Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. Dec/31/2014; 6(1): 24-28

PMID: 25878460

PMC: 4395924

Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India

Abstract

Background:

Sida L., is a medicinally important genus, the species of which are widely used in traditional systems of medicine in India. Pharmacologically, roots are known for anti-tumor, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, and many other properties. Phenolic antioxidants help in reducing oxidative stress occurring during treatment of such diseases.

Objective:

The study aimed to evaluate and compare polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of eight selected species of Sida from Western Ghats, India.

Materials and Methods:

Methanolic root extracts (10% w/v) of Sida species, viz., S. acuta, S. cordata, S. cordifolia, S. indica, S. mysorensis, S. retusa, S. rhombifolia, and S. spinosa were analyzed.

Results:

Sida cordifolia possessed highest total phenolic content (TPC: 1.92 ± 0.10 mg Caffeic Acid Equivalent/g and 2.13 ± 0.11 mg Tannic Acid Equivalant/g), total flavonoid content (TF: 2.60 ± 0.13 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g) and also possessed highest antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (51.31 ± 2.57% Radical Scavenging Activity, (RSA); Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity: 566.25 ± 28.31μM; Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity: 477.80 ± 23.89 μM) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays (TEAC: 590.67 ± 29.53 μM; AEAC: 600.67 ± 30.03 μM). Unlike DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) activity, 2, 2′-Azinobis (3-ethyl Benzo Thiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) ABTS⁺ antioxidant activity was highest in S. indica (TEAC: 878.44 ± 43.92 μM; AEAC 968.44 ± 48.42 μM). It was significant to note that values of AEAC (μM) for all the antioxidant activities analyzed were higher than that of TEAC.

Conclusion:

The high contents of phenolic compounds in the root extracts of selected Sida species have direct correlation with their antioxidant properties. Conclusively, roots of S. cordifolia can be considered as the potential source of polyphenols and antioxidants.

INTRODUCTION

Genus Sida L., belonging to family Malvaceae, comprises about 200 species distributed throughout the world and 17 species are reported to occur in India.[1] Roots of many of the speceis are valued for their medicinal properites. The plant is also well documented in Ayurveda, ancient Indian system of medicine. Bala is an important plant in Ayurvedic system of medicine belonging to Karpasa kula (family of cotton plant),[2] used as Rasayana[3] to treat various ailments such as Vatavyadhis (degenerative and musculoskeletal diseases)[4] and Pradara (gynecological diseases).[5] It is known for various pharmacological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, treatment for gonorrhea, and also reported as immuno-enhancer.[6]

Even though the plants belonging to genus Sida are well known for medicinal properties, especially in the Indian classical systems, the crisis in their correct botanical identity still persists. As per classical references, Bhavaprakasha nighantu[7] mentions existence of four varieties of Bala (Balachatushtayam) while Dhanvanthari nighantu[8] mentions five varieties (Panchabala). Generally, as per the classics, Bala is referred to Sida cordifolia L., Mahabala is correlated to two plants viz. Kshetrabala (Sida rhombifolia L.) and Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea L.). Similarly, the name Atibala is attributed to Abutilon indicum L. and Nagabala indicate three plants, i.e. Bhumibala (Sida veronicaefolia L.), Kantakinibala (Sida spinosa L.), and Gudasharkara (Grewia hirsuta Vanb.).[9] Other classical references mentioned about Rajabala or Bruhad naga bala as Sida acuta Burm.f.[10] There are differences of opinions regarding botanical identities of Bala, which are still controversial.[11] In addition, few other species of Sida such as S. mysorensis, S. cordata, S. spinosa, and S. retusa are also found to be used as substitutes for one or the other species of Sida.[6]

Phenolic compounds present in plants are considered to have a great deal of biologically active constituents and therefore have been studied extensively. One of the prominent properties of the phenolics is their excellent radical scavenging activity.[12] Flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds, are well known for their biological properties, such as free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme, and anti inflammatory action.[13]

In view of the existing crisis among different species of Sida as Bala, the present work was carried out to study and compare the total polyphenol contents with antioxidant activity in selected Sida species. Methanolic root extracts of eight Sida species, collected from Western Ghats were used to evaluate their total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, and antioxidative potencies (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of plant material and extraction

The plants of eight Sida species viz. S. acuta, S. cordata, S. cordifolia, S. indica, S. mysorensis, S. retusa, S. rhombifolia, and S. spinosa were collected in the month of April–May from Western Ghats regions of Belgaum district. Authenticated voucher specimens have been deposited at Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Belgaum, Karnataka, India for future reference. [Voucher specimen Nos.: Sida cordata Boiss. (RMRC 475), Sida spinosa L. (RMRC 477), Sida rhombifolia L. (RMRC 479), Sida acuta Burm.f.(RMRC 484), Sida cordifolia L. (RMRC 938), Sida indica L. (RMRC 939), Sida mysorensis Wt. and Arn. (RMRC 970), Sida retusa L. (RMRC 971)].

The roots were cleaned properly, shade dried, and coarsely powdered. The powdered materials (10 g) were extracted with methanol (100 mL) by cold maceration and the extracts obtained were concentrated under reduced pressure at 40°C using rotary evaporator (Heidolf, Germany). These residues were stored at 4°C until further use.

Total phenolic content

Total phenolic content was quantified using modified Folin-Ciocalteu method.[14] The assay mixture was prepared using 0.5 mL of distilled water, 0.125 mL different concentrations of standard Tannic acid, and/or Caffeic acid with 0.125 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, incubated for 10 min in dark. After 10 min 1.25 mL 7% aq. sodium carbonate and 1 mL of distilled water was added and the reaction mixture was incubated in dark for 90 min at 37^° C. The absorbance of blue color was read at 760 nm using distilled water instead of standards in the reaction mixture as blank on double beam spectrophotometer. Similarly, extracts prepared (10% w/v in methanol) were also quantified and the results were compared to the standard curves and expressed as mg tannic or caffeic acid equivalent per gram dry powder for the samples.

Total flavonoids

Total flavonoid contents were quantified using method explained by Luximon et al.[15] One milliliter of 2% methanolic AlCl₃ was reacted with 1 mL of different concentrations of standard quercetin for 10 min in dark. Absorbance was measured at 367 nm on double beam spectrophotometer using 2% methanolic AlCl₃ as blank. Standard was replaced with extracts prepared (10% w/v in methanol) and results were compared to the standard curves obtained. The results were expressed as mg quercetin equivalent per gram dry powder for the samples.

Antioxidant activities

DPPH radical scavenging assay

The antioxidant activities were determined as the measure of radical scavenging using DPPH assay.[16] Two milliliter of methanolic solution of DPPH (25 ppm) was mixed with 50 μl of 10% sample extract and the mixture was incubated for 30 min in dark. The absorbance at 515 nm was measured using methanol as blank. Similarly, different concentration of ascorbic acid and/or Trolox was used instead of plant extract as reference standard during the experiment. The inhibition percentage of DPPH (% DPPH) was calculated and the results were expressed as % RSA (Radical Scavenging Activity).

Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay

The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay[17] was used to measure the total antioxidant power of extracts. In FRAP assay, reductants (antioxidants) in the sample reduce Fe3+/tripyridyltriazine complex, present in stoichiometric excess, to the blue colored ferrous form, with an increase in absorbance at 593 nm. The Δ A is proportional to the combined (total) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRA P value) of the antioxidants in 10% sample extracts. The FRAP assay results were expressed as μM ascorbic acid and/or Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC/TEAC).

2, 2′-Azinobis (3-ethyl Benzo Thiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method

ABTS method described by Re et al.[18] was used during the study. ABTS was dissolved in water to a concentration 7 mM. ABTS radical cation (ABTS·+) was produced by reacting ABTS stock solution with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (final concentration) and allowing the mixture to stand in the dark at room temperature for 16 hours before use. The resulted ABTS•+ solution was diluted with methanol to an absorbance of 0.7 (±0.02) at 734 nm using spectrophotometer. Sample extracts (100 μL, 10% w/v) were allowed to react with 2 mL of the ABTS•+ solution for 30 min in dark condition. Then the absorbance was measured at 734 nm using a spectrophotometer. Different concentration of ascorbic acid and Trolox were used as reference standards. Results were expressed in μM ascorbic acid and/or Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC/TEAC).

Results and Discussion

Total phenolic content

The total phenolic content (TPC) of selected Sida species were expressed in terms of caffeic acid/tannic acid equivalents using the standard curve equation as shown in Table 1 and the TPC are presented in Table 2. TPC were ranging between 0.72 ± 0.04 to 1.92 ± 0.10 mg CAE/g and 0.93 ± 0.05 to 2.13 ± 0.11 mg TAE/g. S. retusa possessed lowest TPC while S. cordifolia the highest. The selected Sida species may be arranged on basis of TPC from lowest as in S. retusa<S. cordata<S. rhombifolia<S. acuta<S. indica< S. spinosa<S. mysorensis<S. cordifolia to highest. Tannic acid equivalent TPC were higher than the caffeic acid equivalent TPC in all species.

Table 1

Standard curve equation

Table 2

Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Sida species

Total flavonoids

The total flavonoids (TF) of selected Sida species were expressed in terms of quercetin equivalent using the standard curve equation as shown in Table 1 and the TF values are presented in Table 2. TF were ranging from 0.70 ± 0.03 to 1.26 ± 0.06 mg QE/g. S. retusa possessed lowest TF and S. cordifolia the highest. The selected species may be arranged on basis of TF from lowest as in S. retusa<S. acuta<S. rhombifolia<S. cordata<S. indica<S. spinosa<S. mysorensis<S. cordifolia to the highest.

Antioxidant activities

The result of antioxidant activities expressed in terms of μM AEAC/TEAC using the standard curve equations which are showed in Table 1. Similarly, the results of the different antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3

Comparative antioxidant activities of Sida species

DPPH radical scavenging assay

Table 3 summarizes % DPPH radical scavenging activity (% RSA) in the Sida species. The RSA ranged between 17.42 ± 0.87 to 51.31 ± 2.57% and observed a difference of 30% between lowest and highest % RSA. S. cordifolia showed highest radical scavenging activity with 51.31 ± 2.57% and S. retusa had lowest activity (17.42 ± 0.87%). The selected species may be arranged on basis of % RSA from lowest as in S. retusa<S. cordata<S. acuta<S. rhombifolia<S. indica<S. spinosa<S. mysorensis<S. cordifolia to highest. TEAC (μM) values for DPPH activity of the Sida species were higher than AEAC in all species.

FRAP assay

The values for FRAP activity assay ranged from 292.00 ± 20.58 to 590.67 ± 29.53 μM TEAC and 302.00 ± 15.10 to 600.67 ± 30.03 μM AEAC. S. retusa possess lowest activity and S. cordifolia the highest [Table 3]. The selected Sida species may be arranged on basis of activity (both TEAC and AEAC) from lowest as in S. retusa<S. cordata<S. acuta<S. rhombifolia<S. pinosa<S. indica<S. mysorensis<S. cordifolia to highest. FRAP_AEAC was better than FRAP_TEAC.

ABTS method

The results for ABTS antioxidant activity is presented in Table 3, which ranged from 613.78 ± 30.69 to 878.44 ± 43.92 μM TEAC and 703.78 ± 35.19 and 968.44 ± 48.42 μM AEAC. Here unlike DPPH and FRAP, S. indica possessed highest antioxidant activity and S. cordata showed lowest. The selected Sida species may be arranged on basis of activity (both TEAC and AEAC) from lowest as in S. cordata<S. retusa<S. mysorensis<S. acuta<S. cordifolia<S. spinosa<S. rhombifolia<S. indica to highest. ABTS_AEAC was better than ABTS_TEAC.

The results suggest that the studied Sida species contained varied range of antioxidant activity in relation to polyphenolic contents. It is also observed that extracts with higher concentrations of polyphenolic contents have strong antioxidant effect. From our study, we note that extract of S. cordifolia is high in polyphenolic content and possess good antioxidant activity as compared to other selected species. The results were in accordance with observations made by Konate et al.[19] in S. cordifolia and in some herbs by Zheng et al.[20] Koh et al. also attributed higher antioxidant activity of Cymbopogon citratus to higher content of polyphenols.[21] Similar findings were reported by Zainol et al. indicated strong association between antioxidative activities and phenolic compounds, suggesting that phenolic compounds are probably responsible for the antioxidative activities of Centella asiatica.[22] Reports suggested that phenolic compounds were responsible for the antioxidant activity in some selected fruits, vegetables, grains, and medicinal plants.[23 24]

Furthermore, on the basis of antioxidant activity, the plants under studies can be classified in to 4 groups as Group I: Sida cordifolia: with high activity; Group II: Sida spinosa, S. indica, and S. mysorensis: having moderate activity; Group III: Sida acuta, and S. rhombifolia: low activity; and Group IV: Sida cordata and S. retusa: with poor activity [Table 3]. These variations in the activities can be attributed to the varied levels of TPC and TF, as the correlation between polyphenols and antioxidant activities has been well established.[25] It is interesting to note that the higher content of TPC and flavonoids in Sida cordifolia, S. mysorensis, S. spinosa, and S. indica (arranged high to low) are also associated with higher antioxidant activity.

Sida is one of the important medicinal plant species used to treat various diseases in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine. The study provides a comprehensive comparison on polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of root extracts of eight Sida species. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that methanolic root extract of S. cordifolia can be a good source of polyphenolics, which also exhibited highest antioxidant activity among the eight selected species.

Footnotes

Source of Support: Funded by Principal, KLEU's BMK Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya and Director in Charge, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Belgaum

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors are indebted to Principal KLEU's BMK Ayurvedic Medical College for guidance and also funding the study, Officer-in-charge, RMRC (ICMR) Belgaum for providing lab facilities and authors are also grateful to Mr. Bhoopal S. Talawar, Lab attendant for his assistance.

References

1. SivarajanVVPradeepKAMalvaceae of Southern Peninsular India: A taxonomic monograph19961st edNew DelhiDaya Publishing House
2. SharmaPVJwaragnadi varga. Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol 22002VaranasiChaukhambha Bharathi Academy7348
3. TrikamjiYSarvopaghata shamaniyam rasayan. Nibandhsangraha of Dalhanacharya on Sushruta Samhita of sushruta, chikitsasthana200514th edVaranasiChaukhamba Orientalia499
4. TrikamjiYVata vyadhi chikitsa. Ayurvedadipika of Chakrapanidatta on Charakasamhita of Agnivesa, Revised by Charaka and Dridhabala, Chikitsasthana, Ch 28, Verse14819841st edVaranasiChaukhambha Prakashan623
5. TripatiIAsragdhara chikitsa. Chakradatta with Vaidayaprabha, Chakrapanidatta. Ch 61 Verse 92011VaranasiChaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan378
6. LevekarGSKailashCYelneMBDharBPJosephGVMangalAKBalaDatabase of Medicinal plants20078New DelhiCentral Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Govt. of India4250
7. PandeyGSBhavaprakasha Nighantu of Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi Varga2004111th edVaranasiChaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan3668
8. SharmaPVSharmaGDhanvantari Nighantu20022nd edVaranasiChaukhamba Orientalia66
9. PandeyGSBhavaprakasha Nighantu of Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi Varga2004111th edVaranasiChaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan36672
10. KirtikarKRBasuBDSida Linn. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol 11999DehradunInternational Book Distributors30518
11. VaidyaBSome controversial Drugs in Indian Medicine1982Ch 7VaranasiChaukhamba Orientalia2138
12. PaiSRNimbalkarMSPawarNVPatilRRDixitGBSeasonal discrepancy in phenolic content and antioxidant properties from bark of Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) MabbInt J Pharma Bio Sci20101117[Google Scholar]
13. AtanassovaMGeorgievaSIvanchevaKTotal phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and biological contaminants in medicinal herbsJ Univ Chem Technol Metallurgy201146818[Google Scholar]
14. WolfeKWuXLiuRHAntioxidant activity of apple peelsJ Agric Food Chem20035160914[PubMed][Google Scholar]
15. Luximon-RammaABahorunTSoobratteeAMAruomaOIAntioxidant activities of phenolic, proanthocyani-din and flavonoid components in extracts of Acacia fistulaJ Agr Food Chem20025050427[PubMed][Google Scholar]
16. Brand-WilliamsWCuvelierMEBersetCUse of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activityLebensmittel Wissenschaft Technol1995282530[Google Scholar]
17. BenzieIFFStrainJJThe Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘Antioxidant Power’: The FRAP assayAnal Biochem1996239706[PubMed][Google Scholar]
18. ReRPellegriniNProteggenteAPannalaAYangMRice-EvansCAntioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assayFree Radic Biol Med19992612317[PubMed][Google Scholar]
19. KonateKSouzaAThereseKYDibalaICBarroNMillogo-RasolodimbyJJPhytochemical composition, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive fractions from extracts of three medicinal plants traditionally used to treat liver diseases in Burkina FasoInt J Phytomed2011340615[Google Scholar]
20. ZhengWWangSYAntioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbsJ Agric Food Chem200149516570[PubMed][Google Scholar]
21. KohPHMokhtarRAIqbalMAntioxidant potential of Cymbopogon citratus extract: Alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative stress and toxicityHum Exp Toxicol2012318191[PubMed][Google Scholar]
22. ZainolaMKAbd-HamidAYusofSMuseRAntioxidative activity and total phenolic compounds of leaf, root and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) UrbanFood Chem20038157581[Google Scholar]
23. VeliogluYSMazzaGGaoLOomahBDAntioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain productsJ Agric Food Chem19984641137[Google Scholar]
24. UpadhyaVPaiSRAnkadGHurkadalePJHegdeHVPhenolic contents and Antioxidant properties from Arial parts of Achyranthes coynei SantIndian J Pharm Sci2013754836[PubMed][Google Scholar]
25. StankovicMSNiciforovicNMihailovicVTopuzovicMSolujicSAntioxidant activity, total phenolic content and flavonoid concentrations of different plant parts of Teucrium polium L. subsp. poliumActa Soc Bot Pol20128111722[Google Scholar]