Obesity
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Publication
Journal: Pediatric Research
December/2/2019
Abstract
Childhood body mass index (BMI) trajectory classes are rarely linked to early puberty risk, particularly among Chinese children. We estimated early puberty risk across BMI trajectory classes, investigated factors contributing to pubertal development, and examined differences in final adult height between children exhibiting early and nonearly pubertal maturation across the classes.The Taiwan Children Health Study recruited 10-year-old children in 2010 from 14 Taiwanese communities and resurveyed them at age 11, 12, and 18 years. The study comprised 3109 children (50.4% boys) with available data for BMI (age 6-11 years) and pubertal stages (age 11, 12, and 18 years).Classes 1-4 were persistently healthy weight, rapid BMI growth, chronically overweight/obese, and early transient overweight/obese. Children in class 3 exhibited the highest risk of early pubertal maturation. Puberty genetic score, low sleep quality, and high fat-free mass collectively explained 15% of the variance in Tanner stages among class 3 children. Early pubertal maturation was considered to cause short and tall stature in boys and girls, respectively.Modifying sleep quality and fat-free mass may reduce early puberty risk in children with chronic overweight/obesity. Vigorous physical activity may reduce adiposity and increase the final adult height in the children.
Publication
Journal: Pediatric obesity
December/1/2019
Abstract
Findings concerning nitric oxide (NO) in children and adolescents with obesity are scant.This study examined the links of NO with obesity and psychological traits (ie, self-concept, anxiety, depression, anger and disruptive behaviour) in children and adolescents in Taiwan.A total of 564 first, fourth and seventh graders (314 children with overweight/obesity and 250 children with normal weight) completed an in-hospital health examination in 2010. All students received a physical examination, underwent blood sample collection and completed a questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for analyses.Among the fourth and seventh graders (P=.003 and.001, respectively), the students with overweight/obesity displayed significantly higher levels of NO than those with normal weight; however, no difference was observed in males and females. In multiple linear regression models, a high level of anxiety was independently associated with low NO levels (β=-1.33, 95% confidence interval -2.24 to -0.41) in first graders who with overweight/obesity. No association between NO levels and psychological traits was evident among students with normal weight.Our results enrich the limited data and suggest that NO may be associated with obesity and psychopathology and should be a concern in the pathophysiology of childhood mental health and obesity.
Publication
Journal: Journal of Pediatric Nursing
December/1/2019
Abstract
The prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in adolescents worldwide. Most studies have focused on the clinical features, treatment, and complications for adolescents and so the need to generate insight into the risk factors and prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes and T2D in adolescents across the globe remains.Relevant articles that were published from 2007 up to and including January 2017 were identified through electronic searches of CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts (Proquest). Four independent researchers examined the articles for eligibility.Sixteen studies were included that investigated the risk and prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes and T2D in adolescents aged 12-19.The most commonly measured risk factors included obesity/overweight, family history, and ethnicity. Other studies measured risk factors associated with insulin resistance, including hypertension, acanthosis nigricans, and dyslipidemia. Prevalence of undiagnosed prediabetes and T2D varied among regions globally with rates ranging from 3.3 to 14.3% and 0.1 to 2.2%, respectively.Undiagnosed prediabetes and T2D and the associated risk factors are prevalent in many regions in countries worldwide, significantly impacting adolescents and their families.Future research is required to inform interventions aimed at preventative measures for early screening and detection of prediabetes and T2D in adolescents, as well as the development of multi-disciplinary teams that include pediatric nurses and the specialized care they provide.
Publication
Journal: Metabolic Brain Disease
December/1/2019
Abstract
Fat-mass and obesity-associated protein (Fto) plays important roles in energy metabolism. It also acts as a demethylase and is most abundantly found in the brain. In the present study, we examined the spatial and temporal changes of Fto immunoreactivity after five minutes of transient forebrain ischemia in the hippocampus. In the control group, Fto immunoreactivity was mainly observed in the nucleus of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions as well as the polymorphic layer, granule cell layer, and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Fto immunoreactivity was transiently, but not significantly, increased in the hippocampal CA3 region and the dentate gyrus two days after ischemia compared to mice without ischemia in the sham-operated group. Four days after ischemia, low Fto immunoreactivity was observed in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region because of neuronal death, but Fto immunoreactive cells were abundantly detected in the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region, which is relatively resistant to ischemic damage. Thereafter, Fto immunoreactivity progressively decreased in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and the dentate gyrus until ten days after ischemia. At this time-point, Fto immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and the dentate gyrus compared to that in the sham-operated group. The reduction of Fto immunoreactive structures in the hippocampus may be associated with impairments in Fto-related hippocampal function.
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Journal: Obesity Surgery
December/1/2019
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated an association between obesity and migraine headaches. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that migraine improvement can occur with significant weight loss. Given that bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for obesity and obesity-related comorbidities, there is potential for bariatric surgery to improve migraine symptoms. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of bariatric surgery on migraine headaches.A comprehensive literature search from database inception to December 2018 was conducted for studies examining the effect of bariatric surgery on migraines. Patients of all ages who had a history of migraines undergoing primary bariatric surgery were included. Primary outcomes included migraine frequency, severity, and disability.Four studies were included (n = 159). Frequency of migraines was markedly reduced after bariatric surgery, with fewer symptomatic days suffered by patients per month post-operatively (mean difference [MD] - 5.56 days, 95%CI 0.14 to 10.99, p = 0.04). The degree of migraine headache-related disability as measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) was also significantly lower following bariatric surgery (MD - 14.72, 95%CI 10.08 to 19.36, p < 0.001). The severity of migraine headache pain before and after surgery was reduced with borderline statistical significance (MD - 3.53, 95%CI - 0.12 to 7.17, p = 0.06).Migraine severity, frequency, and headache-related disability were improved 6 months after bariatric surgery. However, this systematic review was limited by a low number of studies and larger high-quality, randomized trials are needed to determine the effect of bariatric surgery on migraine headaches.
Publication
Journal: Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
December/1/2019
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which red raspberry (RR) polyphenolic fractions regulate obesity and inflammation with an emphasis on the crosstalk between adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) and adipocyte progenitors.C57BL/6 male mice were fed either a HF diet or a HF diet supplemented with a RR polyphenolic fraction from whole fruit, pulp, or seed. Supplementation with pulp significantly increased energy expenditure and reduced HF diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. The pulp, and to a lesser extent, whole polyphenols decreased the recruitment of ATM, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and adipocyte hypertrophy, which was associated with epigenetic modulation of adipogenesis (e.g., H3K27Ac, H3K9Ac). Results from an IL-1β reporter assay in J774 macrophages recapitulated the inhibitory role of RR polyphenols on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Using conditioned media from macrophages, we demonstrated that RR polyphenols reversed the IL-1β-mediated epigenetic suppression of H3K27Ac in adipocyte progenitor cells.RR polyphenols from pulp and whole fruit serve as an inhibitor for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and an epigenetic modifier to regulate adipogenesis, which confers resistance against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Publication
Journal: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
December/1/2019
Abstract
Both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon (GCG) belong to the incretin family. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DR10601, a fully recombinant hybrid peptide with dual GLP-1/GCG receptor agonistic activity.The agonistic ability of DR10601 was indirectly assessed by inducing cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with GLP-1R or GCGR in vitro. Following s.c. administration, the plasma pharmacokinetics of DR10601 were analysed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The antiobesity effects and improved glycaemic control of DR10601 in vivo were evaluated by administering DR10601 to high-fat DIO mice and ICR mice as a single dose or repeated s.c. doses once every 4 days for 24 days.DR10601 exhibits dual agonistic activity on GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. The plasma half-life of DR10601 in Sprague-Dawley rats following s.c. administration was 51.9 ± 12.2 h. In an IPGTT, a single s.c. dose of DR10601 (30 nmol/kg) produced similar glycaemic control effects and a longer duration of action compared to dulaglutide (10 nmol/kg). Compared with that achieved with liraglutide (40 nmol/kg) s.c. administered daily, DR10601 administered s.c. once every 4 days at 90 nmol/kg exerted a nearly equivalent effect on food intake and significantly reduced the body weights of high-fat DIO mice at 24 days.Repeated administration of DR1060 provides potent and sustained glycemic control and body weight loss effect in high-fat DIO mice. DR10601 is a promising long-acting agent deserving further investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Journal: Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC
December/1/2019
Abstract
The aim of this guideline is to aid primary care physicians and gynaecologists in the initial evaluation of women with suspected endometrial hyperplasia, to recommend the use of the 2014 World Health Organization classification for endometrial hyperplasia by all health care providers, and to guide the optimal treatment of women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia.Physicians, including gynaecologists, obstetricians, family physicians, general surgeons, emergency medicine specialists; nurses, including registered nurses and nurse practitioners; medical trainees, including medical students, residents, and fellows; and all other health care providers.Adult women (18 years and older) presenting with suspected or confirmed endometrial hyperplasia.The discussion relates to the medical therapy as well as surgical treatment options for women with and without atypical endometrial hyperplasia.For this guideline, relevant studies were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Wiley, and the Cochrane Systematic Reviews using the following terms, either alone or in combination, with the search limited to English language materials, human subjects, and published since 2000: (endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, endometrial sampling, endometrial curettage, diagnosis) AND (treatment, progestin therapy, surgery, LNG-IUS, aromatase inhibitors, metformin ), AND (obesity). The search was performed in April 2018. Relevant evidence was selected for inclusion in the following order: meta-analyses, systematic reviews, guidelines, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, observational studies, non-systematic reviews, case series, and reports. Additional significant articles were identified through cross-referencing the identified reviews. The total number of studies identified was 2152, and 82 studies were included in this review.The content and recommendations were drafted and agreed upon by the authors. The Executive and Board of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology of Canada reviewed the content and submitted comments for consideration, and the Board of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada approved the final draft for publication. The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology framework. The interpretation of strong and weak recommendations was also included. The Summary of Findings is available upon request.It is expected that this guideline will benefit women with endometrial hyperplasia. This should guide patient informed consent before both medical and surgical management of this condition.Evidence will be reviewed 5 years after publication to decide whether all or part of the guideline should be updated. However, if important new evidence is published prior to the 5-year cycle, the review process may be accelerated for a more rapid update of some recommendations.RECOMMENDATIONS.
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Journal: Peptides
December/1/2019
Abstract
The continued global growth in the prevalence of obesity coupled with the limited number of efficacious and safe treatment options elevates the importance of innovative pharmaceutical approaches. Combinatorial strategies that harness the metabolic benefits of multiple hormonal mechanisms have emerged at the preclinical and more recently clinical stages of drug development. A priority has been anti-obesity unimolecular peptides that function as balanced, high potency poly-agonists at two or all the cellular receptors for the endocrine hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon. This report reviews recent progress in this area, with emphasis on what the initial clinical results demonstrate and what remains to be addressed.
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Journal: Journal of Public Health
December/1/2019
Abstract
Prevalence of overweight and obesity during childhood is still elevated in high-income countries. GiochiAMO is a health promotion program that uses knowledge-based education and games to teach healthy nutrition and physical activity among children (6-8 years old).This study was a single arm field trial. Second and third grade classes of primary school attended an oral presentation about nutrition and physical activity and then were involved in three game sessions. Two multiple-choice questionnaires were administered at the beginning and at the end of the trail. The following scores were measured: nutrition behavior score (NTs), physical activity behavior score (PAs) and delta score (Ds). Wilcoxon, T-test and Mann Whitney were used to perform the univariate analysis.A total number of 74 and 76 children participated in the physical activity and nutrition interventions. NTs was 4.17 (SD: 2.23) before and 5.03 (SD: 2.79) after the intervention (P = 0.005). PAs was 27.4 (SD: 9.6) before and 30.5 (SD: 10.7) after the intervention (P = 0.003). No significant differences were obtained comparing males and females for all scores. Ds was 0.86 for nutrition and 3.1 for physical activity. Univariate analysis of Delta scores obtained no significant differences.The present results confirm the effectiveness of 'GiochiAMO' to change nutrition and physical activity behavior.
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