Noggin is a secreted protein involved at multiple stages of vertebrate embryonic development including neural induction and is known to exert its effects by inhibiting the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-signaling pathway. It binds several BMPs with very high (picomolar) affinities, with a marked preference for BMP2 and BMP4 over BMP7. By binding tightly to BMPs, Noggin prevents BMPs from binding their receptors. Noggin binds the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) such as BMP-4 and BMP-7, and inhibits BMP signaling by blocking the molecular interfaces of the binding epitopes for both type I and type II receptors. Interaction of BMP and its antagonist Noggin governs various developmental and cellular processes, including embryonic dorsal-ventral axis, induction of neural tissue, formation of joints in the skeletal system and neurogenesis in the adult brain. Noggin plays a key role in neural induction by inhibiting BMP4, along with other TGF-β signaling inhibitors such as chordin and follistatin. Mouse knockout experiments have demonstrated that noggin also plays a crucial role in bone development, joint formation, and neural tube fusion.

FLT3L, also known as flt3 ligand, is a small molecule that acts as a growth factor that increases the number of immune cells by activating the hematopoietic progenitors. In vivo, FLT3L also induces the mobilization of the hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells. This may help the system to kill cancer cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) provide the key link between innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing pathogens and priming pathogen-specific immune responses. FLT3L controls the development of DCs and is particularly important for plasmacytoid DCs and CD8 -positive classical DCs and their CD103 -positive tissue counterparts.

Sclerostin, the protein product of the SOST gene, is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Sclerostin protein is widely expressed at low levels with highest levels in bone, cartilage, kidney, liver, bone marrow and primary osteeoblasts differentiated for 21 days, and was originally identified as an important regulator of bone remodeling, homeostasis, and links bone resorption and bone apposition. Recent studies have revealed that Sclerostin protein inhibits the bone growth probably by binding to the extracellular domain of the Wnt coreceptors LRP5 and LRP6 and disrupting Wnt-induced Frizzled-LRP complex formation.

IL17, also known as IL17a, is a cytokine belongs to the IL-17 family. Cytokines are proteinaceous signaling compounds that are major mediators of the immune response. They control many different cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation and cell survival/apoptosis but are also involved in several pathophysiological processes including viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Cytokines are synthesized under various stimuli by a variety of cells of both the innate (monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive (T- and B-cells) immune systems. The IL-17 family of cytokines includes six members, IL-17/IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, and IL-17F, which are produced by multiple cell types. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. This cytokine can stimulate the expression of IL6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX-2), as well as enhance the production of nitric oxide (NO). High levels of IL-17 are associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a single-chain glycosylated polypeptide, which belongs to the IL-13/IL-4 family. IL-13 protein is secreted by many cell types, but especially by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. IL-13 exerts its effects through a multi-subunit receptor comprising the alpha chain of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) and at least one of two known IL-13-specific binding chains (IL-13 Rα1 and IL-13 Rα2). As a cytokine, IL-13 protein is critical in regulating inflammatory, immune responses and diseases. In addition, it inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thus down-regulates macrophage activity. IL-13 protein and antibody is more importantly implicated as a central mediator of immunoregulatory processes in various cell types.

Adiponectin (ADIPOQ), or 30 kDa adipocyte complement-related protein (Acrp30) is a protein secreted by adipose tissue, which acts to reduce insulin resistance and atherogenic damage, but it also exerts actions in other tissues. Adiponectin mediates its actions in the periphery mainly via two receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. Adiponectin influences gonadotropin release, normal pregnancy, and assisted reproduction outcomes. Adiponectin, a beneficial adipokine, represents a major link between obesity and reproduction. Higher levels of adiponectin are associated with improved menstrual function and better outcomes in assisted reproductive cycles. Unlike other adipocytokines produced by adipose tissue, adiponectin appears to have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-atherogenic properties. Several clinical studies demonstrate the inverse relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and several inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein. Adiponectin attenuates inflammatory responses to multiple stimuli by modulating signaling pathways in a variety of cell types. The anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin may be a major component of its beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders including atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Additionally, it is important factor in chronic liver diseases and chronic kidney diseases. Some cancer cell types express adiponectin receptors. Thus Adiponectin may act on tumour cells directly by binding and activating adiponectin receptors and downstream signalling pathways.

AbFluor™ 350, SE is an excellent blue fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. Due to the distinguished of it’s fluorescence intensity and light stability, AbFluor™ 350, SE has specificity in labelling protein.

AbFluor™ 405S is a kind of blue fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. Its absorption peak wavelength is completely match 405 nm blue laser diode, and the emission peak wavelength of AbFluor™ 405S is just in the middle of BD Flow cytometry blue detection channel. Therefore, in the Flow analysis, AbFluor™ 405S dye presents stronger fluorescent signal than Alexa Flour 405.

AbFluor™ 488, succinimidyl ester is a green fluorescent dye to label protein or other biological molecules with amino. 5-AbFluor™ 488 is similar to Alexa Fluor 488, FITC. Due to its higher quantum range, excellent water solubility and it rarely change the isoelectric point of proteins, makes it’s better for protein staining. 5-AbFluor™ 488, succinimidyl ester, therefore, is the ideal choice for labelling protein.

AbFluor™ 532, succinimidyl ester is an excellent orange fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. Due to the distinguished of it’s fluorescence intensity and light stability, AbFluor™ 532, succinimidyl ester has specificity in labelling protein.

AbFluor™ 594, succinimidyl ester is a bright, red-fluorescent dye similar to Alexa Fluor® 594 and Texas Red. Due to its higher quantum yield and excellent water solubility, AbFluor™ 594, succinimidyl estershows brighter fluorescent compared to Alexa Fluor® 594. In addition, AbFluor™ 594, succinimidyl ester has good light stability, which can be used for laser confocal and single molecular imaging. AbFluor™ 594, succinimidyl ester is the best choice for labeling protein and nucleic acid.

AbFluor™ 633, succinimidyl ester is an excellent far infrared fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. When excited by 633 nm or 635 nm laser, it can produce brighter fluorescence spectra compared to Alexa Fluor 647 and other similar dyes, which makes it have better effect of protein staining. In addition, AbFluor™ 633, succinimidyl ester has super light stability, so it is more suitable for the confocal and single molecular imaging detection.

AbFluor™ 647, succinimidyl ester is a bright, red-fluorescent dye similar to Alexa Fluor® 647, Cy5 and DyLightTM 649. Due to its higher quantum yield and excellent water solubility, AbFluor™ 647, succinimidyl ester shows better result of protein staining. In addition, AbFluor™ 647, succinimidyl ester has excellent light stability, which can be used for laser confocal and single molecular imaging. AbFluor™ 647, succinimidyl ester is the best choice for labeling protein and nucleic acid.

AbFluor™ 555, succinimidyl ester is a kind of orange red fluorescent dye similar to Alexa Fluor® 555 and Cy3. Due to its higher quantum yield and excellent water solubility, AbFluor™ 555, succinimidyl ester shows better result of protein staining. In addition, AbFluor™ 555, succinimidyl ester has excellent light stability, which can be used for laser confocal and single molecular imaging. AbFluor™ 555, succinimidyl ester is the best choice for labeling protein and nucleic acid.

AbFluor™ 660, succinimidyl ester is an excellent far infrared fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. AbFluor™ 660, succinimidyl ester can produce bright fluorescence, and has good light stability. The absorption and emission wavelength of AbFluor™ 660, succinimidyl ester is at 663 nm and 682 nm. It is the ideal dye for laser confocal and single molecular imaging.

AbFluor™ 680, succinimidyl ester is an excellent near infrared fluorescent dye which has succinimidyl ester group. AbFluor™ 680, succinimidyl ester can produce bright fluorescence, and has good light stability. Due to the existence of fluorescence quenching, AbFluor™ 680, succinimidyl ester isn’t suitable for labeling streptavidin.

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1), an exopeptidase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which mediates extracellular volume (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. It is secreted by pulmonary and renal endothelial cells and catalyzes the conversion of decapeptide angiotensin I to octapeptide angiotensin II. ACE Ubiquitously expressed, with highest levels in lung, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal system and prostate. The testis-specific isoforn is expressed in spermatocytes, adult testis. ACE can Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin.

Angiotensin I is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to both decreased intra-renal blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular cells, or decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl- to the macula densa. If more Na+ is sensed, renin release is decreased.Renin cleaves the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the ten amino acid peptide (des-Asp) angiotensin I .Angiotensin I appears to have no biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin 2.Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II through removal of two terminal residues by the enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, orkinase), which is found predominantly in the capillaries of the lung. ACE is actually found all over the body, but has its highest density in the lung due to the high density of capillary beds there. Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/paracrine, and intracrine hormone.

Angiotensin I is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. Renin cleaves the peptide bond between the leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) residues on angiotensinogen, creating the ten-amino acid peptide (des-Asp) angiotensin I. Renin is produced in the kidneys in response to renal sympathetic activity, decreased intrarenal blood pressure (<90mmHg systolic blood pressure ) at the juxtaglomerular cells, or decreased delivery of Na+ and Cl- to the macula densa. If a reduced NaCl concentration in the distal tubule is sensed by the macula densa, renin release by juxtaglomerular cells is increased. This sensing mechanism for macula densa-mediated renin secretion appears to have a specific dependency on chloride ions rather than sodium ions. Studies using isolated preparations of thick ascending limb with glomerulus attached in low NaCl perfusate were unable to inhibit renin secretion when various sodium salts were added but could inhibit renin secretion with the addition of chloride salts.

MUC5B encodes a member of the mucin family of proteins, which are highly glycosylated macromolecular components of mucus secretions. This family member is the major gel-forming mucin in mucus. It is a major contributor to the lubricating and viscoelastic properties of whole saliva, normal lung mucus and cervical mucus. This gene has been found to be up-regulated in some human diseases, including sinus mucosa of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), CRS with nasal polyposis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and H. pylori-associated gastric disease, and it may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

MUC5AC (Mucin 5AC, Oligomeric Mucus/Gel-Forming) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with MUC5AC include Gastric Cancer and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei. Among its related pathways are Immune System and HIV Life Cycle. GO annotations related to this gene include extracellular matrix structural constituent. An important paralog of this gene is MUC5B.

Mucin 2 encodes a member of the mucin protein family. The protein encoded by this gene, also called mucin 2, is secreted onto mucosal surfaces. Mucin 2 is particularly prominent in the gut where it is secreted from goblet cells in the epithelial lining into the lumen of the large intestine. There, mucin 2, along with small amounts of related-mucin proteins, polymerizes into a gel of which 80% by weight is oligosaccharide side-chains that are added as post-translational modifications to the mucin proteins. This gel provides an insoluble mucous barrier that serves to protect the intestinal epithelium.

Mucin 1, cell surface associated (MUC1) or polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) is a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans. MUC1 is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the lungs, stomach, intestines, eyes and several other organs. Mucins protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. Overexpression of MUC1 is often associated with colon, breast, ovarian, lung and pancreatic cancers. Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou identified and characterised the antigen during her work with breast and ovarian tumors.

Placental growth factor (PLGF) is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family - a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis. The main source of PLGF during pregnancy is the placental trophoblast. PLGF is also expressed in many other tissues, including the villous trophoblast. PLGF is a dimeric glycoprotein that, like VEGF, can bind with high affinity to the tyrosine kinase receptor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1). PLGF/VEGF heterodimers have been isolated and shown to bind also to the VEGFR-2/KDR/Flk-1 receptor the major mediator of VEGF activities.PLGF shares approximately 42% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with VEGF (53% within the PDGF region), and the two proteins share significant structural similarity.