConnell M M, Levine M M, Boedeker E CCharacterization of CS4 and CS6 antigenic components of PCF8775, a putative colonization factor complex from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli E8775. Infect Immun. 1989;57:164–173.[Google Scholar]
704. Wolf M K, DeHaan L A M, Cassels F J, Willshaw G A, Warren R, Boedeker E C, Gaastra WThe CS6 colonization factor of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli contains two heterologous major subunits. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;148:35–42.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
705. Wood L V, Ferguson L E, Hogan P, Thurman D, Morgan D, DuPont H L, Ericsson C DIncidence of bacterial enteropathogens in foods from Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983;46:328–332.[Google Scholar]
706. Wood P K, Morris J G, Small P L, Sethabutr O, Toledo M R, Trabulsi L, Kaper J BComparison of DNA probes and the Sereny test for identification of invasive Shigella and Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24:498–500.[Google Scholar]
707. Wright D J, Chapman P A, Siddons C AImmunomagnetic separation as a sensitive method for isolating Escherichia coli O157 from food samples. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113:31–39.[Google Scholar]
708. Wu S-X, Peng R-QStudies on an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea caused by EPEC O127:H6 with plasmid analysis restriction analysis and outer membrane protein determination. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1992;81:217–221.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
709. Yamada S, Kai A, Kudoh YSerodiagnosis by passive hemagglutination test and verotyoxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:955–959.[Google Scholar]
710. Yamamoto T, Echeverria P, Yokota TDrug resistance and adherence to human intestines of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:744–749.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
711. Yamamoto T, Echeverria PDetection of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene sequences in enterotoxigenic E. coli strains pathogenic for humans. Infect Immun. 1996;64:1441–1445.[Google Scholar]
712. Yamamoto T, Kaneko M, Changchawalit S, Serichantalergs O, Ijuin S, Echeverria PActin accumulation associated with clustered and localized adherence in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with diarrhea. Infect Immun. 1994;62:2917–2929.[Google Scholar]
713. Yamanaka H, Kameyama M, Baba T, Fujii Y, Okamoto KMaturation pathway of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin I. Requirement of DsbA for disulfide bond formation. J Bacteriol. 1994;176:2906–2913.[Google Scholar]
714. Yolken R H, Greenberg H B, Merson M H, Sack R B, Kapikian A ZEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J Clin Microbiol. 1977;5:439–444.[Google Scholar]
715. Yu H, Bruno J GImmunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhimurium in foods and environmental water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:587–592.[Google Scholar]
716. Yu J, Kaper J BCloning and characterization of the eae gene of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Mol Microbiol. 1992;6:411–417.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
717. Yuhan R, Koutsouris A, Hecht GEnteropathogenic E. coli-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain increases intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability. Gastroenterol. 1995;108:A948. . (Abstract.) [PubMed][Google Scholar]
718. Zadik P M, Chapman P A, Siddons C AUse of tellurite for the selection of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157. J Med Microbiol. 1993;39:155–158.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
719. Zhang H-Z, Donnenberg M S Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1993. Washington, D.C: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. Localized adherence by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) requires the chromosomal dsbA locus, abstr. B-312. [PubMed][Google Scholar]
720. Zhang H-Z, Donnenberg M SDsbA is required for stability of the type IV pilin of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 1996;21:787–797.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
721. Zhao T, Doyle M P, Besser R EFate of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider with and without preservatives. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993;59:2526–2530.[Google Scholar]
722. Zhu C, Harel J, Jacques M, Desautels C, Donnenberg M S, Beaudry M, Fairbrother J MVirulence properties and attaching-effacing activity of Escherichia coli O45 from swine postweaning diarrhea. Infect Immun. 1994;62:4153–4159.[Google Scholar]
723. Zhu Q Y, Li L Q, Lin W M, Zhou Z J, Liu C JDetection of genes for heat-stable enterotoxin in Escherichia coli by biotinylated ST-DNA probes. Chin Med J. 1994;107:338–341.[PubMed][Google Scholar]
724. Zychlinsky A, Kenny B, Menard R, Prevost M C, Holland I B, Sansonetti P JIpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. Mol Microbiol. 1994;11:619–627.[PubMed][Google Scholar]