Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci.
Journal: 2010/December - Nature Genetics
ISSN: 1546-1718
Abstract:
We undertook a meta-analysis of six Crohn's disease genome-wide association studies (GWAS) comprising 6,333 affected individuals (cases) and 15,056 controls and followed up the top association signals in 15,694 cases, 14,026 controls and 414 parent-offspring trios. We identified 30 new susceptibility loci meeting genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸). A series of in silico analyses highlighted particular genes within these loci and, together with manual curation, implicated functionally interesting candidate genes including SMAD3, ERAP2, IL10, IL2RA, TYK2, FUT2, DNMT3A, DENND1B, BACH2 and TAGAP. Combined with previously confirmed loci, these results identify 71 distinct loci with genome-wide significant evidence for association with Crohn's disease.
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Nat Genet 42(12): 1118-1125

Meta-Analysis Increases to 71 the Tally of Confirmed Crohn’s Disease Susceptibility Loci

+87 authors

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Table 3

Supplementary Table 4

Supplementary Table 6

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Supplementary Table 3

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Supplementary Table 4

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Supplementary Table 6

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Acknowledgements

We thank all subjects who contributed samples, and physicians and nursing staff who helped with recruitment globally. This study was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research through the National Genome Research Network and infrastructure support through the DFG cluster of excellence “Inflammation at Interfaces”. Also the Italian Ministry for Health GR-2008-1144485, with case collections supported by the Italian Group for IBD and the Italian Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. We acknowledge funding provided by Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Foundation; University of Queensland (Ferguson Fellowship); National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and by the European Community (5th PCRDT) and by the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization. UK case collections were supported by the National Association for Colitis and Crohn’s disease, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council UK and Peninsular College of Medicine and Dentistry, Exeter. We also acknowledge the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre awards to Guy’s &amp; St Thomas’ NHS Trust / King’s College London and to Addenbrooke’s Hospital / University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine. The NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium is funded by the following grants: DK062431 (S.R.B.), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062422","term_id":"187691512","term_text":"DK062422"}}DK062422 (J.H.C.), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062420","term_id":"187691510","term_text":"DK062420"}}DK062420 (R.H.D.), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062432","term_id":"187691536","term_text":"DK062432"}}DK062432 &amp; {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK064869","term_id":"187443277","term_text":"DK064869"}}DK064869 (J.D.R.), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062423","term_id":"187691513","term_text":"DK062423"}}DK062423 (M.S.S.), {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062413","term_id":"187691503","term_text":"DK062413"}}DK062413 (D.P.B.M.), DK76984 (MD), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK084554","term_id":"187523400","term_text":"DK084554"}}DK084554 (MD and DPBM), and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK062429","term_id":"187691533","term_text":"DK062429"}}DK062429 (J.H.C.). J.H.C. is also funded by the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America; and SLG by {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK069513","term_id":"187442382","term_text":"DK069513"}}DK069513 and Primary Children’s Medical Center Foundation. Cedars Sinai supported by NCRR grant M01-RR00425; NIH/NIDDK grant P01-DK046763; DK 063491; and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Funds. RW is supported by a clinical fellow grant (90700281) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; EL, DF and SV are senior clinical investigators for the Funds for Scientific Research (FWO/FNRS) Belgium. SB was supported by the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft” (DFG; BR 1912/5-1). JCB is supported by Wellcome Trust grant WT089120/Z/09/Z. Replication genotyping was supported by unrestricted grants from Abbott Laboratories Ltd and Giuliani SpA. We acknowledge the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. We thank the 1958 British Birth Cohort and Banco Nacional de ADN, Salamanca, Spain who supplied control DNA samples. The CHS research reported in this article was supported by contract numbers N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133, grant numbers U01 {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HL080295","term_id":"1051650703","term_text":"HL080295"}}HL080295 and R01 HL087652 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm. Other significant contributors: K. Hanigan, Z.-Z. Zhao, N. Huang, P. Webb, N. Hayward, A. Rutherford, R. Gwilliam, J. Ghori, D Strachan, W. McCardle, W. Ouwehand, M. Newsky, S. Ehlers, I. Pauselius, K. Holm, C. Sina, L. Baidoo, A. Andriulli and M.C. Renda.

Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
popgen Biobank, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège B43, 20 Bd de Colonster, 4000 Liège, Belgium
Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
Unit of Gastroenterology, IRCCS-CSS Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Floor 8 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
Molecular Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia 4006
Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
Department of Medicine II, University Hospital MunichGrosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Department of Gastroenterology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Montreal Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Registre EPIMAD, Université de Lille, Lille, France
Unit of Gastroenterology, Cervello Hospital, Palermo, Italy
ENEA, Department of Biology of Radiations and Human Health, Rome, Italy
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Medical Center. 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, USA
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium,
Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Padua, Italy
Department of Pediatrics, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Torbay Hospital, Torbay, Devon, UK
Department of Gastroenterology, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia 4101
Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Germany
Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Department of Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
Dept of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Fremantle, Australia 6160
GETAID group, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Division of Gastroenterology, CHU, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Dept of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic / IDIBAPS. CIBER EHD. Barcelona, Spain
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
Dept Gastroenterology, Guy’s &amp; St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
Division of Gastroenterology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Université de Montréal and the Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Department for General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
Unit of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Careggi Florence, Italy
Shared first authorship
Shared senior authorship
Corresponding author: Miles Parkes, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom, ku.shn.sekoorbnedda@sekrap.selim Tel.: +44 (0) 1223-216389, Fax: +44 (0) 1223 596213

We undertook a meta-analysis of six Crohn’s disease (CD) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) comprising 6,333 cases and 15,056 controls, and followed up the top association signals in 15,694 cases, 14,026 controls and 414 parent/offspring trios. Thirty new susceptibility loci meeting genome-wide significance (P-value <5×10) were identified. A series of in silico analyses highlighted particular genes within these loci and, together with manual curation, implicated functionally interesting candidate genes including SMAD3, ERAP2, IL10, IL2RA, TYK2, FUT2, DNMT3a, DENND1B, BACH2 and TAGAP. Combined with previously confirmed loci, the results described here identify a total of 71 distinct loci with genome-wide significant evidence for association with Crohn’s disease.

Crohn’s disease (OMIM #266600) results from the interaction of environmental factors, including the intestinal microbiota, with host immune mechanisms in genetically susceptible individuals. Along with ulcerative colitis (UC), it is one of the main subphenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GWAS have highlighted key CD pathogenic mechanisms, including autophagy and Th17 pathways. A meta-analysis of these early scans implicated 32 susceptibility loci, but only accounted for 20% of the genetic contribution to disease risk - suggesting that more loci await discovery1. Recognizing that an increased sample size would be required to detect these, we have expanded the International IBD Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC), approximately doubling the discovery panel size in comparison with the first meta-analysis.

The discovery panel for the current study comprised 6,333 CD subjects and 15,056 controls, all of European descent, with data derived from six index GWAS studies (for overview see Supplementary Table 1)2-6. Imputation using HapMap3 reference data allowed us to test for association at 953,241 autosomal SNPs. Our discovery panel had 80% power to detect variants conferring odds ratios ≥1.18 at the genome-wide significance level of P<5×10, assuming a minor allele frequency ≥20% in healthy controls. Under the same conditions, the sample size of our original meta-analysis had only 11% power1.

A quantile-quantile plot of the primary meta-statistic, using single-SNP Z-scores combined across all sample sets, showed a marked excess of significant associations (Supplementary Figure 1). A total of 2,024 SNPs within 107 distinct genomic loci, including all previously defined significant hits from our earlier meta-analysis, demonstrated association with P-values <10. A Manhattan plot is shown in Supplementary Figure 2. 51 of the regions, representing new loci associated at P<5×10, were followed up by genotyping the most significant SNPs in an independent panel of 15,694 CD cases, 14,026 controls and 414 parent/offspring trios (see Table 1 and Supplementary Table 2).

Table 1

Association results and in silico analyses for all 71 confirmed CD loci

The upper tier lists new Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci (beyond the first international meta-analysis1) confirmed in the current study with a genome-wide significant P-value (P<5×10) in the combined analysis (discovery + replication sample.) and P<0.05 on replication. Results for replication are listed for all 39 loci which at the time of study design had not met P<5×10 plus at least nominal evidence of replication in an independent sample set. The 7 loci identified in subsequent studies are identified (see footnotes). The lower tier lists new data for SNPs/loci confirmed in the earlier meta-analysis1. Genomic positions were retrieved from NCBI’s dbSNP build v130. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) regions around focal SNPs were defined by extending the region to the left for 0.1 cM or until another SNP with P<10 was reached, in which case the process was repeated from this SNP. Right-hand boundaries were defined in the same way. We identified loci previously associated with other relevant traits by a manual literature search and using the NIH catalog of published Genome-wide association studies and the HuGe database (version 1.4) (accessed on May 28 2010) 43,44.

UC – ulcerative colitis, AS – ankylosing spondylitis, Ps – psoriasis, PBC – primary biliary cirrhosis, T1D – type 1 diabetes, RA – rheumatoid arthritis, SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac – celiac disease, T2D – type 2 diabetes, MS – multiple sclerosis, Graves – Graves disease, AD – Alzheimer’s disease, MCV – mean corpuscular volume, ALL – acute lymphocytic leukemia, Lepr. – leprosy, SpA – spondyloarthritis, PD – Parkinson’s disease, CRC – colorectal cancer, CRP – C-reactive protein, TGs – triglycerides, PC – prostate cancer, HSV – human simplex virus, CAD – coronary artery disease, CLL – chronic lymphocytic leukemia, BD – bone density, B12 – serum vitamin B12 levels, HP – Helicobacter pylori, AA – alopecia areata, AITD – autoimmune thyroid disease, BC – breast cancer, BD – Behcet’s disease, GC – gastric cancer, Hep.C – hepatitis C susceptibility, SSc – systemic sclerosis, Myelo. – myeloproliferative disease, TB – tuberculosis, GvHD – Graft versus host disease, WBC – white blood cell count, HIES – hyper immunoglobulin E syndrome. Regional association plots for all 71 loci are shown in Supplementary Figure 4 and genotype data is shown in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4.

No.dbSNP IDChr.Left - right (Mb)Risk allele - Allele frequency in control populationP-value metaP-value repl.P comb.OR (95% CI); *Loci with evidence of > than 1 independent associationReported associationPositional candidate genes of interest: some additionally highlighted byAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0003.jpg1kG cSNP(s) in LD; GRAIL (bold) ;
eQTL (LOD score)

(a) New Loci meeting Genome–wide significance (P-value <5.0×10) in this study
1rs27976851p367.66 - 7.89A - 0.1902.69×10−101.40×10−27.10×10−91.05 (1.01-1.10)CeliacVAMP3
2rs31800181q22153.24 - 154.39A - 0.2501.29×10−92.70×10−52.30×10−131.13 (1.06-1.19)*T2D, Asthma, PDSCAMP3, MUC1
3rs19985981q31195.58 - 196.21G - 0.3024.90×10−91.60×10−28.70×10−91.04 (1.00-1.09)AsthmaDENND1B
4rs30245051q32204.87 - 205.10T - 0.1578.32×10−91.50×10−71.60×10−141.12 (1.07-1.17)T1D, UC, SLE, BD, Hep. C,IL10, IL19
5rs134288122p2325.30 - 25.46G - 0.3261.41×10−85.90×10−48.50×10−101.06 (1.03-1.10)DNMT3A
6rs7800932p2327.24-27.71T - 0.4181.10×10−43.30×10−84.70×10−111.15 (1.10-1.21)CRP, Glucose, TGsAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0004.jpgGCKR
7rs104959032p2143.30 - 43.80T - 0.1297.70×10−82.90×10−81.60×10−141.14 (1.09-1.20)*T2D, PCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0005.jpgTHADA
8§rs101810422p1660.77 - 61.74T - 0.4206.61×10−9N/AN/A1.14 (1.09-1.19)RA, UC, CeliacC2orf74 (9.6), REL
9rs20586602q12102.17 - 102.67G - 0.2311.58×10−12N/AN/A1.19 (1.14-1.26)Celiac, Asthma, T1D, HSVIL18RAP, IL12RL2, IL18R1, IL1RL1
10rs67388252q33197.85 - 198.67A - 0.4731.82×10−71.60×10−33.50×10−91.06 (1.02-1.11)CADAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0006.jpgPLCL1
11rs74236152q37230.76 - 230.94T - 0.1874.57×10−97.40×10−63.10×10−131.12 (1.07-1.18)CLLSP140 (8.8)
12rs130738173p2418.58 - 18.86A - 0.3228.20×10−71.00×10−36.70×10−91.08 (1.03-1.13)
13rs77023315q1372.49 - 72.62A - 0.6002.00×10−66.40×10−75.90×10−121.12 (1.07-1.17)TMEM174
14rs25497945q1596.11 - 96.45C - 0.4094.47×10−112.00×10−31.10×10−101.05 (1.02-1.09)AS, PD, T1DAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0007.jpgERAP2, LRAP (47.2)
15rs111677645q31141.39 - 141.62C - 0.7961.10×10−94.20×10−32.00×10−91.06 (1.02-1.11)NDFIP1
16rs3594575q35173.15 - 173.47T - 0.5715.25×10−83.30×10−62.50×10−121.08 (1.04-1.12)CPEB4 (6.1)
17rs173098276p253.35 - 3.41T - 0.6396.16×10−73.10×10−46.70×10−91.10 (1.05-1.16)C6orf85
18rs18474726q1590.86 - 91.14G - 0.6583.63×10−61.40×10−45.10×10−91.07 (1.03-1.11)T1D, CeliacBACH2
19rs2123886q25159.26 - 159.46G - 0.3931.41×10−72.40×10−52.30×10−111.10 (1.05-1.14)RA, Celiac, T1DTAGAP
20rs66512528q24129.56 - 129.67T - 0.8652.29×10−62.40×10−133.90×10−181.23 (1.17-1.30)
21rs40775159q34138.27 - 138.54T - 0.4114.37×10−191.50×10−191.30×10−361.18 (1.13-1.22)UC, ASCARD9 (12.4),An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0008.jpgCARD9, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0009.jpgSNAPC4
22rs1272248910p156.07 - 6.21C - 0.8528.51×10−65.20×10−52.90×10−91.11 (1.05-1.16)MS, T1D, Vitiligo, RA, AA, Asthma, AITDIL2RA
23rs181965810q2159.50 - 59.81C - 0.7741.41×10−71.10×10−109.10×10−171.19 (1.13-1.25)ADUBE2D1
24rs125055010q2280.67 - 80.77G - 0.6692.00×10−107.30×10−221.10×10−301.19 (1.15-1.23)Celiac, MS, Vitiligo, BCZMIZ1
25rs10227511q1261.28 - 61.44C - 0.3417.24×10−81.70×10−52.30×10−111.08 (1.04-1.12)CAD; DyslipidemiaFADS1 (5.0)
26rs69473911q1363.58 - 64.05A - 0.6263.38×10−73.50×10−46.00×10−101.10 (1.05-1.16)AAPRDX5, ESRRA
27rs206230513q1441.72 - 42.00G - 0.3462.00×10−65.70×10−54.90×10−101.10 (1.05-1.15)BD, RATNFSF11,TNFSF11 (5.9)
28rs490264214q2468.23 - 68.39G - 0.5842.00×10−74.50×10−51.60×10−101.07 (1.11-1.04)*Celiac, T1DZFP36L1
29rs800516114q3587.28 - 87.71T - 0.1191.29×10−85.90×10−114.20×10−181.23 (1.16-1.31)*An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0010.jpgGALC, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0011.jpgGPR65, GPR65
30rs1729363215q2265.20 - 65.27T - 0.2331.41×10−132.00×10−82.70×10−191.12 (1.07-1.16)CAD, T2DSMAD3
31rs15118116p1128.20 - 28.94G - 0.3861.10×10−101.20×10−31.50×10−111.07 (1.03-1.12)T1D, obesity, Asthma, CRC, SLE, RAAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0012.jpgAPOB48R, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0013.jpgIL27, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0014.jpgSULT1A2, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0015.jpgSULT1A1, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0016.jpgSH2B1, EIF3C (11.3),IL27, LAT, CD19, NFATC2IP
32§rs309131517q1229.51 - 29.70A - 0.7231.70×10−13N/AN/A1.20 (1.14-1.26)HIV resistanceCCL2, CCL7
33rs1272035619p1310.26 - 10.50G - 0.0849.20×10−101.90×10−51.40×10−121.12 (1.06-1.19)*T1D, SLE, MS, HIESAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0017.jpgTYK2, TYK2, ICAM1, ICAM3
34rs73628919q1338.42 - 38.47T - 0.6122.69×10−72.00×10−38.70×10−91.06 (1.02-1.11)
35rs28137919q1353.78 - 53.97A - 0.4878.60×10−105.20×10−57.40×10−121.07 (1.04-1.11)B12, Norovirus, HPAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0018.jpgFUT2, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0019.jpgRASIP1
36rs480933020q1361.65 - 61.95G - 0.7092.51×10−124.60×10−52.70×10−151.12 (1.06-1.18)GliomaAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0020.jpgRTEL1, TNFRSF6B, SLC2A4RG
37rs18135922q1120.14 - 20.39T - 0.2036.31×10−132.30×10−64.80×10−161.10 (1.06-1.15)RA, Celiac, SLE, MCVAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0021.jpgYDJC
38rs71387522q1228.23 - 29.00C - 0.4715.70×10−98.30×10−57.30×10−121.08 (1.04-1.13)T1DMTMR3
39rs241358322q1338.00 - 38.14C - 0.8301.70×10−109.50×10−181.10×10−261.23 (1.17-1.29)MAP3K7IP1
(b) Loci that met Genome–wide significance (P-value <5.0×10) in Barrett et al.
1rs112090261p3167.13 - 67.54G - 0.9321.00×10−64N/AN/A2.66 (2.36-3.00)UC, AS, Ps, PBC, GC, BDAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0022.jpgIL23R, IL23R
2rs24766011p13113.66 - 114.42G - 0.9074.47×10−9N/AN/A1.26 (1.17-1.37)T1D, RA, SLE, Ps, Vitiligo, AITDAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0023.jpgPTPN22, PTPN22
3rs46569401q23158.96 - 159.20A - 0.8016.17×10−7N/AN/A1.15 (1.09-1.21)SLE, RACD244 (7.7), CD244, ITLN1
4rs75178101q24170.92 - 171.21T - 0.2461.51×10−15N/AN/A1.22 (1.16-1.28)Hep.C, SLE, SSc, T2DTNFSF18, TNFSF4, FASLG
5rs75545111q32199.11 - 199.32C - 0.7261.58×10−7N/AN/A1.14 (1.08-1.19)UC, celiac, MSAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0024.jpgC1orf106, KIF21B
6rs37921092q37233.81 - 234.23A - 0.5296.76×10−41N/AN/A1.34 (1.29-1.40)UCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0025.jpgATG16L1
7rs31979993p2148.16 - 51.73A - 0.2976.17×10−17N/AN/A1.22 (1.16-1.27)UCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0026.jpgMST1, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0027.jpgGPX1, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0028.jpgBSN
8rs117425705p1339.88 - 41.00C - 0.6067.08×10−36N/AN/A1.33 (1.27-1.39)MSPTGER4
9rs125218685q31129.41 - 132.05T - 0.4221.41×10−20N/AN/A1.23 (1.18-1.28)Ps, Fibrinogen, Asthma,TB, UCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0029.jpgSLC22A4, SLC22A5 (5.4),IRF1, CSF2, IL3
10rs77145845q33150.01 - 150.38G - 0.0887.76×10−19N/AN/A1.37 (1.28-1.47)TBIRGM
11rs65564125q33158.43 - 158.88A - 0.3325.37×10−14N/AN/A1.18 (1.13-1.24)Ps, SLE, Malaria, AsthmaIL12B
12rs69084256p2220.60 - 21.25C - 0.7841.41×10−8N/AN/A1.17 (1.11-1.23)T2D, Ps, UCCDKAL1
13rs17999646p2131.49 - 32.98C - 0.2093.98×10−11N/AN/A1.19 (1.13-1.25)Multiple including UCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0030.jpgMCCD1, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0031.jpgLTA, HLA-DQA2, TNF, LST1, LTB, LTA, NCR3
14rs65684216q21106.50 - 106.67G - 0.3014.37×10−8N/AN/A1.13 (1.07-1.18)*SLE, RAPRDM1
15rs4158906q27167.26 - 167.47C - 0.5222.51×10−12N/AN/A1.17 (1.12-1.22)RA, GravesCCR6
16rs14568967p1250.22 - 50.34T - 0.691.20×10−8N/AN/A1.14 (1.09-1.20)AD, SLE, MCV, ALLIKZF1, ZPBP, FIGNL1
17rs48716118q24126.54 - 126.65A - 0.6091.51×10−12N/AN/A1.17 (1.12-1.23)
18rs107586699p244.93 - 5.29C - 0.3491.00×10−13N/AN/A1.18 (1.13-1.23)UC, Myelo.JAK2
19rs38109369q32116.47 - 116.74C - 0.6821.00×10−15N/AN/A1.21 (1.15-1.27)UC, Lepr., SpATNFSF15, TNFSF8
20rs1224211010p1135.22 - 35.94G - 0.3151.10×10−09N/AN/A1.15 (1.10-1.20)UCCREM (6.4)
21rs1076165910q2163.97 - 64.43G - 0.5384.37×10−22N/AN/A1.23 (1.18-1.29)BCZNF365
22rs440976410q24101.26 - 101.33T - 0.4922.29×10−20N/AN/A1.22 (1.17-1.27)UCNKX2-3
23rs792799711q1375.70 - 76.04T - 0.3895.62×10−13N/AN/A1.17 (1.12-1.22)AtopyC11orf30
24rs1156425812q1238.42 - 39.31A - 0.0256.17×10−21N/AN/A1.74 (1.55-1.95)PD, Lepr.An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0032.jpgMUC19, LRRK2
25rs376414713q1443.13 - 43.54G - 0.2451.41×10−10N/AN/A1.17 (1.12-1.23)Lepr.An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0033.jpgC13orf31
26rs207675616q1249.02 - 49.41G - 0.263.98×10−69N/AN/A1.53 (1.46-1.60)Lepr., Atopy, Blau, GvHDNOD2
27rs287250717q2134.62 - 35.51A - 0.4581.51×10−9N/AN/A1.14 (1.09-1.19)Asthma, UC, PBC, T1D, RA, WBCAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0034.jpgGSMDL, An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0035.jpgZPBP2, ORMDL3 (20.3),IKZF3
28rs1187180117q2137.57 - 38.25A - 0.7562.51×10−8N/AN/A1.15 (1.10-1.21)MS, obesity, HIESAn external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0036.jpgMLX, STAT3
29rs189321718p1112.73 - 12.92G - 0.1531.29×10−14N/AN/A1.25 (1.18-1.32)T1D, celiacPTPN2
30rs74049519p131.04 - 1.13G - 0.2478.13×10−12N/AN/A1.16 (1.10-1.21)GPX4, SBNO2
31rs173602021q2115.62 - 15.77C - 0.5799.33×10−12N/AN/A1.16 (1.11-1.21)UC
32rs283851921q2244.41 - 44.52G - 0.3912.09×10−14N/AN/A1.18 (1.13-1.23)Celiac, UCICOSLG
IL18RAP and CARD9 – association reported by Zhernakova et al.7 but not previously at genome-wide significance
loci previously reported at genome-wide significance in GWAS studies published subsequent to design of the current replication experiment5,6
loci that showed suggestive association and replication in Barrett et al.1 but not previously at genome-wide significance
association in the opposite direction in different traits

We identified genes of interest based on a variety of in silico techniques (see text for more details) – identified as An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-ig0037.jpgfor coding SNPs identified from 1000 Genomes Project or HapMap in linkage disequilibrium with our most associated SNP (for dbSNP IDs see Supplementary Table 5), bold text for GRAIL connectivity and underlined text for presence of an eQTL effect with LOD≥5.0 (for details see Supplementary Results).

Loci tagged by rs4656940 and rs7554511 previously replicated strongly (0.00048 and 2.3×10 respectively in Barrett et al.1) and still pass genome-wide significance on combined analysis.

Variants within 30 distinct new loci met a genome-wide significance threshold of P<5×10 for association with CD in the combined discovery plus replication panel, with at least nominal association in the replication panel (see Table 1). Two additional loci, encompassing the CARD9 and IL18RAP genes, had previously been reported as associated with CD in a candidate gene study7 and were here both replicated and confirmed at P<5×10. Five loci were identified at genome-wide significance in GWAS studies published subsequent to our replication experiment being designed. One, the FUT2 locus, was from a recent adult CD GWAS6. Four more (ZMIZ1, IL27 at 16p11, 19q13 and 22q12) were identified in a pediatric IBD population5, these replicating here in our current sample set. Two further loci had produced “suggestive” evidence of association with replication in our earlier study1. Here, these clearly exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold in the meta-analysis alone and, given the previous replication evidence, were not followed up further (see Table 1). Thus cumulatively, 39 additional loci can now be added to the 32 confirmed CD susceptibility loci identified at the time of the Barrett et al. study. We did not observe statistically significant heterogeneity of the odds ratios (Breslow Day test P-value <0.05 after Bonferroni correction; Supplementary Table 4) between the panels from our 15 different countries (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2) for any of the 71 loci. Nor was any evidence of interaction between the associated loci observed (Supplementary Figure 3).

Regional association plots of all 71 susceptibility loci including the underlying genes are shown in detail in Supplementary Figure 4, and complete genotype data including odds ratios and allele frequencies are shown in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4. Five loci had evidence for more than one independently associated variant (Table 1). While 6 of the 30 novel regions contain just a single gene, which is thereby strongly implicated in CD pathogenesis (e.g. SMAD3, NDFIP1 and BACH2), 22 include more than one gene within the associated interval (Table 1; two regions without any gene or gene prediction). We thus applied additional in silico analyses to refine the list of functional candidate genes further. These were:

  1. Interrogation of a publicly available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) database8. These analyses identified genes for which expression correlates with genotype at our most associated SNP (see Supplementary Results).

  2. Use of 1000 Genomes Project Pilot sequence data and HapMap3 to identify genes containing non-synonymous variants in strong LD (r>0.5) with the focal SNP within each region (for details on coding SNP see Supplementary Table 5).

  3. Use of GRAIL9, to identify non-random and evidence-based connectivity between the genes in the 71 confirmed CD loci. Specifically, GRAIL evaluates each gene in a CD-associated locus for non-random correlation with genes in the other 70 loci via word-usage in PubMed abstracts related to the gene (see Figure 1).

    An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-f0001.jpg
    Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL) pathway analysis

    Links between genes at 23 of 71 Crohn’s disease associated loci which scored P<0.01 using GRAIL. Specifically, of the 71 CD-associated SNPs, 69 are in LD intervals containing or within 50 kb of at least one gene. In total, there are 355 genes implicated by proximity to these 69 SNPs. Each observed CD-association was scored with GRAIL, which takes all genes mapping within CD-associated intervals and evaluates for each whether it is non-randomly linked to the other genes, via word-usage in PubMed abstracts. 23 SNPs shown in the outer circle are P<0.01 hits - indicating that the regions which they tag contain genes which are more significantly linked to genes in the other 68 regions than expected by chance at that level. The lines between genes represent individually significant connections that contribute to the positive signal, with thickness of lines inversely proportional to the probability a literature-based connection would be seen by chance.

    To accurately assess the statistical significance of this set of connections, we conducted simulations where we selected 1000 sets of 69 SNPs implicating in total 355 genes ±18 (5%) (selecting the SNPs randomly and using rejection sampling - only taking lists that implicated the same number of genes). Each of those 1000 sets were scored with GRAIL. The mean number of P<0.01 hits in a simulated list was 0.91 with a range in the 1000 sets from 0 to 11, suggesting that the likelihood of observing 23 hits with P<0.01 is far less than 0.1%.

Summary results of these analyses are shown in the rightmost column of Table 1. The highlighted genes are described briefly in Box 1, as are genes that constitute particularly noteworthy candidates from intervals containing one or few genes. While we believe that these evidence-based approaches are helpful in identifying likely functional candidates, in some instances the different techniques highlight different genes. This reflects uncertainty as to which is causal, and highlights the need for functional studies.

30 new signals were identified here beyond those described in the earlier meta-analysis1 and other subsequent publications. The new associations were driven primarily by increased power arising from the expanded sample size rather than improved imputation, as more than two-thirds of the novel loci identified here have good proxies (r>0.8) on both earlier generation arrays (Illumina 300K and Affymetrix 500k Set). Extending this argument beyond the current analysis, it seems likely that many more loci of modest effect size still await discovery.

For many of the novel loci, associations have been reported previously in other complex diseases, comprising mostly chronic inflammatory disorders (Table 1). Such diseases can cluster both within families and individuals, reflecting shared genetic risk factors. For example, IBD and ankylosing spondylitis can co-segregate and both are associated with IL23R2,10 and TNFSF1511,12. The IL10 locus was previously associated with UC13 and was identified as a novel CD locus in the present study. Thus IL10 is a generic IBD locus, which is a functionally intuitive finding of potential therapeutic significance.

For loci previously associated with other inflammatory diseases the direction of effect in CD is usually the same, but in five cases the risk allele for one disease appears to be protective in another disease (see arrow symbol in “Reported association” column in Table 1). In most such instances, functional annotation suggests modulation of T cell and other immune pathways. Indeed, GRAIL highlights a number of such genes. These inverse associations may reflect overlap in the pathways by which the host regulates effector functions in defense and regulatory functions in self-tolerance. This is a delicate balance and, in the face of competing requirements, selection pressures may have conferred advantage for divergent alleles in a cell- and environmentally dependent manner.

The associated SNP rs281379 at 19q13, recently also identified by McGovern et al.6 is highly correlated (r>0.80) with a common nonsense variant (rs601338 also known as G428A or W142X) at FUT2. This is classically referred to as the non-secretor variant, as individuals homozygous for this null-allele do not secrete blood group antigens at epithelial surfaces. Recently, non-secretors were identified as having near-complete protection from symptomatic GII.4 norovirus infection14 and the same null allele is identified here as a CD risk factor. This suggests one potential elusive link between infection and immune-mediated disease.

In contrast to the implication of coding variation in the FUT2 gene, our previous data demonstrated that most CD-associated SNPs were not in LD with coding polymorphisms1, suggesting that regulatory effects are likely to be a more common mechanism of disease susceptibility. Providing further direct evidence for this, a number of new eQTL effects were identified here (see Table 1 and Supplementary Results Section) – notably including CARD9 (LOD=12.4), ERAP2 (LOD=47.2) and TNFSF11 (RANKL) (LOD=5.9). The latter maps adjacent to but outside the associated recombination interval, suggesting another potential long-range cis-regulatory effect as previously described for PTGER4 in CD4. RANKL has pleiotropic immunological effects and also stimulates osteoclast activity. This finding may be relevant to the osteoporosis clinically associated with CD.

Given the importance of regulatory effects, it is intriguing that variants within the gene encoding a key mediator of epigenetic regulation, DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3A), should be associated with CD. By inducing transcriptional silencing, DNMT3a is known to play an important role in immunoregulation. For example, it methylates IL-4 and IFN-γ promoters following T cell receptor stimulation, hence regulating T cell polarization15, and induces dynamic regulation of TNF-α transcription following lipopolysaccharide exposure in leukocytes16. Genetically determined alterations in DNMT3a activity could thus have far-reaching effects.

The 32 loci described up to 2008 explained approximately 20% of CD heritability. Adding the 39 loci described since increases the proportion of heritability explained to just 23.2%. This pattern of common alleles, explaining a logarithmically decreasing fraction of heritability (Figure 2), is consistent with a recent model of effect size distribution17, which predicted (based on the previous CD meta-analysis) that our current sample size would likely identify 48 new loci. Furthermore, it is likely that more high-frequency CD risk alleles of even smaller effect size remain unidentified: The same model predicts that 140 loci would be identified by a sample size of 50,000, but these would explain only a few more percent of CD heritability. It is clear, therefore, that larger GWAS alone will not explain all of the missing heritability in CD.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ukmss-41084-f0002.jpg
Cumulative fraction of genetic variance explained by 71 CD loci

Cumulative fraction of genetic variance explained by the 71 CD loci reported here, ordered from largest to smallest individual contribution. Black points were identified pre-GWAS, green in first generation GWAS, blue in an earlier meta-analysis and cyan in this analysis. Inset shows a logarithmic fit to these data extrapolated to an extreme scenario where 20,000 independent common alleles are associated with disease. Even in this situation less than half of the genetic variance would be explained. This demonstrates that other types of effect (e.g. less common and rare alleles with higher penetrance) must also exist.

One key shortcoming of our current model of heritability explained by these loci is a direct consequence of the extent to which GWAS tag SNPs are often imperfect proxies for causal alleles, and thus substantially underestimate the true attributable risk. For example, the best tag SNP at the NOD2 locus in our meta-analysis appears to explain just 0.8% of genetic variance, whereas the three NOD2 coding mutations themselves account for 5%. If an analogous situation applies to even a small fraction of the other 70 CD susceptibility loci, the proportion of overall heritability explained will increase significantly. Indeed, one study of LD between tag SNPs and causal variants in the heritability of human height18 suggests that this effect might double the total fraction of heritability explained by GWAS SNPs. Coding variants identified here from the 1000 Genomes Project which are in strong LD with the focal SNPs in several of our regions (see Supplementary Table 4) thus now require direct assessment in order to explore this possibility.

Other factors will also account for the heritability gap, including uncertain epidemiological estimates of disease prevalence and total heritability, as well as our observation that several of the new regions contain more than one independent risk allele. The likelihood is that many more such effects will be identified. Indeed, detailed future analyses will play a key role in helping us to understand the absolute contribution of common causal alleles, as well as identifying less common variants and rare (even family-specific) mutations. By contrast, our lack of evidence for epistasis among the loci described here suggests that non-additive interactions among common risk alleles do not play an important role in the genetic architecture of CD.

The current study has approximately doubled the number of confirmed CD susceptibility loci. For many of these loci we have identified potentially causal genes, accepting that confirmation of their role must await detailed fine mapping, expression and functional studies. While the alleles detected only modestly affect disease risk, they continue to enhance our understanding of the genetic etiology of CD. Analysis for evidence of sub-phenotype associations represents an important future goal for the consortium. Thus, we are working towards sharing of detailed genotype and clinical data to allow this. In the meantime, extensive resequencing, together with large-scale fine mapping exercises using custom array-based technologies, are already underway and will further elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of IBD.

Box 1

Footnotes

Contribution of authors AF, DPBM, GRS, TA, JL, RR, JB, TH, AL, CGM, NP, JIR, PS, YS, LS, KDT, DW, CW, GKU, JDR, MD’A, RW, SV, RHD, JS, SS, VA, HH were involved in establishing DNA collections, and/or assembling phenotypic data; AF, DE, JCB, KW, TG, SR, CAA, LJ, MJD performed statistical analyses; DPBM, GRS, CWL, EMF, RNB, MB, TMB, SB, CB, AC, J-FC, MC, SC, TD, MdV, RD’I, MD, CE, TF, DF, RG, JG, AVG, SLG, JH, DH, J-PH, DL, IL, ML, AL, CL, EL, CM, WN, JP, AP, DDP, MR, PR, JS, MS, FS, AHS, PCFS, SRT, LT, TW, SRB, RW, SK, AMG, JCM, SV, RHD, MSS, JS, SS, JHC, VA recruited patients; AF, DPBM, TB, SB, KT, MG, GM supervised laboratory work; AF, DPBM, JCB, KW, SB, RHD, JS, SS, JHC, MJD, MP contributed to writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript before submission.

All authors declare no financial interest.

Footnotes

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