B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo.
Journal: 2007/June - Blood
ISSN: 0006-4971
Abstract:
Bone homeostasis is regulated by a delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is controlled by the ratio of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) relative to its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). The source of OPG has historically been attributed to osteoblasts (OBs). While activated lymphocytes play established roles in pathological bone destruction, no role for lymphocytes in basal bone homeostasis in vivo has been described. Using immunomagnetic isolation of bone marrow (BM) B cells and B-cell precursor populations and quantitation of their OPG production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cells of the B lineage were found to be responsible for 64% of total BM OPG production, with 45% derived from mature B cells. Consistently B-cell knockout (KO) mice were found to be osteoporotic and deficient in BM OPG, phenomena rescued by B-cell reconstitution. Furthermore, T cells, through CD40 ligand (CD40L) to CD40 costimulation, promote OPG production by B cells in vivo. Consequently, T-cell-deficient nude mice, CD40 KO mice, and CD40L KO mice display osteoporosis and diminished BM OPG production. Our data suggest that lymphocytes are essential stabilizers of basal bone turnover and critical regulators of peak bone mass in vivo.
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Blood 109(9): 3839-3848

B cells and T cells are critical for the preservation of bone homeostasis and attainment of peak bone mass in vivo

Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism & Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA;
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
Corresponding author.
Received 2006 Jul 27; Accepted 2006 Dec 19.

Abstract

Bone homeostasis is regulated by a delicate balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoclastogenesis is controlled by the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) relative to its decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). The source of OPG has historically been attributed to osteoblasts (OBs). While activated lymphocytes play established roles in pathological bone destruction, no role for lymphocytes in basal bone homeostasis in vivo has been described. Using immunomagnetic isolation of bone marrow (BM) B cells and B-cell precursor populations and quantitation of their OPG production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cells of the B lineage were found to be responsible for 64% of total BM OPG production, with 45% derived from mature B cells. Consistently B-cell knockout (KO) mice were found to be osteoporotic and deficient in BM OPG, phenomena rescued by B-cell reconstitution. Furthermore, T cells, through CD40 ligand (CD40L) to CD40 costimulation, promote OPG production by B cells in vivo. Consequently, T-cell–deficient nude mice, CD40 KO mice, and CD40L KO mice display osteoporosis and diminished BM OPG production. Our data suggest that lymphocytes are essential stabilizers of basal bone turnover and critical regulators of peak bone mass in vivo.

Abstract

Trabecular indices, including TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb. Th., Tb. Sp., Tb. N., SMI, and Conn. D., and the cortical indices Co. Th. and Co. Vol. were computed from μCT scans. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of 8 mice per group. Percentage change between WT and KO mice is indicated as “% change.” Asterisks indicate significantly different results (P ≤ .05).

Trabecular indices, including TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb. Th., Tb. Sp., Tb. N., SMI, and Conn. D., and the cortical indices Co. Th. and Co. Vol. were computed from μCT scans. The data are presented as the mean ± SD of 8 mice per group. Percentage change between WT and nude mice is indicated as “% change.” Asterisks indicate significantly different results (P ≤ .05).

Trabecular indices, including TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb. Th., Tb. Sp., Tb. N., SMI, and Conn. D., and the cortical indices Co. Th. and Co. Vol. were computed from μCT scans of CD40 KO mice and their respective WT controls. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. Percentage change between WT and KO mice is indicated as “% change.” Asterisks indicate significantly different results (P ≤ .05); n = 12 WT and 13 CD40 KO mice.

Trabecular indices, including TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb. Th., Tb. Sp., Tb. N., SMI, and Conn. D., and the cortical indices Co. Th. and Co. Vol. were computed from μCT scans of CD40 and CD40L KO mice and their respective WT controls. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. Percentage change between WT and KO mice is indicated as “% change.” Asterisks indicate significantly different results (P ≤ .05); n = 11 mice per group for CD40L KO and WT mice.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (M.N.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK067389","term_id":"187695169","term_text":"DK067389"}}DK067389) (M.N.W.), National Cancer Institute (NCI) (U54CA119338) (M.N.W.), University Research Committee of Emory University (M.N.W.), a T32 training award from the NIDDK ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK007298","term_id":"187708774","term_text":"DK007298"}}DK007298) (Y.L.), and partial financial support from Dr Dwight A. Towler (Washington University) (G.T.).

The authors thank Dr Roberto Pacifici for critical reading of the manuscript and Dr Michaela Robbie-Ryan for helpful discussions. We thank Dr Dwight A. Towler for generous access to the μCT instrument of the Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases at Washington University.

Acknowledgments

Footnotes

The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC section 1734.

Footnotes

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