A Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant: Juniperus communis.
Journal: 2016/July - International scholarly research notices
ISSN: 2356-7872
Abstract:
Juniperus communis is a shrub or small evergreen tree, native to Europe, South Asia, and North America, and belongs to family Cupressaceae. It has been widely used as herbal medicine from ancient time. Traditionally the plant is being potentially used as antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and antiseptic and in the treatment of various abdominal disorders. The main chemical constituents, which were reported in J. communis L. are α-pinene, β-pinene, apigenin, sabinene, β-sitosterol, campesterol, limonene, cupressuflavone, and many others. This review includes the last 20 years journals and various books update on this plant, representing its pharmacological activity and health benefits against various diseases.
Relations:
Content
Citations
(4)
References
(8)
Drugs
(2)
Similar articles
Articles by the same authors
Discussion board
International Scholarly Research Notices. Dec/31/2013; 2014
Published online Nov/10/2014

A Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant: Juniperus communis

Abstract

Juniperus communis is a shrub or small evergreen tree, native to Europe, South Asia, and North America, and belongs to family Cupressaceae. It has been widely used as herbal medicine from ancient time. Traditionally the plant is being potentially used as antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and antiseptic and in the treatment of various abdominal disorders. The main chemical constituents, which were reported in J. communis L. are α-pinene, β-pinene, apigenin, sabinene, β-sitosterol, campesterol, limonene, cupressuflavone, and many others. This review includes the last 20 years journals and various books update on this plant, representing its pharmacological activity and health benefits against various diseases.

1. Introduction

Plants have been used as primary sources of disease treatments from ancient times and till to date a number of species have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities [13]. From ancient time herbs had been used by all cultures of the world including India that has one of the oldest, richest, and most diverse culture [4]. Advances in clinical research and quality control showed a greater value of herbal medicine in the treatment and overcome from many diseases [5]. Juniperus genus is a well-known source of cedarwood oil which is widely distributed in the North hemisphere and it is used in folk medicine [6, 7]. J. communis L. (Figure 1) is a shrub or small evergreen tree belonging to family Cupressaceae. The plant has been reported as diuretic, having anti-inflammatory properties [8, 9], antifungal activity [10], analgesic activity [11], hepatoprotective activity [12], antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity [13], antimicrobial activity [14], antioxidant activity [15], antihypercholesterolemic activity [16], antibacterial activity [17], anticataleptic activity, and neuroprotective activity in Parkinson's disease [2, 18]. The analysis of the volatile fraction of J. communis berries was done by HS-SPME coupled to GC/MS for gin aromatization and more than 20 constituents have been reported [19].

2. Synonyms

  • Sanskrit: Havusa, Matsyagandha
  • Assamese: Arar, Abahal, Habbul
  • Bengali: Hayusha
  • Eng: Juniper Berry, Common Juniper
  • Gujrati: Palash
  • Hindi: Havuber, Havubair
  • Kannada: Padma Beeja
  • Marathi: Hosh
  • Punjabi: Havulber
  • Telugu: Hapusha
  • Urdu: Abhal, Aarar.

3. Scientific Classification

  • Species: Juniperus communis

  • Class: Pinopsida
  • Division: Pinophyta
  • Order: Pinales
  • Family: Cupressaceae
  • Genus: Juniperus

  • Binomial name: J. communis L.

4. Distribution

J. communis is found in Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of 3000 m–4200 m. It is mainly distributed in Manimahesh in Chamba, Kullu, Churdhar in Sirmour, Chhota and Bara Bhnghal in Kangra, and Kinnaur and Pattan valley in Lahaul-Spiti districts. The plant also grows in Europe south-western Asia, and North America [20].

5. Description

5.1. Macroscopic

Fruit subspherical, purplish-black showing a “bloom” (0.5–1.0 cm in diameter): at the base are six, small, pointed, bracts arranged in 2 whorls, occasionally 3 or 4 whorls present; apex shows triradiate mark and depression indicating the suture; three hard, triangular seeds are embedded in the fleshy mesocarp, having terebinthne odour and bitter taste.

5.2. Microscopic

Seed coat shows 2-3 layers of thin-walled cells which are externally covered by a thin cuticle and which are internally followed by thick-walled polygonal sclerenchymatous cells. Endosperm and embryo are not distinct. Outer layer of fruit shows 3-4 large cubic or tabular cells having thick, brown porous walls. Sarcocarp consists of large, thin-walled, elliptical, loosely coherent cells, containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and drops of essential oil [21].

6. Traditional Uses

See Table 1.

7. Phytochemical Screening

Dried powder of J. communis stems (200 g) was successively extracted with petroleum ether chloroform and ethanol (soxhlet). The marc was obtained which was successively air dried. Water extract was successively obtained by boiling with distilled water (2 h). Than it was filtered, concentrated, and dried in an oven. After that all the extracts were dissolved in their relevant solvents and were screened for phytoconstituents [22] (Table 2).

8. Chemical Constituents

It contains various chemical constituents including flavonoids, volatile oil, and coumarins.

8.1. Flavonoids

8.1.1. Berries

They contain apigenin, rutin, luteolin, quercetin-3-O-arabinosyl-glucoside, quercetin-3-o-rhamnoside quercitrin, scutellarein, nepetin, amentoflavone, and bilobetin [3, 2327] (Figure 2).

8.1.2. Leaves

They contain the cupressuflavone, hinokiflavone, biflavones, isocryptomerin amentoflavone, and sciadopitysin. The seeds contain haemagglutinin. Plant also contains several labdane diterpenes and diterpenoids (methanolic extract) [28].

8.2. Volatile Oil

The juniper berry oil is largely comprised of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as β-pinene (5.0%), α-pinene (51.4%), sabinene (5.8%), myrcene (8.3%), and limonene (5.1%) [15] (Figure 3). The seeds and fruits of the plant contain d-α-pinene, camphene, pectins, glycolic acid, malic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, cyclohexitol, terpene, proteins, fermentable sugars, wax, gum, ascorbic acid, dihydrojunene, β-pinene, hydrocarbon-junene, cadinene, juniper, and camphor [29].

8.3. Coumarins

They contain umbelliferone; see Figure 4 [23].

8.4. Bicyclic Diterpenes

They contain imbricatolic acid, Junicedral, trans-Communic acid, diterpenes, isocupressic acid, aryltetralin, and lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin [6, 29]. Three new diterpene acids have been identified as 15-dien-18-oic acid, 7-oxo-13-epi-pimara-8, 7α-hydroxysandaracopimaric acid [3032].

9. Pharmacological Activities

9.1. Hepatoprotective Activity

The hepatoprotective activity of J. communis in rats was determined by given CCl4 administration for 9 days. In CCl4 treatment group was showed significant increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), total bilirubin (TB), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values when compared to control group. There was significant decrease in the level of SGPT, SGOT, TB, and ALP in silymarin treated group. The abnormal high level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin observed was due to CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. J. communis reduced the increased levels of serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and bilirubin, which showed protection against hepatic cells (ethanol and aqueous extract show better protection) [12].

9.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Anti-inflammatory activity of J. communis fruit has determined using isolated cells and enzymatic test. The plant showed varying degree of activity at 0.2 mg/mL in prostaglandin test and 0.25 mg/mL in platelet activating factor (PAF) test (aqueous extract). J. communis showed 55% prostaglandin inhibition and 78% PAF-exocytosis inhibition. The PAF activity was measured by inducing exocytosis of elastase. All plant extracts were studied on thin layer chromatography eluted with ethyl acetate/methanol/water [9].

9.3. Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidant activity has reported the in vitro antioxidant activity of plant using different assays like DPPH scavenging, superoxide scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The antioxidant effects of the oil were confirmed by in vivo study and created the possibility of blocking the oxidation processes in yeast cells by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzymes [15].

9.4. Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity

J. communis was reported to have antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemias activity in streptozotocin- (STZ-) nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. J. communis (methanolic extract, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o.) was administered except to the group that received (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg). Biochemical estimation and fasting blood glucose levels were estimated on the 21st day. The methanolic extract of J. communis mediated significant (P < 0.01) reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in HDL levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (standard drug) showed a significant decrease in the level of SGPT and SGOT. Methanolic extract of J. communis showed a significant anti diabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity [13].

9.5. Analgesic Activity

Banerjee and collaborators [11] reported the analgesic activity of J. communis using methanolic extract. The methanolic extract was given at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg and evaluated for its analgesic activity. Acetylsalicylic acid was used as standard (100 mg/kg). In vivo the extract was evaluated by different tests like formalin test, acetic acid induced writhing, and tail flick tests. J. communis showed a significant (P < 0.01) and dose dependent effect on inhibition of writhing response and dose dependent inhibition in the late phase as compared to aspirin (P < 0.01), formalin test. The blocking effect of naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.) confirms the central analgesic activity. The plant showed significant antinociceptive activity and it has been established that the methanolic extract of J. communis acts both peripherally and centrally [11].

9.6. Antibacterial Activity

The leaf extracts (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and hexane aqueous) of J. communis were evaluatedagainst five pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria (Erwinia chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Xanthomonas phaseoli), by using disc diffusionmethod. It has been estimated that all extracts of leaves of J. communis were effective against the pathogenic bacteria except aqueous extract. The hexane extract showed more activity as compared to other extracts (hexane > ethanol > methanol > chloroform extract). The methanolic extract of J. communis was found to be very effective as compared to standard antibiotics (ampicillin 10 mcg and erythromycin 15 mcg) [17].

9.7. Antimicrobial Activity

The berries of J. communis were reported to have antimicrobial activity and volatile oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Its oil was investigated for its antimicrobial activity and the activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Hafnia alvei, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DMF solution with three different concentrations of essential oil (1, 3, and 5 mg/mL) was prepared which were applied on disc for the measurement of the diameter of the zone of inhibition around the disc. The chromatographic analysis of the essential oil of J. communis allowed identifying 41 components which represent 96% of the oil total composition (Table 3). The main chemical constituents in J. communis were α-cadinol (1.6%), α-pinene (36.2%), β-myrcene (21.1%), α-humulene (1.5%), epi-α-bisabolol (1.3%), germacrene D (2.2%), spathulenol (1.4%), and germacrene B (1.1%). The present study shows the chemical composition of J. communis from east part of Kosova. J. communis was active against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Hafnia alvei except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is resistant to J. communis [14].

9.8. Antifungal Activity

The aerial parts of J. communis were isolated by hydrodistillation for their essential oil with 0.1 and 0.3% yield. The oils were then tested for their antifungal (in vitro) activity against two fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer. The essential oils obtained from J. communis showed antifungal activity against both fungi: J. communis (EC50: 0.554 and 0.704 mg/mL). The antifungal activity of J. communis is mainly due to the presence of high content of oxygenated monoterpenes [8].

9.9. Antimalarial Activity

The leaves and twigs (stems) of eight plants were isolated for their essential oil by hydrodistillation method (Juniperus communis, Artemisia vulgaris, Myrtus communis, Lavandula angusti/olia, Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, and Salvia officinalis) and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The essential oil obtained from these plants was then tested for their antimalarial activity on Plasmodium falciparum. There were two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: FcBl Columbia and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. Two concentrations ranged from 150 μg/mL to 1 mg/mL showed 50% inhibition of the growth of the parasite (in vitro) and the effect was obtained after 24 and 72 h. Myrtus communis and Rosmarinus officinalis oils at a concentration ranged from 150 to 270 μg/mL showed best result against Plasmodium falciparum [33].

9.10. Antihypercholesterolemic Activity

J. communis fruit oil has been evaluated for its antihypercholesterolemic activity. The biochemical parameters and the histopathologic effects on kidney tissue were evaluated. Healthy Wistar albino rats of 200–250 gm in weight were used for this study. The rats were divided into 5 groups; first group is control group in which the animal was fed with normal pellet chow. The second group is cholesterol group which was fed with pellet chow containing 2% of cholesterol, and the third group is J. communis (JCL) group which was further divided into three subgroups 50 JCL, 100 JCL, and 200 JCL groups which were fed with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg J. communis oil, with addition to the 2% cholesterol-containing pellet chow. JCL was administered by a gavage needle (dissolved in 0.5% sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC)). After 30 days blood and kidney tissue samples were taken and biochemical estimation and histopathological investigation were done. The 200 mg/kg JCL group showed a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. The cholesterol group showed a significant increase in Ox-LDL levels. When the cholesterol was given along with 200 mg/kg J. communis then there was no significant increase in the level of Ox-LDL. So the study showed its antihypercholesterolemic effect [16].

9.11. Anticataleptic Activity

Anticataleptic study was carried out to evaluate the effects of methanolic extract of J. communis (MEJC) leaf in reserpine induced catalepsy in rats. Catalepsy was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The methanolic extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg (i.p.) was screened for its efficacy against reserpine induced catalepsy in rats. The MEJC extract was found to reduce catalepsy significantly (P < 0.001) as compared to the reserpine treated rats; maximum reduction was observed at a dose of 200 mg/kg [18].

9.12. Neuroprotective Activity

Neuroprotective activity of J. communis (MEJC) was evaluated in chlorpromazine (CPZ) induced Parkinson's model in rats. The two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) have been selected on the basis of lethal dose (LD50) in mice. The plant was evaluated for various behavior parameters like catalepsy (bar test), muscle rigidity (rot rod test), and locomotor activity (actophotometer) and its effect on biochemical parameters (TBARS, GSH, nitrite, and total protein) in rats brain. J. communis showed a significant (P < 0.001) neuroprotective effect of MEJC against CPZ induced Parkinson's like symptoms or anti-Parkinson's activity [2].

10. Conclusion

The extensive literature survey revealed that J. communis L. is an important medicinal plant due to its traditional uses to treat diseases and presence of many active chemical constituents which are responsible for various medicinal and pharmacological properties. Further evaluation needs to be carried out on J. communis L. in order to confirm its medicinal uses and development of formulations containing this plant for their practical clinical applications, which can be used for the welfare of mankind.

Figure 1

Images of J. communis L. plant.

Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Table 1

Traditional uses of J. communis L. plant.

PartTraditional useReference
BerriesCarminative, urinary antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, sudorific, digestive, and anti-inflammatory.[7, 13]
Aerial partsUsed for acute and chronic cystitis, albuminuria, catarrh of the bladder, renal suppression, leucorrhoea, and amenorrhoea.
FruitUsed as antiseptic, stimulant, disinfectant, styptic, chronic Bright's disease, migraine, dropsy, rheumatic and painful swellings, piles, and infantile tuberculosis.[7, 14]
BarkNephrotic dropsy of children, asthma, gonorrhoea, pulmonary blennorrhoea, arthritis, respiratory affections, diabetes, bladder affections, chronic pyelonephritis, cough, abdominal disorders, and skin affections.
Table 2

Phytochemical screening of J. communis [12].

Serial numberPhytoconstituentsPetroleum ether extractsChloroform extractsMethanol extractsAqueous extracts
1Alkaloids+++
2Flavonoids+++
3Glycosides++
4Tannins and phenolic compounds++
5Steroids/triterpenoides+/+/++/++/+
6Carbohydrates
7Proteins and amino acids
Table 3

Essential oil components of J. communis L. [8].

Rt%

Monoterpene hydrocarbons
(i) α-Pinene4.401.95
(ii) dl-Limonene6.330.96
(iii) α-Pinene10.780.80
(iv) (+)-4-Carene12.443.86
(v) Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene,3,7,7-trimethyl12.810.71

Rt%

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
(i) α-Cedrene12.980.15
(ii) α-Cadina-4,9-diene13.080.93
(iii) Cedrene13.644.04
(iv) Gamma. 1-cadinene14.091.00

Rt%

Oxygenated monoterpenes
(i) 1-Indanone7.601.15
(ii) Linalool7.852.34
(iii) 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3-cyclopentene acetaldehyde8.352.09
(iv) 5-Decene-1-ol10.892.60

Rt%

Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
(i) Cedrene epoxide18.942.79

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

  • 1. KakkarS.BaisS.A review on protocatechuic acid and its pharmacological potentialISRN Pharmacology201420149[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 2. RanaN.BaisS.Neuroprotective effect of J. communis in Parkinson disease induced animal models [M.S. thesis in Pharmacy]2014Punjab, IndiaPharmacology Department, Punjab Technical University
  • 3. Lamer ZarawskaE.Biflavonoids in Juniperus species (Cupressaceae)Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy19752718187[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 4. TandonV.KapoorB.GuptaB. M.Herbal drug research in India: a trend analysis using IJP as a marker (1995–August 2003)Indian Journal of Pharmacology200436299100[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 5. Steven D. Ehrlich; NMDSolutions Acupuncture, a Private Practice Specializing in Complementary and Alternative Medicine2009Phoenix, Ariz, USASteven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Healthcare Network
  • 6. SecaA. M. L.SilvaA. M. S.The chemical composition of the Juniperus Genus (1970–2004)Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants200516402522Phytomedicines[Google Scholar]
  • 7. GumralN.KumbulD. D.AylakF.SayginM.SavikE.Juniperus communis Linn oil decreases oxidative stress and increases antioxidant enzymes in the heart of rats administered a diet rich in cholesterolToxicology and Industrial Health2013[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 8. ModnickiD.ŁabędzkaJ.Estimation of the total phenolic compounds in juniper sprouts (Juniperus communis, Cupressaceae) from different places at the kujawsko-pomorskie provinceHerba Polonica2009553[Google Scholar]
  • 9. TunonH.OlavsdotterC.BohlinL.Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosisJournal of Ethnopharmacology19954826176[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 10. AbbassyM. A.MareiG. I.Antifungal and chemical composition of essential oils of J. communis and Thymus vulgaris against two phytopathogenic fungiJournal of Applied Sciences Research20139845844588[Google Scholar]
  • 11. BanerjeeS.MukherjeeA.ChatterjeeT. K.Evaluation of analgesic activities of methanolic extract of medicinal plant Juniperus communis LinnInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences201245547550[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 12. ManviGargG. P.Screening and evaluation of pharmacognostic, phytochemical and hepatoprotective activity of J. communis L. StemsInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences201013[Google Scholar]
  • 13. BanerjeeS.SinghH.ChatterjeeT. K.Evaluation of anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of methanolic extract of Juniperus Communis (L.) in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced diabetic ratsInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences201343P10P17[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 14. PepeljnjakS.KosalecI.KaloderaZ.BlaževićN.Antimicrobial activity of juniper berry essential oil (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae)Acta Pharmaceutica2005554417422[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 15. HoferlM.StoilovaI.SchmidtE.Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Juniper Berry (J. communis L.) Essential oil. Action of the essential oil on the antioxidant protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae model organismAntioxidants2014318198[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 16. AkdoganM.KoyuA.CirisM.YildizK.Anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of J. communis Oil in rats: a biochemical and histopathological investigationBiomedical Research2012233321328[Google Scholar]
  • 17. SatiS. C.JoshiS.Antibacterial potential of leaf extracts of Juniperus communis L. from Kumaun HimalayaAfrican Journal of Microbiology Research201041212911294[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 18. BaisS.GillS.RanaN.Effect of J. communis extract on reserpine induced catalepsyInventi Rapid: Ethnopharmacology20142014414[Google Scholar]
  • 19. VichiS.Riu-AumatellM.Mora-PonsM.GuadayolJ. M.BuxaderasS.López-TamamesE.HS-SPME coupled to GC/MS for quality control of Juniperus communis L. berries used for gin aromatizationFood Chemistry2007105417481754[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 20. SharmaP. K.LalB.Ethnobotanical notes on some medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal PradeshIndian journal of Traditional Knowledge200544424428[Google Scholar]
  • 21. NandkarniA. K.Indian Materia Medica1976Bombay, IndiaPopular Prakashan Private Limited
  • 22. FarnsworthN. R.Biological and phytochemical screening of plantsJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences1966553225276[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 23. Lamer-ZarawskaE.Phytochemical studies on flavonoids and other compounds of juniper fruitsPolish Journal of Chemistry1980542213219[Google Scholar]
  • 24. HiermannA.KompekA.ReinerJ.AuerH.Schubert-ZsilaveczM.Investigation of flavonoid pattern in fruits of juniperus communis LScientia Pharmaceutica1996643-4437444[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 25. KowalskaM.Chemical composition of common juniper (J. communis L.) fruitsRoczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu19801176164[Google Scholar]
  • 26. Lamer-ZarawskaE.Flavonoids of J. communis LRoczniki Chemii1977511121312137[Google Scholar]
  • 27. IlyasM.IlyasN.Biflavones from the leaves of J. communis and a survey on biflavones of the Juniperus genusGhana Journal of Chemistry199012143147(CA 252113p, 1991, vol. 115)[Google Scholar]
  • 28. KhareC. P.Indian Medicinal Plants2007New York, NY, USASpringer Science
  • 29. ChandraK.ChaudhariB. G.DharB. P.Database in Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda200753rd
  • 30. de Pascual TeresaJ.BarreroA. F.MurielL.San FelicianoA.GrandeM.New natural diterpene acids from Juniperus communisPhytochemistry198019611531156[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 31. ChatzopoulouP. S.KatsiotisS. T.Chemical investigation of the leaf oil of Juniperus communis LJournal of Essential Oil Research199356603607[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 32. GordienA. Y.GrayA. I.FranzblauS. G.SeidelV.Antimycobacterial terpenoids from Juniperus communis L. (Cuppressaceae)Journal of Ethnopharmacology20091263500505[PubMed][Google Scholar]
  • 33. MilhauG.ValentinA.BenoitF.In vitro antimalarial activity of eight essential oilsJournal of Essential Oil Research199793329333[PubMed][Google Scholar]
Collaboration tool especially designed for Life Science professionals.Drag-and-drop any entity to your messages.